The first generation of frontal air bags saved the lives of thousands of drivers and adult or teenage right front passengers. But they harmed occupants positioned close to the air bag at the time of deployment, especially infants and children. In 1998-1999, air bags were redesigned by depowering - by removing some of the gas-generating propellant or stored gas from their inflators - and/or by reducing the volume or rearward extent of air bags, positioning them further from occupants, tethering and hybrid inflators. NHTSA facilitated the redesign by permitting a sled test in lieu of a barrier impact to certify that air bags would protect an unrestrained occupant ("sled certification"). Statistical analyses of crash data through 2004 from NHTSA's Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and the Special Crash Investigations (SCI) compare fatality risk with sled-certified and first-generation air bags.

The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, or MUTCD defines the standards used by road managers nationwide to install and maintain traffic control devices on all public streets, highways, bikeways, and private roads open to public traffic. The MUTCD is published by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) under 23 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 655, Subpart F. The MUTCD, which has been administered by the FHWA since 1971, is a compilation of national standards for all traffic control devices, including road markings, highway signs, and traffic signals. It is updated periodically to accommodate the nation's changing transportation needs and address new safety technologies, traffic control tools and traffic management techniques. On May 14, 2012 final rules adopting Revisions 1 and 2 of the 2009, MUTCD were published in the Federal Register with an effective date of June 13, 2012. These are also included in this manual

The primary objective of this report is to describe the effectiveness of two prefabricated-treatment devices in removing a suite of inorganic and organic water-quality constituents from stormwater runoff. This report also describes methods and techniques used to determine the effectiveness of these devices. Detailed data describing water quality, flow, constituent loads, and removal efficiencies are presented for inlet and outlet samples collected between June 2002 and October 2004. Another objective of this report is to add to the understanding of stormwater-runoff quality and quantity in an urban environment.

The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU), which was signed into law in August 2005, contained several provisions focused on streamlining the environmental review process. One of these provisions, Section 6002, allowed for State Department of Transportation (State DOT) funding of staff, at both Federal and State resource agencies, who are dedicated to working on State DOT projects on environmental streamlining and related planning activities. This report assesses trends in the use of these "funded positions" and provides recommendations to State DOTs and resource agencies to support more effective uses of funded positions. The report is based on a study conducted by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Project Development and Environmental Review with assistance from the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe Center). The study consisted of two parts: (1) a literature review to assess the state of the knowledge about State DOT-funded positions and agreements, and (2) a series of interviews with participants in funded positions programs, including program managers at State DOTs and Federal and State resource agencies and individuals in those positions.

In SAFETEA-LU Section 1808, Congress required the U.S. Department of Transportation, in consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), to evaluate and assess the direct and indirect impacts of CMAQ-funded projects on air quality and congestion levels to ensure the program's effective implementation. Phase II of the CMAQ Evaluation and Assessment responds to that request by exploring different practices and approaches that select agencies Nationwide use in CMAQ project selection and implementation. The study team conducted 1-day site interviews with Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) and State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) at seven locations around the country. The Phase II Report highlights effective CMAQ implementation practices and identifies benefits, challenges, and opportunities encountered by the agencies interviewed as they program CMAQ funds from the information collected and analyzed during the site visit interviews.

This report highlights the major State-level accomplishments since 2005 in improving data systems used in traffic safety decision making. A nationwide assessment of traffic records system improvements solicited information from all NHTSA regions and all States plus the District of Columbia and U.S. territories. States were asked to report data quality improvement efforts taking place during the years following passage of the Safe Accountable Flexible Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) in 2005. The project was designed to identify improvements in crash, roadway, driver, vehicle, citation/adjudication, and injury surveillance datasets-the six major components of State traffic records systems. Improvements were sought in the data quality attributes of timeliness, accuracy, completeness, consistency, integration, and accessibility. State projects with quantitative measures showing data quality improvement are highlighted. Additional projects with qualitative evidence of data quality improvement are also described. Several States are listed as pursuing promising practices and the most effective of these are recommended for promotion to the traffic safety and traffic records community.

This report is a statistical analysis of several crash databases to determine the effectiveness of underride guards at preventing fatalities and injuries in crashes where a passenger vehicle impacts the rear of a tractor-trailer.

This report presents a statistical analysis of crash data in order to determine the effectiveness of antilock brakes in tractor-trailer combination vehicles. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 121, Air Brake Systems, mandates antilock braking systems on virtually all new air-braked vehicles with a GVWR of 10,000 pounds or greater. ABS is required on tractors manufactured on or after March 1, 1997, and air-braked semitrailers and single-unit trucks manufactured on or after March 1, 1998..

Through the U.S. Department of Transportation's (USDOT) Safe Tip-21 Initiative, the USDOT is testing a variety of technologies in a number of locations in California as well as along the I-95 corridor on the east coast. This document presents the evaluation findings, resulting primarily from in-person interviews the Evaluation Team conducted with institutional partners.

The purpose of this document is to present the findings of the national evaluation of the I-95 Corridor Coalition's Airport Ground Transport Travel Information project, one element of the I-95 Test Bed conducted under the USDOT's Safe Trip-21 Initiative. The Airport Ground Transport Travel Information Project is a system which was designed to provide trip planning information via a website, mobile website, and airport kiosk, for individuals traveling to or rom BWI airport.

This book (The AUN/SEED-Net Joint Regional Conference in Transportation, Energy, and Mechanical Manufacturing Engineering) gathers selected papers submitted to the 14th Regional Conference in Energy Engineering and the 13th Regional Conference in Mechanical Manufacturing Engineering in the fields related to intelligent equipment, automotive engineering, mechanical systems and sustainable manufacturing, renewable energy, heat and mass transfer. Under the theme of "Integration and Innovation for Sustainable Development," This book consists of papers in the aforementioned fields presented by researchers and scientists from universities, research institutes, and industry showcasing their latest findings and discussions with an emphasis on innovations and developments in embracing the new norm, resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.

