This report is a statistical evaluation of the fatality- and injury-reducing effectiveness of the energy-absorbing materials in vehicles without head-protection air bags. (NHTSA previously evaluated the effectiveness of head-protection air bags in 2007.2) In one sense, this report evaluates a specific technological approach (energy-absorbing materials without air bags) that is already phasing out. But the energy-absorbing materials, themselves, will not be phasing out; they will continue to appear in new vehicles to protect occupants in crashes where the air bags do not deploy or perhaps at locations not covered by the air bags. More generally, the report investigates whether a technology demonstrated to have reduced HIC measured on headforms in laboratory testing is likewise effective in reducing the head injuries of people in crashes.

The report details how NHTSA produces these lives saved estimates for seat belts and frontal air bags. The methodology is described in detail, including the use of effectiveness ratings for seat belts and frontal air bags. Seat belt effectiveness ratings vary according to the seat belt type (i.e., 3-point belt versus 2-point lap belt), vehicle type, occupant seating position, and occupant age. Frontal air bag effectiveness ratings are consistent for all passenger vehicles. The interactions of the effectiveness of seat belts and the effectiveness of frontal air bags are discussed in this report.

Dieses Essential behandelt das spezielle Problem der Modellierung der betrieblichen Inanspruchnahme der Infrastruktur durch Zugfahrten als Voraussetzung fur die Ermittlung konfliktfreier Fahrplantrassen in der rechnergestutzten Fahrplankonstruktion. Die in den heute am Markt befindlichen Softwareloesungen realisierten Methoden, namlich das Sperrzeitmodell und die vereinfachte Betrachtung fahrplantechnischer Zugfolgeabschnitte, werden ausfuhrlich erlautert und mit ihren Vor- und Nachteilen gegenubergestellt. Diskutiert werden auch alternative Ansatze und moegliche Weiterentwicklungen.

Run-off-road (ROR) crashes, which usually involve only a single vehicle, contribute to a large portion of fatalities and serious injuries to motor vehicle occupants. In this study, the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey (NMVCCS) data collected at crash scenes between 2005 and 2007 is used to identify the ROR critical pre-crash event, assess the critical reason for the ROR critical event, and examine associated factors present in the pre-crash phase of the ROR crash. The effect of antilock brake system (ABS) and electronic stability control (ESC) on ROR crashes is also evaluated.

Through the U.S. Department of Transportation's (USDOT) Safe Trip-21 initiative, the USDOT is testing a variety of technologies in a number of location in California as well as along the I-95 corridor on the east coast. this document presents the evaluation findings, resulting primarily from in-person interviews the evaluation Team conducted with institutional partners.

This report presents results from the 2010 National Occupant Protections use Survey (NOPUS) Controlled Intersection Study,

Located in the center of downtown Rome, New York, Fort Stanwix currently experiences several transportation-related issues affecting visitor access to the park and overall visitor experience. As a follow-up to a 2006 Alternative Transportation Study, the goals of this report are threefold: 1) to update the 2006 study's existing conditions report to reflect recent changes that have occurred in and around the park, 2) to evaluate five specific areas of concern to the park, which were identified in the 2006 study, and 3) to identify opportunities to a) address these areas of concern; b) improve visitor experience at the park; and c) strengthen the park's relationship with the city by furthering city and county goals. The five areas of concern to the park are nonmotorized trail connections, vehicular signage and wayfinding, parking, pedestrian access, and shuttle feasibility. Findings for each of these focus areas are summarized.

Statistical analyses based on FARS and NASS CDS data from 1997 to 2009 found that a vehicle equipped with electronic stability control (ESC) had a smaller likelihood of being involved in a crash than a similar vehicle without ESC. This analysis estimates the magnitude of that reduction for different types of crashes and for different types of vehicles.

