Metal-Ligand Interactions - Structure and Reactivity emphasizes the experimental determination of structure and dynamics, supported by the theoretical and computational approaches needed to establish the concepts and guide the experiments. Leading experts present masterly surveys of: clusters, inorganic complexes, surfaces, catalysis, ab initio theory, density functional theory, semiempirical methods, and dynamics. Besides the presentations of the fields of study themselves, the papers also bring out those aspects that impinge on, or could benefit from, progress in other disciplines. Refined in the fire of an interactive and stimulating conference, the papers presented here represent the state of the art of current research.

Early in this century, the newly discovered x-ray diffraction by crystals made a complete change in crystallography and in the whole science of the atomic structure of matter, thus giving a new impetus to the development of solid-state physics. Crystallographic methods, pri marily x-ray diffraction analysis, penetrated into materials sciences, mol ecular physics, and chemistry, and also into many other branches of science. Later, electron and neutron diffraction structure analyses be came important since they not only complement x-ray data, but also supply new information on the atomic and the real structure of crystals. Electron microscopy and other modern methods of investigating mat ter-optical, electronic paramagnetic, nuclear magnetic, and other res onance techniques-yield a large amount of information on the atomic, electronic, and real crystal structures. Crystal physics has also undergone vigorous development. Many re markable phenomena have been discovered in crystals and then found various practical applications. Other important factors promoting the development of crystallog raphy were the elaboration of the theory of crystal growth (which brought crystallography closer to thermodynamics and physical chem istry) and the development of the various methods of growing synthetic crystals dictated by practical needs. Man-made crystals became increas ingly important for physical investigations, and they rapidly invaded technology. The production of synthetic crystals made a tremendous impact on the traditional branches: the mechanical treatment of mate rials, precision instrument making, and the jewelry industry.

This volume chronicles the proceedings of the Symposium on Particles on Surfaces: Detection, Adhesion and Removal held under the auspices of the Fine Particle Society in San Francisco, July 28-August 2, 1986. The study of particles on surfaces is extremely important in many areas of human endeavor (ranging from microelectronics to optics to biomedical). A complete catalog of modern precision and sophisticated technologies where particles on surfaces are of cardinal importance will be prohibitively long, but the following eclectic examples should underscore the concern about particles on a variety of surfaces. In the semiconductor world of shrinking dimensions, particles which, a few years ago, were cosmetically undesirable but functionally innocuous can potentially be killer defects now. As the device sizes get smaller, there will be more and more concern about smaller and smaller particles. In the information storage technology, the gap between the head and the disk is very narrow, and if a particle is trapped in the gap that can have very grave consequences. The implications of particulate contamination on sensitive optical surfaces is all too manifest. So the particulate contamination on surfaces is undesirable from functional, yield and reliability points of view. This symposium was organized with the following objectives in mind: to bring together active practitioners in this field; to provide a forum for discussion of the latest research and development activities in this area; to provide opportunity for cross-pollination of ideas; and to highlight topics which needed intensified effort.

The intrinsic properties of a solid, i. e. , the properties that result from its specific structure, can be largely modified by crystallographic and chem ical defects. The formation of these defects is governed by the heat and mass transfer conditions which prevail on and near a crystal-nutrient in terface during crystallization. Hence, both the growth of highly perfect crystals and the preparation of samples having predetermined defect-induced (extrinsic) properties require a thorough understanding of the reaction and transport mechanisms that govern crystallization from vapors, solutions and melts. Crystal growth, as a science, is therefore mostly concerned with the chemistry and physics of heat and mass transport in these fluid-solid phase transitions. Solid-solid transitions are, at this time, not widely employed for high quality single-crystal production. Transport concepts are largely built upon equilibrium considerations, i. e. , on thermodynamic and phase equilibrium concepts. Hence to supply a "workable" foundation for the succeeding discussions, this text begins in Chapter 2 with a concise treatment of thermodynamics which emphasizes applications to mate rials preparation. After working through this chapter, the reader should feel at ease with often (particularly among physicists) unfamiliar entities such as chemical potentials, fugacities, activities. etc. Special sections on ther mochemical calculations (and their pitfalls) and compilations of thermochemi cal data conclude the second chapter. Crystal growth can be called. in a wide sense, the science and technology of controlling phase transitions that lead to (single crystalline) solids.