The book presents the select proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Transportation Systems Engineering and Management (CTSEM 2021). The book covers topics pertaining to three broad areas of transportation engineering, namely Transportation Planning, Traffic Engineering and Pavement Technology. The topics covered include transportation and land use, urban and regional transportation planning, travel behavior modeling, travel demand analysis, forecasting and management, transportation and ICT, public transport planning and management, freight transport, traffic flow modeling and management, highway design and maintenance, capacity and level of service, traffic crashes and safety, ITS and applications, non-motorized transportation, transportation economics and policy, road and parking pricing, pedestrian facilities and safety, road asset management, pavement materials and characterization, pavement design and construction, pavement evaluation and management, transportation infrastructure financing, innovative trends in transportation systems, sustainable transportation, smart cities, resilience of transportation systems and environmental and ecological aspects. This book will be useful for the students, researchers and the professionals in the area of civil engineering, especially transportation and traffic engineering.

There is more demand than ever for highway engineers due to new highway projects throughout the country. This new fourth edition provides interested engineers with the information needed to solve the highway-related problems that are most likely to be encountered in the field. It includes updated coverage on intersection sight distance, basics of signal timing, and interchange design. New sample FE exam questions are also presented throughout the chapters. Engineers will not only learn the important principles but they'll also be better prepared for the civil engineering exams.

For this exploratory study, focus groups were convened in Northern Virginia and Philadelphia among the general public, business owners and managers, and owners and managers of shipping and transportation logistics firms. The purpose of these focus groups was to obtain feedback on a specific congestion pricing scenario and to better understand the public's concerns regarding congestion pricing. A secondary purpose was to learn more about how to communicate with the public on the topic of congestion pricing.

GAO reported on (1) the extent to which transportation planners considered ecosystem conservation in planning, (2) the effects of such consideration, and (3) the factors that encourage or discourage such consideration. GAO contacted 36 planning agencies, as well as officials in 22 resource agencies that maintain ecological data and administer environmental laws. Their findings are detailed within this document.

The information contained in this report was collected through interviews with State GIS specialists and project managers who manage GIS4EST work. With consultation from FHWA, eight geographically diverse States were selected for interviews. The GIS applications developed by these States represent the full spectrum of GIS development. The GIS applications that State DOT officials described fall into four general categories of use: * Data management; * Interagency coordination; * Spatial analysis and modeling; and * Re-engineering business processes. While state DOTs vary in the process by which they adopt and apply GIS4EST technologies, these categories suggest a rough sequencing for the development of a GIS4EST application from less to more complex systems. These applications are discussed, grouped by the phase of development that best describes their GIS4EST efforts to date.

The problem that this report tackles is determining how to best utilize Rte 2A and the surrounding roadways to access Minute Man National Historical Park and Battle Road while minimizing the impact of other trips on the visitor experience. This study tries to answer this question in two ways. (1) Identify a maximum daily traffic level on Rte 2A that could provide the best possible traffic movement that benefits the visitor to the park while still allowing the other trips to use this roadway. (2)Propose several options that can be combined or done separately to either help maintain the desired traffic level and minimize the traffic impact on the visitor experience.

In March 2000, FHWA, AASHTO and the Transportation Research Board (TRB) jointly sponsored an international scanning study to observe right-of-way and utility coordination practices in four European countries. The scanning study delegation identified practices used in the selected countries that, if implemented in the U.S., will help ensure timely procurement and clearance of highway right-of-way and adjustment of utilities. Findings and observations in this report are grouped into the following chapters (Appraisal and Acquisition; Compensation and Relocation; Training; Utilities; and Project Development) and includes primary findings the team believes have the most significance and/or implementation value. Other observations that may have potential implementation value in the United States are also included.

This report documents the results of bus accident data analysis using the 2002 National Transit Database (NTD) and discusses the potential of using advanced technology being studied and developed under the U.S. Department of Transportation's (U.S. DOT) Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) program to reduce bus accidents.

This report was prepared by the U.S. Department of Transportation John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This report summarizes Federal requirements, describes CMS concept, provides examples of various CMS implemented by different states and Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPO) and provides guidance on issues to be considered in the development of a CMS for the National Parks.

This book gathers selected papers presented at the KES International Symposium on Smart Transportation Systems (KES STS 2022). Modern transportation systems have undergone a rapid transformation in recent years, producing a range of technological innovations such as connected vehicles, self-driving cars, electric vehicles, Hyperloop, and even flying cars, and with them, fundamental changes in transport systems around the world. The book discusses current challenges, innovations, and breakthroughs in smart transportation systems, as well as transport infrastructure modeling, safety analysis, freeway operations, intersection analysis, and other related cutting-edge topics.

This book presents the select proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure Development: Innovations and Advances (SIDIA 2020). The book addresses the issues of optimal resource allocation and utilization, construction cost minimization, budget optimization for infrastructure development in hilly terrain as well as plains, to ensure quality and safety with minimal environmental impact. The topics covered include planning, design and construction of sustainable infrastructure projects, policy and practices to be considered for the comprehensive development which is socially inclusive specifically in developing nations, transportation engineering and management which is performance-based and emerging economical models for partnerships, environment engineering and management for ascertaining the best methods for environmental impacts assessment to capture the true indirect costs of a infrastructure project, geotechnical and water resource engineering using new developments, and utilizing the various technological impacts for ensuring disaster preparedness of any region. This book can prove to be useful for beginners, researchers, and professionals interested in the latest advances and innovations in sustainable infrastructure development.