Electronic Stability Control (ESC) is a safety technology designed to enhance a vehicle's stability and control in all driving situations ESC first became available in the United States in 1997 Statistical analyses of 1997-2004 crash data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and 1997-2003 crash data from the State data files estimate reductions with ESC for various types of crash involvements

This report was one in a series of pedestrian safety synthesis reports prepared for the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to document pedestrian safety in other countries. This report is a review of recent pedestrian safety research in Sweden (in particular) with some attention to similar research in other Scandinavian countries. The report states that even in Sweden, where attention has long been paid to pedestrian and bicyclists concerns, even so, still too much traffic planning is addressed as if it were a vehicular issue only.

This respected Handbook has earned its reputation as the authoritative source of information on bitumens used in road pavements and other surfacing applications. This new edition has been up-dated to ensure The Shell Bitumen Handbook retains its excellent reputation.

On February 16, 2012, about 8:15 a.m., near Chesterfield, New Jersey, a Garden State Transport Corporation 2012 IC Bus, LLC, school bus was transporting 25 students to Chesterfield Elementary School. The bus was traveling north on Burlington County Road (BCR) 660, while a Herman's Trucking Inc. 2004 Mack roll-off truck with a fully loaded dump container was traveling east on BCR 528, approaching the intersection. The bus driver had stopped at the flashing red traffic beacon and STOP sign. As the bus pulled away from the white stop line and entered the intersection, it failed to yield to the truck and was struck behind the left rear axle. The bus rotated nearly 180 degrees and subsequently struck a traffic beacon support pole. One bus passenger was killed. Five bus passengers sustained serious injuries, 10 passengers and the bus driver received minor injuries, and nine passengers and the truck driver were uninjured. Major safety issues identified in this investigation were school bus driver fatigue, sedating prescription medications, medical conditions, and commercial driver's license medical examinations; truck driver speed, oversight of overweight commercial vehicles, brake maintenance, and final stage manufacturing air brake system installation; connected vehicle technology; and school bus occupant injuries and school bus crashworthiness. The National Transportation Safety Board makes recommendations to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; states of California, Florida, Louisiana, New Jersey, New York, and Texas; National Truck Equipment Association; National Association of State Directors of Pupil Transportation Services; National Association for Pupil Transportation; National School Transportation Association; School Bus Manufacturers Technical Council; National Safety Council, School Transportation Section; and Herman's Trucking Inc.

This guidance is provided to assist transportation planners and environmental practitioners in the use of corridor and subarea planning to inform the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) review process. This document responds to the need for additional guidance on how best to use corridor and subarea planning to bridge the transportation planning and NEPA processes as described in Appendix A to 23 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 450 - Linking the Transportation Planning and NEPA Processes.

This publication will introduce you to materials, criteria, and procedures for rapid repair of uncontrolled cracks and spalls in rigid pavements by using epoxy resin grouts, mortars, and concretes. Seven crack conditions that encompass most of the crack types that will be encountered will be discussed. This course is applicable to the repair of rigid pavements on roads and airport runways and taxiways.

This work describes the statistical analyses based on data for calendar years 1995 to 2007 from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and the General Estimates System (GES) of the National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) estimate the long-term effectiveness of antilock brake systems (ABS) for passenger cars and LTVs (light trucks and vans) subsequent to the 1995 launch of public information programs on how to use ABS correctly.

This report was one in a series of pedestrian safety synthesis reports prepared for the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to document pedestrian safety in other countries. This review reports research in six areas of pedestrian safety: 1) Interventions to prompt pedestrians to watch for turning vehicles. 2) Improving pedestrian signals for better indication of clearance interval. 3) Use of pedestrian-activated beacons at uncontrolled crossings. 4) Use of advance stop lines. 5) Increasing conspicuity of crosswalks. 6) Use of multiple interventions to increase motorist yielding to pedestrians. Research results are presented and a comprehensive list of references is provided.

