The Joint Meeting comprisIng the 3rd International Symposium on Clathrate Compounds and Molecular Inclusion Phenomena and the 2nd International Symposium on Cyclodextrins was held on 23-27 July, 1984, in Tokyo, Japan. It was organized by the Japan Association for Inclusion Chemistry together with the International Organization Committee, with the auspices of sixteen societies and associations in Japan. This event was the first joint meeting with the hope of unifying the above two symposia. The program of the symposium consisted of 142 papers, including 14 invited papers. The invited papers and some selected topics were presented verbally, and all the other 118 papers were displayed in poster sessions. The symposium was held at Hoshi University in Tokyo. Due to the multidisciplinary nature of the subjects treated, the scope and subjects were grouped into two parts. In the first group, the chemistry of cyclodextrins, synthetic organic hosts, inorganic and metal complex hosts and layered hosts were treated. In the second group applications in various fields, biomimetic aspects, physicochemical aspects, selectivity, stereo-specificity and other aspects were discussed. The scientific sessions were carried out in a really vivid atmosphere. The number of participants viz 50 from 19 overseas countries and 253 domestic partici pants exceeded our expectation."

This volume documents the proceedings of the Second Symposium on Particles on Surfaces: Detection, Adhesion and Removal held as part of the 19th Annual Meeting of the Fine Particle Society in Santa Clara, California, July 20-25, 1988. The premier symposium on this topic was l organized in 1986 and has been properly chronicled . Based on the success of these two events and the high interest evinced by the technical community, we plan to regularly hold symposia on this topic on a biennial basis and the next one is slated for August 20-24, 1990 in San Diego, California. l As pointed out in the Preface to the first volume , the topic of particles on surfaces is of paramount importance in legion of technological areas. Particularly in the semiconductor device fabrication area, all signals indicate that the understanding of the behavior of particles on surfaces and their removal will attain heightened importance in the times to come. As the device dimensions are shrinking at an accelerated pace, so the benign particles of today will become the killer defects in the not too distant future. The tempo of research and development activity in the field of particles on surfaces is very high, and better and novel ways are continuously being devised to remove smaller and smaller particles.

The first edition of this work appeared almost thirty years ago, when, as we can see in retrospect, the study of the actinide elements was in its first bloom. Although the broad features of the chemistry of the actinide elements were by then quite well delineated, the treatment of the subject in the first edition was of necessity largely descriptive in nature. A detailed understanding of the chemical consequences of the characteristic presence of Sf electrons in most of the members of the actinide series was still for the future, and many of the systematic features of the actinide elements were only dimly apprehended. In the past thirty years all this has changed. The application of new spectroscopic techniques, which came into general use during this period, and new theoretical insights, which came from a better understanding of chemical bonding, inorganic chemistry, and solid state phenomena, were among the important factors that led to a great expansion and maturation in actinide element research and a large number of new and important findings. The first edition consisted of a serial description of the individual actinide elements, with a single chapter devoted to the six heaviest elements (lawrencium, the heaviest actinide, was yet to be discovered). Less than 15 % of the text was devoted to a consideration of the systematics of the actinide elements.

During the course of far-infrared investigations of inorganic and coordina tion compounds at Argonne National Laboratory in the years 1962-1966, it became apparent that no suitable book existed which correlated and dis cussed the important vibrations occurring in this region for these molecules. Early in 1967 the initial steps were taken to write such a book. Then, in 1968, an excellent text by Professor David M. Adams entitled Metal-Ligand and Related Vibrations was published. At this point serious consideration was given to discontinuing work on this book. However, upon examination of Adams' book, it became clear that the references covered only the period to 1966. This field of research is accelerating so tremendously, and the period 1966-1969 has seen so many new studies, that upon reconsideration it was decided to continue writing this text. The references in this book, particularly in the last several chapters, include many papers published in 1969. However, the proliferation of the far-infrared literature has made it impossible to present all the published material that has any bearing on the subject. Many titles do not pertain primarily to the far-infrared region as such, and some of this research has been omitted for this reason. Organometallic compounds have been neglected since the author feels that adequate reviews of that subject are available. Other studies may be missing simply because, owing to space limitations, only the more important researches could be considered. Of course, "importance" may, in this case, reflect the author's interest and prejudices."

