Globalization has been traditionally interpreted as a phenomenon that takes place at the macro level and is determined by states and markets. This volume takes a different approach to understanding globalization, showing how through the global sex trade, globalization is embodied and enacted by individuals.

Elina Penttinen illustrates how the global sex industry feeds on complex global flows. Drawing on extensive fieldwork on the trafficking of Russian and Baltic female sex workers, she demonstrates how the embodiment and reiteration of globalization on the bodies of gendered individuals are tied to the larger processes of globalization. Appadurai's framework of landscapes of globalization is developed into a framework of shadow sexscapes in order to show how the global sex industry feeds on complex global flows and in turn operates as a form of shadow globalization.

Globalization, Prostitution and Sex Trafficking will be of interest to students and researchers of international relations, globalization and gender studies.

Letiche provides the most comprehensive and up-to-date review of the important economic and political developments currently taking place in Russia.

How was the European airline industry transformed from national fragmentation in 1957 to a point in 2006 where the European Commission could negotiate with the US for an Open Aviation Area on behalf of all twenty five members of the European Union? What can explain the change in mindset that saw conservatism and the tight regulation of the airline industry replaced with increased competitiveness and the subsequent rise of the low cost no-frills airline? In his new book, Alan P. Dobson draws from a mass of European documentation, including interviews with officials and airline executives and a unique collection of personal papers, to answer these questions.

Dobson traces the liberalization of the airline industry from the 1970s right through to the present day, illustrating how integration came about and which forces were driving it. The approach is comprehensive, focusing on the work of the Commission, market forces, the voices of airline industry interests and on key individuals in the policy making process. The story concludes with an overview of the attempts by the EU and the US to create an Open Aviation Area that would embrace their respective airline industries allowing free operation of services throughout their territories and mutual ownership and control of each others airlines.

This book is a key resource for students and researchers interested in aviation and international policy, as well as academics engaged with European integration, globalism and economic history.

Globalization and Everyday Life provides an accessible account of globalization by developing two themes in particular. First, globalization is an outcome of structural and cultural processes that manifest in different ways in economy, politics, culture and organizations. So the globalized world is increasingly heterogeneous, unequal and conflictual rather than integrated and ordered. Secondly, globalization is sustained and created by the everyday actions of people and institutions. Both of these have far-reaching consequences for everyday life and are fully explored in this volume.

Larry Ray skilfully guides students through the various aspects of the globalization debate and illustrates key arguments with reference to specific topics including nation, state and cosmopolitanism, virtual societies, transnationals and development. This innovative book provides this information in a clear and concise manner suitable for the undergraduate student studying sociology, social geography, globalization and development studies.

Globalization has become a common phenomenon, yet one that many people experience as a threat not only to their economic existence, but also to their cultural and moral self-image. This volume takes an interdisciplinary approach to provide a theoretical overview of how business ethics deals with the phenomenon of globalization. The authors first examine the origins and development of globalization and its interaction with business ethics, before discussing the impact on and role of national and multinational corporations. The book goes on to examine the relationship between industrialized and developing countries, and explores the place of ethics in globalized markets.

Since the early 1990s 'globalization' has entered public and academic debate within a wide range of disciplines. However, the meaning and significance of globalization remains unclear. Is it an outcome of complex socio-economic developments or an emergent process in its own right? How should we evaluate the debate between 'optimists' vs. 'pessimists' and 'critics', and between sceptics and radicals? How does globalization theory relate to earlier theories of convergence and world systems? Much of this debate is moving in circles and is proving difficult to resolve. particular. First, unlike earlier theories of convergence, globalization points towards increasing hybridity and differentiation, and therefore depicts a complex and fluid social world. Second, globalization is an outcome of structural and cultural processes that manifest in different ways in economy, politics, culture and organizations. Both of these themes have far-reaching consequences for everyday life that are fully explored in this volume. this innovative new book presents the information in a clear and concise manner suitable for its undergraduate reader. It covers key questions, relates theory to practical situations, and skilfully guides students through the various aspects of the globalization debate.

After the World Trade Organizationa (TM)s (WTO) critical December 2005 Hong Kong ministerial meeting, negotiations to implement the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) broke down completely in the summer of 2006. This book offers a detailed and critical evaluation of how and why the negotiations arrived at this point and what the future holds for the WTO.

It brings together leading scholars in the field of trade from across the social sciences who address the key issues at stake, the principal players in the negotiations, the role of fairness and legitimacy in the Doha Round, and the prospects for the DDAa (TM)s conclusion.