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHYSA) began to evaluate its federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) in 1975. By October 2004, NHTSA had evaluated the effectiveness of virtually all the life-saving technologies introduced in passenger cars, pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles and vans from about 1960 up through the later 1990's. A statistical model estimated the number of lives saved from 1960 to 2002 by the combination of these life-saving technologies. FARS data for 1975-2002 document the actual crash fatalities in vehicles that, especially in recent years, include many safety technologies. Using NHTSA's published effectiveness estimates, the model estimates how many people would have died if the vehicles had not been equipped with any of the safety technologies. In addition to equipment meeting specific FMVSS, the model tallies lives saved by installations in advance of the FMVSS, back to 1960, and by non-compulsory improvements, such as the redesign of mid and lower instrument panels. FARS data have been available since 1975, but an extension of the model allows estimates of lives saved in 1960-1974. The annual number of lives saved grew quite steadily from 1960 to 2002, when most cars and light trucks were equipped with numerous modern safety technologies and belt use on the road.

Through the U.S. Department of Transportation's (USDOT) SafeTrip-21 initiative, the USDOT is testing a variety of technologies in a number of locations in California as well as along the I-95 corridor on the east coast. This document presents the evaluation findings, resulting primarily from in-person interviews the Evaluation Team conducted with institutional partners.

The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, or MUTCD defines the standards used by road managers nationwide to install and maintain traffic control devices on all public streets, highways, bikeways, and private roads open to public traffic. The MUTCD is published by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) under 23 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 655, Subpart F. The MUTCD, which has been administered by the FHWA since 1971, is a compilation of national standards for all traffic control devices, including road markings, highway signs, and traffic signals. It is updated periodically to accommodate the nation's changing transportation needs and address new safety technologies, traffic control tools and traffic management techniques. On May 14, 2012 final rules adopting Revisions 1 and 2 of the 2009, MUTCD were published in the Federal Register with an effective date of June 13, 2012. These are also included in this manual

Beginning September 1, 1993, all light trucks (pickup trucks, vans, and sport utility vehicles) were required to meet a crush resistance standard for side doors. Data from calendar years 1989 through 2001 of the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) were used to determine the effectiveness of changes made by vehicle manufacturers to meet this standard. Effectiveness was determined by comparing changes in the number of fatalities in side impacts relative to those in frontal impacts.

The Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES) is a program facilitated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration as a component of its State Data Program. CODES uniquely uses probabilistic methodology to link crash records to injury outcome records collected at the scene and en route by emergency medical services, by hospital personnel after arrival at the emergency department or admission as an inpatient and/or, at the time of death, on the death certificate. CODES is designed to foster and cultivate crash-outcome data linkage for highway safety applications at the State level, supporting State Highway Safety Offices, State Public Health and Injury Prevention Departments, State Emergency Medical Services Agencies, State transportation departments, and other such agencies; and to facilitate participation in NHTSA coordinated multistate studies using linked data at the Federal level. This document is intended to inform traffic safety professionals, from those in CODES programs to those in the agencies they support, as well as all others interested in traffic safety, on best-practice applications available through linked CODES data.

This purpose of this report is to determine the effect of rear turn signal color on the likelihood of being involved in a rear-end crash. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108 allows rear turn signals to be either red or amber in color. Previous work on this subject includes laboratory experiments and analyses of crash data that suggest amber rear turn signals are beneficial. The present study was designed around the concept of "switch pairs" - make-models of passenger vehicles were identified that had switched rear turn signal color, and crash involvement rates were computed before and after the switch.

Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 214, "Side Impact Protection" was amended to assure occupant protection in a 33.5 mph crash test and phased-in to new passenger cars during model years 1994-1997. A Thoracic Trauma Index, TTI(d) is measured on Side Impact Dummies seated adjacent to the impact point. Manufacturers upgraded side structures and affixed padding in cars to improve TTI(d). Later, they installed two types of side air bags - torso bags and head air bags - for additional occupant protection in cars and LTVs. This report provides statistical analyses of 1993-2005 crash data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and the General Estimates System (GES) estimate fatality reductions for these technologies.