The past decade has seen a dramatic acceleration of activity and interest in phenomena surrounding lanthanide and actinide organo metallic compounds. Around the world, active research in organo-f element synthesis, chemistry, catalysis, crystallography, and quantum chemistry is in progress. This activity has spanned a remarkably wide range of disciplines, from synthetic/mechanistic inorganic and organic chemistry to radiochemistry, catalytic chemistry, spectroscopy (vibra tional, optical, magnetic resonance, photoelectron, Mossbauer), X-ray and neutron diffraction structural analysis, as well as to crystal field and molecular orbital theoretical studies at the interface of chemistry and physics. These investigations have been motivated both by fundamental and applied goals. The evidence that f-element organo metallic compounds have unique chemical and physical properties which cannot be duplicated by organometallic compounds of d-block elements has suggested many new areas of endeavor and application. For these reasons, a great many scientists felt the need for some international forum devoted exclusively to the subject of lanthanide and actinide organometallic compounds. In September of 1978, a NATO Advanced Study Institute entitled, "Organometallics of the f-Elements," was held at the SOGESTA Conference Center near Urbino, Italy. It was the universal feeling of the partic ipants that this first meeting was a great success and that vital international communication and collaboration had been stimulated. The principal lectures at this Institute were published by Reidel in 1979 as part of the NATO ASI Monograph Series ("Organometallics of the f-Elements," T. J. Marks and R. D. Fischer, editors)."

The rate of advance in areas of science is seldom constant. Usually certain fields effloresce with activity because of the ealization that solutions are possible to long standing important problems. So it is now with asymmetric catalysis, a field which promises to change profoundly the strategic thinking of synthetic chemists. As this Report will show, reagents which can induce catalytic enantiocontrol of chemical transformations could represent the ultimate synthetic method. Nearly all synthetic strategies of complex molecules involve steps which require enantiocontrol and, in many cases, a specific catalytic transformation embodying enan tiocontrol has enormous advantages in terms of the rate and economy of the reaction. Because asymmetric catalysis is in a formative stage, workers with different backgrounds have joined the field. This Workshop had representatives with organometallic, organic, structural, kinetic, enzymatic, microbiological and industrial backgrounds. Each had his own perspective and this Report represents a consensus of this group of eleven people. The result is probably as compre hensive and balanced a view of the subject as is possible at present. It is hoped that those who have until now had but a glancing interest in asymmetric catalysis will find this Report a useful indication of its present state. We believe that asymmetric catalysis will have an increasing impact on the development of chemistry and will eventually dominate much of synthetic and industrial chemistry."

In the last few years a large repetoire of methods for the activation of unreactive organic functionalities and for their use in organic synthesis has been developed. In this volume, areas ranging from the activation of C-H bonds to the chemical transformation of dinitrogen are authoritatively discussed by leading experts in the field. To activate means to be able to cleave otherwise inert chemical bonds. The cleavage and formation of chemical bonds is fundamental to organic synthesis; these new activation methodologies make hitherto infeasible reactions extremely easy and create new opportunities for innovative organic transformations, for both industry and academia. This is the first book that provides a thorough and timely coverage of both inorganic and organic synthetic aspects of bond activation, thus giving a broad overview of the field and allowing both inorganic and organic chemists ready access to the methodologies involved.

The Fifth International Symposium on Inclusion Phenomena and Molecular Recognition was held September 18-23, 1988 at Orange Beach, Alabama. This followed previous very successful symposia in Warsaw (1980), Parma (1982), Tokyo (1984), and Lancaster (1986). The overall tone of the event at Orange Beach was expressed elegantly by Fraser Stoddart at the close of his lecture: "At a meeting like this, I think we should be asking ourselves more openly where we have come from and where we are going to. I am certainly willing to put my head on the block. Chemistry, as I see it, is entering a golden age of opportunity and those of us here who respond to the multidisciplinary challenge of the subject will perhaps start the movement to reunite the chemical sciences for the fIrst time in more than a century. Given the recognition granted through Charles Pedersen, Donald Cram, and Jean-Marie Lehn to our field from Stockholm last year, there are many here who are surely poised - if they have not already done so - to capture the academic high ground and intellectual leadership of our subject. And what is more - it will be on the back of our fundamental science that many of the exciting technological advances of the twenty-first century will be forged. " In order to capture the flavor and excitement of the symposium, herein we present reviews by thirty-eight of the invited lecturers. The program was shaped by the Program Committee: Jerry L. Atwood, Richard A.