The WTO after Hong Kong is the most comprehensive account of the current state of the World Trade Organization and will be of enormous interest to students of trade politics, international organizations, development and international political economy.

Craig Calhoun, one of the most respected social scientists in the world, re-examines nationalism in light of post-1989 enthusiasm for globalization and the new anxieties of the twenty-first century. Nations Matter argues that pursuing a purely postnational politics is premature at best and possibly dangerous.

Calhoun argues that, rather than wishing nationalism away, it is important to transform it. One key is to distinguish the ideology of nationalism as fixed and inherited identity from the development of public projects that continually remake the terms of national integration. Standard concepts like 'civic' vs. 'ethnic' nationalism can get in the way unless they are critically re-examined a " as an important chapter in this book does.

This book is essential reading for undergraduate and postgraduate students of sociology, history, political theory and all subjects concerned with nationalism, globalization, and cosmopolitanism.

This wide-ranging volume explores the impact of globalization upon citizenship, with a special focus on the transnational challenges that globalization poses. While there is much debate over the concept, globalization implies at least two distinct phenomena. First, it suggests that political, economic and social activities are becoming increasingly inter-regional or intercontinental in scope. Secondly, it suggests that there has been an intensification of levels of interaction and interconnectedness between states and societies. Citizenship, as one of the foundational concepts of the modern liberal democratic states, provides the normative framework within which globalization debates may be understood and evaluated. It also examines how different concepts, theories and practices of citizenship are evolving in response to globalization. Central questions explored in this text are: * How does globalization challenge traditional conceptions of citizenship in specific respects? * How is globalization creating new citizenships or new civil society spaces? * How is transnational citizenship developing and what problems are associated with it in specific areas? Discussing the theoretical and practical prospects for new forms of liberal, republican and cosmopolitan citizenship, Globalisation and Citizenship will appeal to students and scholars in the fields of international relations, globalization, sociology and political science.

Examining globalization in the Middle East, this book provides a much needed assessment of the impact of globalization in the 'greater' Middle East, including North Africa, in the context of the powerful geopolitical forces at work in shaping the region today.

Written by a well-known authority in this area, this book demonstrates that, unlike in other regions, such as East Asia, geopolitics has been a critical factor in driving globalization in the Middle East. The author argues that whereas elsewhere globalisation has opened up the economy, society, culture and attitudes to the environment; in the Middle East it has had the opposite effect, with poor state formation, little interregional trade, foreign and interregional investment, and reassertion of traditional identities.

This book explores the impact of globalization on the polities, economies and social environment of the greater Middle East, in the context of the region's position as the central site of global geopolitical competition at the start of the twenty-first century.

The Doha Round of WTO negotiations commenced in November 2001 to further liberalize international trade and to specifically seek to remove trade barriers so developing countries might compete in major markets.

This book brings together an international team of leading academics and researchers to explore the main issues of the Doha Round trade negotiations, such as agriculture, pharmaceuticals and services trade. In particular, it looks at how the formation of the G20 has complicated negotiations and made it harder to balance the competing interests of developed and developing countries, despite rhetorical assertion that the outcomes of this Round would reflect the interests of developing countries. The authors examine both how developing countries form alliances (such as the G20) to negotiate in the WTO meetings and also explore specific issues affecting developing countries including:

• trade in services
• investment, competition policy, trade facilitation and transparency in government procurement
• TRIPS and public health
• agricultural tariffs and subsidies.

Contributing to an understanding of the dynamics of trade negotiations and the future of multilateralism, Developing Countries and Global Trade Negotiations will appeal to students and scholars in the fields of international trade, international negotiations, IPE and international relations.