Radiationless transitions comprise an important class of physical phenomena occurring in the excited states of molecules. They affect the lifetimes of the ex cited states and govern primary photochemical and photophysical processes. Much effort has been devoted to the understanding of radiationless transi tions. Still, owing to recent advances, the field continues to attract attention. The demand for a book on the theory of these processes naturally arises in at tempting to comprehend a large body of literature, as the famous review article by K. F. Freed and the book by R. Englman do not encompass some issues of current interest. Our intent is to highlight the underlying physical principles and methods in such a way that the book both in its content and its presentation is instruc tive for a wide audience. The basic ideas are treated in simple mathematical terms intelligible to ex perimentalists and to readers unfamiliar with the field. Complicated theoret ical methods are always expounded from first principles, so that a knowledge of quantum mechanics and mathematics at the graduate-student level will enable the reader to easily follow the derivations. Experts will find efficient methods of calculating the transition rates, as well as new applications of quasiclassical methods and fresh treatments of standard problems. Details of measurements are not discussed, and experimental data are only invoked to illustrate the theory."

This book by Kaplan and Vekhter brings together the molecular world of the chemist with the condensed matter world of the physicist. Prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union, chemists in the West devoted lit to relationships between molecular electronic structure and tle attention solid-state vibronic phenomena. Treating quantum mechanical problems wherein the adiabatic Born-Oppenheimer approximation fails was done by "brute force. " With bigger and better computers available in the West, molecular orbital calculations were done on observed and conceived static structures with little concern for any cooperativity of vibrational behavior that might connect these states. While it had long been understood in the West that situations do occur in which different static structures are found for molecules that have identical or nearly identical electronic structures, little attention had been paid to understanding the vibrational states that could connect such structures. It was easier to calculate the electronic structure observed with several possible distortions than to focus on ways to couple electronic and vibrational behavior. In the former Soviet Union, computational power was not as acces sible as in the West. Much greater attention, therefore, was devoted to conserving computational time by considering fundamental ways to han dle the vibrational connectivity between degenerate or nearly degenerate electronic states.

All existing introductory reviews of mineralogy are written accord ing to the same algorithm, sometimes called the "Dana System of Mineralogy." Even modern advanced handbooks, which are cer tainly necessary, include basic data on minerals and are essentially descriptive. When basic information on the chemistry, structure, optical and physical properties, distinguished features and para genesis of 200-400 minerals is presented, then there is practically no further space available to include new ideas and concepts based on recent mineral studies. A possible solution to this dilemma would be to present a book beginning where introductory textbooks end for those already famil iar with the elementary concepts. Such a volume would be tailored to specialists in all fields of science and industry, interested in the most recent results in mineralogy. This approach may be called Advanced Mineralogy. Here, an attempt has been made to survey the current possibilities and aims in mineral matter investigations, including the main characteristics of all the methods, the most important problems and topics of mineral ogy, and related studies. The individual volumes are composed of short, condensed chap ters. Each chapter presents in a complete, albeit condensed, form specific problems, methods, theories, and directions of investigations, and estimates their importance and strategic position in science and industry."

Das Buch enthalt folgende Beitrage: R.B. Heimann, Edmonton, J. Kleiman, Downsview, Canada: "Schock-induziertes Wachstum " "von superharten Materialien"D. Schwabe, Giessen, FRG: "Durch " "Oberflachenspannungsgradienten getriebene Konvektion in " "Kristallzuchtschmelzen"H.-J. Weber, Dortmund, FRG: "Elektrooptische Effekte, Kristalle und Bauteile""

Crystal pulling is an industrial process and provides the bulk of semiconductor crystals for the semiconductor industry. Initially a purely empirical process, the increase in importance and size of the industry has led to basic research into the fundamentals of the process - particularly the modelling of heat and mass transfer. The book has been written by the recognized authority on Czochralski crystal-growth techniques. It is an attempt to strengthen the interface between the practical crystal grower and the applied mathematician involved in analytical and computer modelling. Its focus is on the physics, chemistry and metallurgy of the process. From reviews: "... There is a need for a modern, non-trivial text on Czochralski growth ... and Dr. Hurle is eminently suited to write such a text."; "Dr. Hurle is probably uniquely qualified to write a book on ... (the Czochralski) growth process. ... He has published a great deal of very substantial as well as innovative work in this area."