The past decade has witnessed a burst of activity and interest in the discovery and design of drugs that cleave DNA and RNA with sequence specificity. This interest stems from the potential of this class of compounds to be useful as therapeutics agents, in particular in the field of the treatment of cancer and viral diseases. Further, a side benefit of such studies is the discovery of novel mechanisms and uses of such agents as tools in the study of structure and function of nucleic acids. Up to now, no international meeting has been organized to recognize the immense progress that has been made in this field. The field of DNA and RNA cleavage by natural and chemical drugs now includes researchers working with rather dissimilar agents but with common underlying mechanisms of DNA damage. Until recently, these scientists were working in separate, apparently unrelated areas, such as the enediyne antibiotics and their synthetic analogues, bleomycin-metal complexes, metal-drug complexes, ribozymes and ribozyme mimics, and antisense and antigene oligonucleotides, etc. It is now clear that these research areas have in common strategies and targets. Researchers representing these areas worked together at this workshop where these common interests were discussed and scientific ideas modified and criticized. Such a workshop should lead to new research approaches and collaborative interactions, and is expected to significantly enhance the progress in the field of DNA and RNA cleavage.

Fundamental QSARs for Metal Ions describes the basic and essential applications of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for regulatory or industrial scientists who need to predict metal ion bioactivity. It includes 194 QSARs that have been used to predict metal ion toxicity and 86 QSARs that have been used to predict metal ion bioconcentration, biosorption, and binding. It is an excellent sourcebook for academic, industrial, and government scientists and policy makers, and provides a wealth of information on the biological and chemical activities of metal ions as they impact health and the environment. Fundamental QSARs for Metal Ions was designed for regulatory and regulated organizations that need to use QSARs to predict metal ion bioactivity, as they now do for organic chemicals. It has the potential to eliminate resources to test the toxicity of metal ions or to promulgate regulations that require toxicity testing of metal ions because the book illustrates how to construct QSARs to predict metal ion toxicity. In addition, the book: Provides a historical perspective and introduction to developing QSARs for metal ions Explains the electronic structures and atomic parameters of metals essential to understanding differences in chemical properties that influence cation toxicity, bioconcentration, biosorption, and binding Describes the chemical properties of metals that are used to develop QSARs for metal ions Illustrates the descriptors needed to develop metal ion-ligand binding QSARs Discusses 280 QSARs for metal ions Explains the differences between QSARs for metal ions and Biotic Ligand Models Lists the regulatory limits of metals and provides examples of regulatory applications Illustrates how to construct QSARs for metal ions Dr. John D. Walker is the winner of the 2013 SETAC Government Service Award.

Written by distinguished researchers, the long-running Chemistry and Physics of Carbon series provides a comprehensive and critical overview of carbon materials in terms of molecular structure, intermolecular relationships, bulk and surface properties, and their behavior in current and emerging applications. Volume 31 not only retains the high-quality content and reputation of previous volumes, but also complements them with reliable and timely coverage of the latest advances in the field. Maintaining the high level established by its predecessors, this book contains a prestigious and authoritative series of review chapters covering both chemistry and physics of carbon. The book examines properties and behavior of carbon materials ranging from coal to graphite, from activated carbons, chars, cokes, and carbon blacks to carbon fibers, fullerenes, nanotubes, and graphene. It complements previous volumes in the series by presenting updated information on 'disordered' carbons, a complex field that impacts nearly all aspects of carbon materials research. It includes a chapter on novel methods of characterization of carbon materials using ever more powerful techniques, as well as a chapter on the use of carbon materials in photocatalysis, a fast-moving and potentially exciting application. Emphasizing key experimental results and practical aspects, as well as important theoretical issues in every chapter, Volume 31 is a vital resource for those engaged in developing new technologies in a wide range of applicability of traditional and novel carbon materials from drug delivery to energy storage and conversion.