The institutions and structures of modern globalization and the modern nation-state were formed through concurrent processes and have changed in relation to each other. This simple statement goes directly against those who would treat nationalism and globalism as the antithetical outcomes of two succeeding epochs. Likewise it challenges those who would narrowly define globalization as that which undermines the nation-state. However, it still leaves much to argue about. The apparently contradictory practices and ideologies of globalism and nationalism have been in tension ever since nation-states formed in the nineteenth century as part of globalizing system of states.
In the present century these tensions have become even more pronounced with many writers from both the Left and the Right proclaiming that globalization is effecting a tidal wave of change, leaving the nation-state behind in its wake. Despite the immensity of the change, it is becoming clearer that globalization is not drowning everything. It is certainly possible that processes of globalization may eventually undermine modern forms of nation-state sovereignty, but there is no inevitability about such an outcome, neither in logic nor in the day-to-day details of how power operates around the world. What is happening to the nation-state under conditions of intensified globalization, how should we respond? This is the first problematic addressed by the book.
We have seen both nationalist revivals and reassertion of movements from below - from neo-tribalism and new forms of traditionalism to anti-globalization movements and new kinds of grass-roots politics. These suggest the need for a very different approach -different from the seamless 'world of flows', or technologically-driven 'network society' suggested by some. Yet the extent of 'disorder' can be exaggerated. A number of otherwise sophisticated writers have found themselves arguing that the postmodern world has become increasingly fragmented without having an account of the level at which fragmentation takes place, and the level at which reintegration is occurring. Globalization cannot be understood simply as processes of disorder, fragmentation or rupture. Nor, on the other hand, is it simply a force of homogenization.
This leads us to the second problematic of the book. Globalism heralds a new era of corporate globalization, but at the same time it generates new foundations for identification and mobilization. Just as classical imperialism generated anti-imperialist movements and anti-colonial nationalisms, so today's 'empire' generates new frameworks for identification and mobilization. It seems that globalizing social forces generate frameworks beyond the national, but in the process create new foundations for nationalism. The book asks the following questions. Are we entering a new phase in the relationship between internationality and nationalism, or is nationalism rendered irredeemably contradictory, and anachronistic? Does nationalism re-enter by the back door, renewed and invigorated, whether as a partner of globalism or as its bete noir? What are the contemporary bases for a politics of solidarity in a globalizing world? These questions run implicitly through all the chapters.

Viewed as a destructive force or an inevitability of modern society, globalization is the focus of a multitude of disciplines. A clear understanding of its processes and terminology is imperative for anyone engaging with this ubiquitous topic. Globalization: the Key Concepts offers a comprehensive guide to this cross-disciplinary subject and covers concepts such as:

• homogenization
• neo-Liberalism
• risk
• knowledge society
• time-space compression
• reflexivity.

With extensive cross-referencing and suggestions for further reading, this book is an essential resource for students and interested readers alike as they navigate the literature on globalization studies.

Viewed as a destructive force or an inevitability of modern society, globalization is the focus of a multitude of disciplines. A clear understanding of its processes and terminology is imperative for anyone engaging with this ubiquitous topic. Globalization: the Key Concepts offers a comprehensive guide to this cross-disciplinary subject and covers concepts such as:

• homogenization
• neo-Liberalism
• risk
• knowledge society
• time-space compression
• reflexivity.

With extensive cross-referencing and suggestions for further reading, this book is an essential resource for students and interested readers alike as they navigate the literature on globalization studies.

Global Control aims to achieve a clearer understanding of the long process of globalization by focusing on the crucial role of information and control technologies. Information systems and control technologies are key to globalization and, while generally facilitating the overall trend to spatial reorganization, they also effect change through the pervasive influence of 'internal systems logic'. Thus, the author argues, the dominant institutions of states, firms and markets transform global development and are themselves transformed by key information technologies. More specifically the book identifies the key phases of modern globalization and analyses the crucial role played by different information technologies at each point in time. Peter McMahon uses theory in political economy with writing on technological developments, and also combines cutting edge theory with historical evidence which provides a new explanation of the last two and a half centuries of global development. This unique book will be of great interest to academics and researchers of political economy, globalization, innovation and science as well as international business scholars.

Reclaiming the Commons: Biodiversity, Traditional Knowledge, and the Rights of Mother Earth lays out the scientific, legal, political, and cultural struggle to defend the sovereignty of biodiversity and indigenous knowledge. Corporate war on nature and people through patents and corporate Intellectual Property Rights has unleashed an epidemic of biopiracy resulting in important legal battles fighting efforts to patent the rights to many plants, including basmati, neem, and wheat. The author presents details of the specific attempts made by corporations to secure these patents and the legal actions taken to fight them. The book goes beyond the legal struggle to position the necessary solutions to corporate control including the exploring the Rights of Nature and proposing a framework for a Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mother Earth. It is the first detailed legal history of the international and national laws related to biodiversity and Intellectual Property Rights.