This first International Workshop on Auger Spectroscopy and Electronic Struc ture - IWASES 1, held in Giardini-Naxos, Sicily, Italy, grew out of a number of longstanding collaborations between the various Institutes of Physics of the University of Messina, namely the Institute of the Structure of Matter, the In stitute of Theoretical Physics and the Institute of General Physics, and groups in other European countries at the University of Liverpool, England, the Insti tute of Physical Chemistry, University of Munich, and the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, FRG. This workshop was the first to be devoted solely to Auger electron spectroscopy. This initiative was motivated by the enormous evolution of the field within the last decade to a point where it now extends far beyond the mere application of this spectroscopy as an analytical tool to determine surface cleanliness and surface composition. In fact, the Auger process, which is a multi-electron process, and which leaves the sample in a doubly (or higher) ionized state, is an invaluable probe for investigating excited states and, in particular, electron (or hole) correlation effects. These correlation effects play an important role for many physical prop erties of matter such as magnetism, screening processes, and electron stimulated desorption (ESD), to name but a few."

The. first edition of this work appeared almost thirty years ago, when, as we can see in retrospect, the study of the actinide elements was in its first bloom. Although the broad features of the chemistry of the actinide elements were by then quite weil delineated, the treatment of the subject in the first edition was of necessity largely descriptive in nature. A detailed understanding ofthe chemical consequences of the characteristic presence of 5f electrons in most of the members ofthe actinide se ries was still for the future, and many ofthe systematic features ofthe actinide elements were only dimly apprehended. In the past thirty years all this has changed. The application of new spectroscopic techniques, which came into general use during this period, and new theoretical insights, which came from a better understanding of chemical bonding, inorganic chemistry, and solid state phenomena, were among the important factors that led to a great expansion and maturation in actinide element research and a large number of new and important findings. The first edition consisted of aserial description of the individual actinide elements, with a single chapter devoted to the six heaviest elements (lawrencium, the heaviest actinide, was yet to be discovered). Less than 15 % of the text was devoted to a consideration of the systematics of the actinide elements.

This book is intended to collect in one place as much information as possible on the use of EPR spectroscopy in the analysis of systems in which two or more spins are magnetically coupled. This is a field where research is very active and chemists are elbow-to-elbow with physicists and biologists in the forefront. Here, as in many other fields, the contributions coming from different disciplines are very important, but for active researchers it is sometimes difficult to follow the literature, due to differences in languages, and sources which are familiar to, e. g. , a physicist, are exotic to a chemist. Therefore, an effort is needed in order to provide a unitary description of the many different phenomena which are collected under the title. In order to define the arguments which are treated, it is useful to state clearly what is not contained here. So we do not treat magnetic phenomena in conductors and we neglect ferro- and antiferromagnetic resonance. The basic foundations of EPR spectroscopy are supposed to be known by the reader, while we introduce the basis of magnetic interactions between spins. In the first two chapters we review the foundations of exchange interactions, trying to show how the magnetic parameters are bound to the electronic structure of the interacting centers.

Advances through carefully conducted quantitative work on well designed, high quality materials characterize the present state of high-temperature superconductivity research. The contributions to this volume present a theoretical and experimental overview of electronic structure and physical properties, including anisotropic features, of high-temperative materials, with a focus on cuprates. In order to enhance the understanding of the mechanisms of superconductivity at high temperatures, this volume is divided into theoretical and experimental parts. The contributions to the two parts correspond to each other, giving readers involved in either area of research activity a reference to findingsof the other. On the other hand, this book gives young physicists high-level information on the present state of research, enhanced by tutorial contributions of leading physicists in the field.