Phthalocyanines exhibit intriguing physic-chemical properties that render them important as a class of molecular functional materials. In addition to their tra- tional industrial applications as dyes and pigments, more recently their use as the organic semiconductors,photodynamictherapy medicines, non-linear optical ma- rials, catalysts for the photo oxidation, optical recording materials, and gas sensors attracts great research interests in these tetrapyrrole species. As manifested by the rapidly increasing number of related scienti?c publications in recent years, great progress has been made in the ?eld of advanced phthalocyaninematerials. Tremendous efforts have been paid toward the development of new phtha- cyanine molecular materials as well as toward their applications. Recent emphasis in both academic researches and technical ?eld has been put on the design and synthesis of novel phthalocyanine species, the structure-propertyrelationship, se- assembly properties, molecular electronics and opto-electronics, and dye-sensitized solarcells.Althoughexcellentreviewsandmonographsaboutphthalocyanineswere publishedseveralyearsago,it is time to providea surveyof a numberof newimp- tant developments in this fascinating area of phthalocyanine chemistry. The aim of this book is to bring both the academic and industrial researchers an easy way to the new progress of phthalocyanines made lately in related ?eld.

This book is about compounds such as the boron hydrides and associated metal hydrides and alkyls which acquired the label 'electron deficient' when they were thought to contain too few valence electrons to hold together. Though they are now recognized as containing the numbers of bonding electrons appropriate for their structures, the term 'electron deficient' is still commonly applied to many substances that contain too few valence electrons to provide a pair for every pair of atoms close enough to be regarded as covalently bonded. The study of such substances has contributed much to chemistry. Techniques for the vacuum manipulation of volatile substances were devised specifically for their study; developments in valence theory resulted from considerations of their bonding; and the reactivity of several (for example, diborane and complex metal hydrides, lithium and aluminium alkyls) has made them valuable reagents. The purpose of this book is to provide an introduction to the chemistry of these fascinating compounds. The experimental and spectroscopic methods by which they can be studied are outlined, the various types of structure they adopt are described and profusely illustrated, and the relative merits of extended valence bond and simple molecular orbital treatments of their bonding are discussed, with as liberal use of diagrams and as limited recourse to the Greek alphabet as possible. A recurring theme is the importance attached to considerations of molecular sym metry. Their reactions are treated in sufficient detail to show whether these reflect any deficiency of electrons."

John Berry: Metal-Metal Bonds in Chains of Three or More Metal Atoms: From Homometallic to Heterometallic Chains.- Malcolm Chisholm: Electronically Coupled MM Quadruple Bonded Complexes of Molybdenum and Tungsten.- Philip Power: Transition Metal Complexes Stabilized by Bulky Terphenyl Ligands: Applications to Metal-Metal Bonded Compounds.- Gerard Parkin: Metal-Metal Bonding in Bridging Hydride and Alkyl Compounds.- Roland Fischer and Gernot Frenking: Structure and Bonding of Metal Rich Coordination Compounds Containing Low Valent Ga(I) and Zn(I) Ligands.- Mike Hill: Homocatenation of Metal and Metalloid Main Group Elements.- Constandinos A. Tsipis: Aromaticity/Antiaromaticity in "Bare" and ''Ligand-Stabilized'' Rings of Metal Atoms.- Alexander Boldyrev: All-Transition Metal Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity.

"Ionic liquids will never find application in industry", "I don't understand this fad for ionic liquids" and "there is no widespread interest in these systems" are just three of quotes from the reports of referees for research proposals that I have received over the years. I wonder what these people think today. There are currently at least nine large-scale industrial uses of ionic liquids, including, we now rec- nise, the production of ?-Caprolactam (a monomer for the production of nylon-6) [1]. There has been a steady increase in the interest in ionic liquids for well over a decade and last year the number of papers and patents including ionic liquids was counted in the thousands. This remarkable achievement has been built on the hard work and enthusiasm, first of a small band of devotees, but now of huge numbers of scientists all over the world who do not see themselves as specialists in ionic liquids. The ionic liquids field continues to develop at an incredible rate. No sooner do I think that I am on top of the literature than it turns out that a whole new area of work has emerged without me noticing. Things that were once supposedly impos- 1 sible in ionic liquids, such as measuring the H NMR of solutes, are now widely applicable (see Chapter 8). Hence, collected volumes such as this are very w- come.