Development Issues in Global Governance presents the first serious academic study of multilateral organizations' current partnerships with the private sector. This new volume describes empirically, and analyzes theoretically, the impact of such partnerships on the practices, legitimacy and authority of the parties involved. With detailed case studies of key international bodies, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the World Bank, and the UN's Education, Science and Communication Organization (UNESCO), the reader is given a clear understanding of present debates in this critical area of world affairs. This invaluable book: includes fresh case studies that deal with five different industries: pharmaceuticals, software, water supply, tobacco and chocolate provides an overview of the scope of the phenomenon of partnerships in the multilateral system, and classification of different types is based on detailed qualitative research, including extensive interviews in the multilateral organizations places the findings in a rigorous theoretical framework, relating them to current trends in international politics and international political economy examines the challenges contained in the Millennium Development Goals: the provision of drugs to HIV/AIDS patients and vaccination for all children; the bridging of the digital divide; combating child labour; and the provision of clean water to the poor. The authors conclude that we are witnessing the emergence of a new institutional form, best characterized as 'market multilateralism'. They argue that although transnational corporations have become heavily involved with multilateral organizations, these partnerships are crafted to deal with specific instances of market failure, while the guiding principles of the global economy remain unchallenged. This book will be of great interest to all students of development studies, international relations, political science and business management.

The discourse on globalization has become polarized. Proponents consider globalization as the silver bullet for targeting growth in the world economy and for poor countries specifically, while opponents see it as the poisoned arrow of exploitation and impoverishment of the Third World. Splendidly edited, The Asymmetries of Globalization deals with the 'what' and 'how' but primarily with 'why' globalization has most often negative outcomes for developing countries. It breaks new ground in approaching globalization not only as trade commodities, but also as trade in positional goods ('decommodified trade.') The two novel and munificent forms of post-Ricardian decommodified trade, trade in services and trade in hard currency in the form of currency substitution, are sculpted in the introductory chapter as the foundation of the systematic asymmetries of globalization. The analytical approach of introducing 'positional goods' in the form of decommodified trade, in the discource on globalization, is original. It is also timely in a situation where the tail of trade in 'services' has grown enough to wag the traditional trade-in-commodities dog of globalization. The balance of the chapters in this volume constitute a tapestry of case studies that elaborate and empirically investigate the causes of systematic asymmetries of globalization. The book's appeal transcends economics to make it also highly useful to students across the disciplines of sociology and political science, especially in the fields of international political economy and the politics of international trade. It will certainly enlighten all those working in the general areas of globalization, poverty and economic development.

Globalization is undoubtedly the great overarching paradigm of our era. However, there is still little agreement on what globalization actually 'is' and some do not accept that it 'is' anything at all. This new book addresses the contestation of globalization by the anti- or counter-globalization movement. To contest means to challenge, to call into question, to doubt, to oppose and to litigate. This study shows how globalization is 'contestable' in many different ways and how the counter-movements we have seen emerging over the last decade also 'bear witness' on behalf of an alternative human future. Ronaldo Munck presents an overarching framework that allows us to understand how globalization and its contestation are inextricably bound up with one another. This volume insightfully explores a number of case studies, including: the battle of Seattle in 1999 the World Social Forum peasant internationalism environmental movements and reactionary movements including: the US Patriot's movement, Islamic fundamentalist movements and other nationalist movements. Globalization and Contestation will be of great interest to all students and scholars of international relations, politics and of globalization and global governance in particular.

Globalization is undoubtedly the great overarching paradigm of our era. However, there is still little agreement on what globalization actually 'is' and some do not accept that it 'is' anything at all. This new book addresses the contestation of globalization by the anti- or counter-globalization movement. To contest means to challenge, to call into question, to doubt, to oppose and to litigate. This study shows how globalization is 'contestable' in many different ways and how the counter-movements we have seen emerging over the last decade also 'bear witness' on behalf of an alternative human future. Ronaldo Munck presents an overarching framework that allows us to understand how globalization and its contestation are inextricably bound up with one another. This volume insightfully explores a number of case studies, including: the battle of Seattle in 1999 the World Social Forum peasant internationalism environmental movements and reactionary movements including: the US Patriot's movement, Islamic fundamentalist movements and other nationalist movements. Globalization and Contestation will be of great interest to all students and scholars of international relations, politics and of globalization and global governance in particular.