The International Winter School on Electronic Properties of High-Temperature Superconductors, held between March 7-14, 1992, in Kirchberg, (Tyrol) Austria, was the sixth in a series of meetings to be held at this venue. Four of the earlier meetings were dedicated to issues in the field of conducting polymers, while the winter school held in 1990 was devoted to the new discipline of high-T c superconductivity. This year's meeting constituted a forum not only for the large number of scientists engaged in high-Tc research, but also for those involved in the new and exciting field of fullerenes. Many of the issues raised during the earlier winter schools on conducting polymers, and the last one on high-T c superconductivity, have taken on a new significance in the light of the discovery of superconducting C materials. 60 The Kirchberg meetings are organized in the style of a school where expe rienced scientists from universities, research laboratories and industry have the opportunity to discuss their most recent results, and where students and young scientists can learn about the present status of research and applications from some of the most eminent workers in their field. In common with the previous winter school on high-Tc superconductors, the of the cuprate superconductors. present one focused on the electronic properties In addition, consideration was given to related compounds which are relevant to the understanding of the electronic structure of the cuprates in the normal state, to other oxide superconductors and to fulleride superconductors.

Carbosilanes are compounds in which the elements silicon and carbon alternate in the molecular skeleton [1]. Just as the alkanes are formally derived from the diamond lattice and the aromatics from the graphite lattice, the carbosilanes are structurally derived from silicon carbide. Because of the tetravalent nature of silicon and carbon we can expect stable linear, cyclic and polycyclic compounds to occur. However, carbosilanes do not exist in nature. This book is an attempt to give a summarized presentation. Carbosilanes are, of course, part" of organosilicon chemistry, but their behavior differentiates them distinctly from other organosilicon compounds. The differences result primarily from the alternating Si-C-Si arrangements in the molecular skeleton, and especially the various methylene bridges (CH , CHX, CX ; X = halogen) cause changes in z z Si-C bond polarization and hence influence the reaction possibilities. It is convenient to regard carbosilanes as similar to silicones except that the oxygen bridges of silicones are replaced by methylene units. However, this does not accurately account for all the chemical properties of these compounds. Carbosilanes are related more directly to silicon carbide, as shown occasionally by the reactive behavior of polycyclic car bosilanes. Therefore, in view of the present interest shown for thermally stable cera mics of unusual character, interesting possibilities arise for further development. Most cyclic carbosilanes can be classified in two groups: the carborundanes and the Si-scaphanes. Compounds belonging to the carborundane class maintain Si-C six-membered rings in the boat conformation.

The research on graphite intercalation compounds often acts as a forerunner for research in other sciences. For instance, the concept of staging, which is fundamental to graphite intercalation compounds, is also relevant to surface science in connection with adsorbates on metal surfaces and to high-temperature superconducting oxide layer materials. Phonon-folding and mode-splitting effects are not only basic to graphite intercalation compounds but also to polytypical systems such as supercon ductors, superlattices, and metal and semiconductor superlattices. Charge transfer effects playa tremendously important role in many areas, and they can be most easily and fundamentally studied with intercalated graphite. This list could be augmented with many more examples. The important message, however, is that graphite inter calation compounds represent a class of materials that not only can be used for testing a variety of condensed-matter concepts, but also stimulates new ideas and approaches. This volume is the second of a two-volume set. The first volume addressed the structural and dynamical aspects of graphite intercalation compounds, together with the chemistry and intercalation of new compounds. This second volume provides an up-to-date status report from expert researchers on the transport, magnetic, elec tronic and optical properties ofthis unique class of materials. The band-structure cal culations of the various donor and acceptor compounds are discussed in depth, and detailed reviews are provided ofthe experimental verification ofthe electronic struc ture in terms of their photoemission spectra and optical properties."