Humans have been "manually" extracting patterns from data for centuries, but the increasing volume of data in modern times has called for more automatic approaches. Early methods of identifying patterns in data include Bayes' theorem (1700s) and Regression analysis (1800s). The proliferation, ubiquity and incre- ing power of computer technology has increased data collection and storage. As data sets have grown in size and complexity, direct hands-on data analysis has - creasingly been augmented with indirect, automatic data processing. Data mining has been developed as the tool for extracting hidden patterns from data, by using computing power and applying new techniques and methodologies for knowledge discovery. This has been aided by other discoveries in computer science, such as Neural networks, Clustering, Genetic algorithms (1950s), Decision trees (1960s) and Support vector machines (1980s). Data mining commonlyinvolves four classes of tasks: * Classi cation: Arranges the data into prede ned groups. For example, an e-mail program might attempt to classify an e-mail as legitimate or spam. Common algorithmsinclude Nearest neighbor,Naive Bayes classi er and Neural network. * Clustering: Is like classi cation but the groups are not prede ned, so the algorithm will try to group similar items together. * Regression: Attempts to nd a function which models the data with the least error. A common method is to use Genetic Programming. * Association rule learning: Searches for relationships between variables. For example, a supermarket might gather data of what each customer buys.

Why to apply solid-state NMR? - By now, we should have learned that NMR is mainly used for the study of molecules in solution, while x-ray diffraction is the method of choice for solids. Based on this fact, the two recent 'NMR-Nobelprizes' went indeed into the liquid phase: my own one eleven years ago, and particularly the most recent one to Kurt Wuthrich. His prize is beyond any doubts very well justified. His contribution towards the study of biomolecules in solution, in their native (or almost native) environment is truly monumental. We all will profit from it indirectly when one of our future diseases will be cured with better drugs, based on the insightful knowledge gained through liquid-state NMR. Two fields of NMR are still left out of the Nobel Prize game: magnetic reso nance imaging (MRI) and solid-state NMR. The disrespect for MRI in Stockholm is particularly difficult to understand; but this is not a subject to be discussed at the present place. Solid-state NMR is the third of the three great fields of NMR, powerful already today and very promising for the near future."

When this book was first conceived as a project the expanding interest in the clinical use of platinum and gold complexes made a survey of the relevant biological properties of metal complexes timely and appropriate. This timeliness has not diminished during the gestation and final publica tion of the manuscript. The introduction contains an explanation of the layout and approach to the book, which I wrote as an overall survey of the wide variety of biological properties of metal complexes. Hopefully, the reader will see the parallels in mechanisms and behavior, even in different organisms. The writing was considerably helped by the enthusiasm and confidence (totally unearned on my part) in the project of Professor Brian James and lowe him my special thanks. I also owe a great debt of gratitude to my colleagues, and especially to Eucler Paniago, of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, for their comprehension and for the initial leave of absence which allowed me to begin the project. To those who read some or all of the manuscript and made suggestions, Bernhard Lippert, Kirsten Skov, and Tom Tritton, as well as the editor's reviewer I am also grateful. As usual, the final responsibility for errors or otherwise rests with the author."

