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Books > Medicine > General issues > History of medicine
Elizabeth Blackwell's autobiographic history of the brave
accomplishments of those who made the USA's medical profession
accessible to women is illuminating and uplifting. Writing toward
the end of the 19th century, Blackwell strikes a dignified and
resolute tone throughout this memoir. Prior to Victorian times,
women had only a diminished role in the medical profession, which -
like most other professional trades at the time - was closed to
female participation. Elizabeth Blackwell however was adamant that
she could serve as a medic; her persistence led her to become the
first woman ever taught in medical school, studying in the USA.
Blackwell discusses famous figures in English medicine, such as
Florence Nightingale, as well as several more obscure - but
nevertheless important and influential - contributors to the
progress of women in the medical profession. Towards the end of the
book, set in 1858, Elizabeth Blackwell revisits England to behold
the hospitals and medical community of that nation.
The most dramatic growth of Christianity in the late twentieth
century has occurred in Africa, where Catholic missions have played
major roles. But these missions did more than simply convert
Africans. Catholic sisters became heavily involved in the Church's
health services and eventually in relief and social justice
efforts. In Into Africa, Barbra Mann Wall offers a transnational
history that reveals how Catholic medical and nursing sisters
established relationships between local and international groups,
sparking an exchange of ideas that crossed national, religious,
gender, and political boundaries. Both a nurse and a historian,
Wall explores this intersection of religion, medicine, gender,
race, and politics in sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on the years
following World War II, a period when European colonial rule was
ending and Africans were building new governments, health care
institutions, and education systems. She focuses specifically on
hospitals, clinics, and schools of nursing in Ghana and Uganda run
by the Medical Mission Sisters of Philadelphia; in Nigeria and
Uganda by the Irish Medical Missionaries of Mary; in Tanzania by
the Maryknoll Sisters of New York; and in Nigeria by a local
Nigerian congregation. Wall shows how, although initially somewhat
ethnocentric, the sisters gradually developed a deeper
understanding of the diverse populations they served. In the
process, their medical and nursing work intersected with critical
social, political, and cultural debates that continue in Africa
today: debates about the role of women in their local societies,
the relationship of women to the nursing and medical professions
and to the Catholic Church, the obligations countries have to
provide care for their citizens, and the role of women in human
rights. A groundbreaking contribution to the study of globalization
and medicine, Into Africa highlights the importance of
transnational partnerships, using the stories of these nuns to
enhance the understanding of medical mission work and global
change.
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