The literature in polymerization reaction engineering has bloomed sufficiently in the last several years to justify our attempt in putting together this book. Rather than offer a comprehensive treatment of the entire field, thereby duplicating earlier texts as well as some ongoing bookwriting efforts, we decided to narrow down our aim to step growth polymerization systems. This not only provides us the lUxury of a more elaborate presentation within the constraints of production costs, but also enables us to remain on somewhat familiar terrain. The style and format we have selected are those of a textbook. The first six chapters present the principles of step growth polymerization. These are quite general, and can easily be applied in such diverse and emerging fields as polymerization applications in photolithography and microelec tronics. A detailed discussion of several important step growth polymeriz ations follows in the next five chapters. One could cover the first six chapters of this book in about six to eight weeks of a three-credit graduate course on polymerization reactors, with the other chapters assigned for reading. This could be followed by a discussion of chain-growth and other polymeriz ations, with which our material blends well. Alternately, the entire contents of this book could be covered in a course on step growth systems alone."

Molecular stereochemistry is a fundamental aspect of all areas of chemistry. It is especially important in inorganic chemistry where the coordination numbers are variable and occasionally quite high. The present book evolved naturally from a series of articles written by Professor Kepert for Progre88 in Inorganic Ohemi8try, elucida ting aspects of the stereochemistry of inorganic compounds of co ordination numbers 4-12. In the present volume, Professor Kepert has added new sections and synthesized these individual chapters into a unified treatment, updating his references when necessary to the most recent contributions in the literature, and inter weaving the various themes as deemed appropriate. The result is a major contribution, describing the stereochemistry of coordi nation compounds having both unidentate and multidentate ligands. The viability of the repulsion approach to stereochemistry is tested to the limit in this treatise and shown to be an extremely good way of rationalizing a diverse body of data."

Remarks by JVS. Volumes 1 and 2 of Feldspar Minerals were published in 1974, but Volume 3 was not completed because I was forced to devote 3 years to the resolution of unforeseen problems in the construction of an ion probe. By 1977, the incomplete draft for Volume 3 had become obsolete because of the enormous advances in knowledge of feldspars, particularly those in lunar rocks and meteorites, and in both deep-seated and ancient terrestrial rocks. Furthermore, it soon became obvious that a completely new version of Feldspar Minerals was needed because of the important new results on the physical and chemical properties. I had kept up with the interesting but tedious chore of weekly reading of the incoming literature and maintenance of the files. By 1980, the intense day-to day pressure had gone from my research programs on lunar rocks and on the development of the ion microprobe as a quantitative geochemical instrument, and I began preparation of a second edition of Feldspar Minerals."

The progress of materials science depends on the development of novel materials and the development of novel experimental techniques. The research on graphite intercalation compounds combines both aspects: new compounds with strikingly new and anisotropic properties have been synthesized and analyzed during the past couple of years by means of state-of-the-art experimental methods. At the same time, the preparation of the compounds already known has improved con siderably, giving increased reliability and reproducibility of the experimental results. The high quality experimental data now available have stimulated theo retical work. Moreover, the theoretical work has had a great impact on further experimental studies, with the effect of a much improved understanding of this class of materials. This volume is dedicated to a thorough description of all relevant experimen tal and theoretical aspects of the structural and dynamical properties of graphite intercalation compounds. Because of the large number of topics, a second vol ume, which is now in preparation, will follow and will treat the electronic, transport, magnetic, and optical properties. The second volume will also contain a chapter on applications of graphite intercalation compounds. There have been a number of reviews written on selected aspects of these compounds in various journals and conference proceedings during the last couple of years, but this is the first comprehensive review since the thorough overview provided by M.S. Dresselhaus and G. Dresselhaus appeared ten years ago."

This issue of Zeitschrift fUr Physik D contains papers which were presented at the 5th International Symposium on Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters. ISSPIC5 was held at the University of Konstanz, Germany, from September 10 to 14, 1990. There were 33 invited talks, and 295 papers were contributed. 14 particularly interesting papers had been selected by the International Advisory Board: they were presented during one of the regular sessions. In addition, two last-minute contributions, describing break throughs in the synthesis and characterization of size-selected fullerene carbon clusters, were communicated orally. The other contributions were presented during two poster sessions, comprising nearly twice as many papers as during the previous symposium in Aix-en-Provence, in 1988. Approximately 250 manuscripts were received, and all were refereed during the sympo sium. Several of them had to be revised, but only a small number were rejected. The contributions in this volume are grouped according to the topic, roughly following the scheme adopted during the conference."