"Della Porta has assembled a distinguished group of scholars who have made great strides in illuminating the early phases of the movement. The book includes especially keen analyses of the movement against global capitalism, particularly in its European manifestations." John D. McCarthy, Pennsylvania State University "Della Porta has skillfully coordinated a comparative study in six European countries and the US. Renowned scholars give testimony of the movement in their countries. [This is] the first attempt to document a genuine transnational movement." Bert Klandermans, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam You G-8, we 6 billion!" So went the chant at the international parade leading into the summit in Genoa, Italy. The global justice movement has led to a new wave of protest, building up transnational networks, inventing new strategies of action, constructing new images of democracy, and boldly asserting that "another world is possible". This book examines all this and more with case studies drawn from seven different countries, covering transnational networks and making cross-national comparisons. Leading European and American scholars analyze more than 300 organizations and 5,000 activists, looking at mobilizations that bridge old and new movements and bring politics back to the street. Contributors include: Massimiliano Andretta, Angel Calle, Helene Combes, Donatella della Porta, Nina Eggert, Marco Giugni, Jennifer Hadden, Manuel Jimenez, Raffaele Marchetti, Lorenzo Mosca, Mario Pianta, Herbert Reiter, Christopher Rootes, Dieter Rucht, Clare Saunders, Isabelle Sommier, Sidney Tarrow, Simon Teune, Mundo Yang.

In his provocative new book Arif Dirlik argues that the present represents not the beginning but the end of globalization, which has produced a new era in the unfolding of capitalism-"global modernity." The globalization of capitalism following the fall of socialist competitors in the 1980s generated culturally informed counter-claims to modernity. Modernity, globalized, has resulted in the fragmentation of the very idea of modern. Dirlik's "global modernity" is intended as a conceptual marker to distinguish the present from its Eurocentric past, while recognizing the crucial importance of that past in shaping the present.The study makes its case through (a)historicizing globalization as concept and phenomenon, (b)analyzing differences between globalization and earlier discourses of development-from modernization to various challenges to it in World-System Analysis, Dependency Theory, etc.-it seeks to demonstrate why globalization as discourse derives plausibility from a new situation in the unfolding of global capitalism. It also suggests a strong relationship between an emergent Global Modernity, and discourses of postmodernity and postcoloniality that acquired currency during the same years, and, (c)arguing that the new situation of Global Modernity does not break with its colonial past, but reconfigures it, as capital in its transnationalization creates new class formations that cut across divides of earlier Three Worlds ideas, or clear-cut distinctions between colonizers and colonized.

This new book argues that sovereignty, generally defined as the supreme authority in a political community, has a neglected democratic dimension that highlights the expansion of substantive individual rights and freedoms at home and abroad. Offering an historically based assessment of sovereignty that neither reifies the state nor argues sovereignty and the state are eroding under globalizing processes, the book maintains that sovereignty norms have continually changed throughout the history of the sovereign state. Matthew Weinert links international legal developments that restrict and coordinate sovereignty practices with an ethical undercurrent in International Relations, one such example is the creation of the International Criminal Court in 2002. Drawing on seven additional historical case studies, he outlines how campaigns informed by a commitment to the common good, or at the very least by opposition to harmful state policies, can be and have been efficacious in transforming the normative basis of sovereignty. Democratic Sovereignty will be of great interest to students working in the fields of sovereignty, international history, ethics, globalization and international relations.

This volume brings together expert contributors to explore the intersection of two major contemporary themes: globalization, and the contribution that both domestic party politics and international party support make to democratization. Globalising Democracy clearly shows what globalization means for domestic and international efforts to build effective political parties and competitive party systems in new and emerging democracies. Contrasting perspectives are presented through fresh case studies of European post-communist countries, Africa and Turkey. The reader is clearly shown how international party assistance is a manifestation and vehicle of globalization, and explores how it may be assessed in terms of: global economic integration the growth of global communications the development and implications for party politics of multi-level governance. This is the first book to analyze the impact of globalization on democracy and will be of great interest to all students of international relations, governance and politics.

Is globalisation creating a more unequal world? Is it creating new forms of inequality? Does it make certain pre-existing forms of inequality more morally or politically significant than they would otherwise have been? Globalisation and Equality examines these and related questions, exploring the way increasing globalisation is challenging our conceptions of equality. The contributors explore these themes from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. Some adopt a more abstract approach, exploring foundational questions concerning the meaning of equality, its social and political dimensions, and more specifically its moral implications in a global context. Others engage the general themes of globalisation and equality by focusing on specific topics, such as welfare, citizenship, gender, culture, and the environment. Original in the questions it poses, and interdisciplinary in its approach, this collection of essays will appeal to all those with an interest in globalisation and equality.