The effects of heat and light on chemical reactions have long been known and un derstood. Ultrasound has been known to promote chemical reactions for the past 60 years, but despite this, it did not attract the attention of synthetic chemists until recently. This arose historically from early studies which concentrated almost exclu sively on reactions in aqueous media and was also, in some measure, due to the availability of suitable technology. Since the early 1980s a plethora of literature has appeared of direct interest to synthetic chemists and the field has been developing rapidly. The aim of this book is to bring the background of this fascinating field to the atten tion of a wider audience. It explores the literature to date and attempts to indicate other areas in which ultrasound may be exploited. It also hopes to explode some of the myths surrounding this area which have hitherto been regarded by the synthetic community as a bit of a black art! Existing books and reviews have tended to concentrate on the physics of sonochem istry and to catalogue the instances in which ultrasound has proved useful in tack ling synthetic problems. Our aim has been to stress the relevance of this technique to synthetic chemists and we have included a section which deals with the practical aspects of carrying out these reactions.

"Highly recommended for all academic library chemistry collections; biochemistry and medical collections may also want to consider." (Choice)
"Each entry is provided with a definition, a description of the effect, application, and literature citations...". the selection in this book is broad and useful." (J. of Am. Chem. Soc.)
"The book is not just a collection of definitions of acronyms, each entry contains a concise and informative explanation of the origins of the technique or method to which it refers... this book is a must for progression of any budding spectroscopist." (Analyst)

The revolutionary impetus of the NMR methods in organic chemistry has parallels in the field of boron chemistry. lIB NMR spectroscopy provided a basis for the elucida tion of structures and reactions of the boron hydrides. However, although many studies have been carried out with the higher boranes, carboranes, metalloboranes, etc., and although certain patterns have emerged, the correlation between the observed chemical shift and the assigned structural unit is still not fully understood. Therefore, predictions in this area are still rather limited, and semiquantitative interpretations are not yet pos sible. Several years ago Eaton and Lipscomb sUpImarized the status in this field in their book "NMR Studies of Boron Hydrides and Related Compounds" and a plethora of new data has accumulated since then. The book also contained material on simple bo rane derivatives, but they were not discussed in any detail. On the other hand many systematic studies, both synthetic and spectroscopic, have been conducted on these simple boron materials in the last decade. Thus a large amount of NMR information is available, not only on lIB but also on 1 H, 1 3 C, and 14 N. However, this information is widely scattered in the literature, and often the data are not discussed at all. It see med appropriate, therefore, to collect these data and to present them in one volume."

Despite the recent progress in developing various microanalytical tools of better spatial resolution and more sensitivity to chemical analyses for the study of various defects in metallic solids the Field-Ion Microscope (FIM) still remains the only instrument up to now to resolve single atoms in the surface of a metal. Fifteen years after Milller ) invented the FIM he was also the first to combine the FIM with a time-of-flight (ToF) mass spectrometer - the so-called Atom-Probe FlM - to identify the chemical nature of single atoms imaged in the FIM2). Originally the motivation to develop the ToF atom probe was to use this method to obtain some more fundamental understanding of field ionization and field evaporation, the most basic physical processes in field-ion microscopy. Even after the successful combination of a FIM with a ToF atom probe had been accomplished, the technique was rarely applied to metallurgical investigations since for a fairly long period only refractory metals such as tungsten, molybdenum, iridium, etc. could be imaged in the FIM. How ever, these metals do not playa very important role in metallurgy. Only when Turner et 3 al. ) substituted the conventional phosphorescent screen of the field-ion microscope with micro-channel electron multiplier arrays, termed micro channel plates, did it become possible to image in the FIM the less refractory metals like Fe, Cu, Ni and even AI."