The progress of materials science depends on the development of novel materials and the development of novel experimental techniques. The research on graphite intercalation compounds combines both aspects: new compounds with strikingly new and anisotropic properties have been synthesized and analyzed during the past couple of years by means of state-of-the-art experimental methods. At the same time, the preparation of the compounds already known has improved con siderably, giving increased reliability and reproducibility of the experimental results. The high quality experimental data now available have stimulated theo retical work. Moreover, the theoretical work has had a great impact on further experimental studies, with the effect of a much improved understanding of this class of materials. This volume is dedicated to a thorough description of all relevant experimen tal and theoretical aspects of the structural and dynamical properties of graphite intercalation compounds. Because of the large number of topics, a second vol ume, which is now in preparation, will follow and will treat the electronic, transport, magnetic, and optical properties. The second volume will also contain a chapter on applications of graphite intercalation compounds. There have been a number of reviews written on selected aspects of these compounds in various journals and conference proceedings during the last couple of years, but this is the first comprehensive review since the thorough overview provided by M.S. Dresselhaus and G. Dresselhaus appeared ten years ago."

V. I. MATKOVICH During the meeting of the International Symposium on Boron held in October, 1972 in Tbilisi, U.S.S.R., the idea was proposed to assemble a review of boron and refractory borides by the specialists present. The advantages of such a work were immediately apparent. Such diverse applications of borides as in protective armor, nuclear reactors, coat ings, reinforcement, etc. can hardly all be presented in sufficient detail by a single author. On the other hand it was also recognized that with so much specialization, some areas of interest may not be covered. Within the last decade or two a number of areas have been developed in which the use of refractory borides is growing and improvements are being actively explored. Thus, a number of borides have considerable potential as reinforcing material for plastics or light metals, though only boron fibers have been firmly established up to the present. Ap plication of flakes and films for two-dimensional reinforcement appears attractive, although the high cost of materials and development repre sents a considerable barrier. A number of borides have been used to manufacture lightweight protec tive armor. In this area relatively fast changes seem to be taking place as improvements in performance and weight are made. Boron carbide has found considerable use in this application and new developments exploit the light weight of beryllium borides."

Phase transitions in minerals are of interest to a wide spectrum of scientists - geolo- gists, mineralogists, solid state chemists, and physicists. We have now reached the point where mean field theory or Landau Theory of phase transitions as a function of temperature, pressure, or chemical composition can be usefully applied to natural materials, resulting in an improved understanding of the thermodynamics of signifi- cant constituents of the earth. Given the chemical complexity of so many silicate solid solutions, there are two distinct approaches to the problems posed by common minerals: one is to con- centrate on model compounds which could be synthetic analogs or natural end- members; the other is to work on typical minerals, with all the disorder and inhomogeneity that this implies. Model compounds provide the elements needed to build up a realistic understanding of the thermodynamic behavior of natural inor- ganic materials in all their complexity. In the first part of the book, a number of papers are devoted to structural phase transitions in quartz, Na-and Ca-feldspars, MgSi0 perovskite, and PbI , where Landau Theory and lattice and molecular 3 2 dynamics have been used to explain or predict thermodynamic behavior. A different thermodynamic approach has been used to understand phase separation and atomic ordering in solid solutions such as olivines, pyroxenes, rhombohedral carbonates and oxides. E. Salje (Chapter 1) applies the Landau Theory for the second-order phase transi- tion to the feldspar end-members albite, NaAlSi0 , and anorthite, CaAlSi0 .

The activation of carbon dioxide by transition metal complexes has been extensively studied. both experimentally and theoretically. 1 Central reactions in this chemistry are the insertion of C02 into M-X bonds. where X = H. C. 0. and N. (eq. 1-4). We are presently investigating the mechanistic aspects of these reaction processes and will herein deSCribe our current level of understanding. Comparisons of the pathway of the carbon-carbon bond fonning process in transition metal chemistry with the well known analogous chemistry involving organolithium reagents will be presented. Furthermore. the role of these reaction types in both homogeneous and heterogenous catalytic processes leading to useful chemicals will be elaborated. _OM> (1) lMt-H + ~ lMlopi _OM> (2) [Mt-R + C0. 2 [M]0. 2CR _OM> (3) [Mt-OR+ ~ [M]0. 2COR _OM> (4) [Mt-NR2 + C0. 2 [M]~CNR2 Insertion of C02 into the Metal-Hydride Bond. The reaction of anionic group 6 (Cr. Mo. W) transition metal hydrides with carbon dioxide to afford metalloformates occurs readlly at ambient temperature and 2 reduced pressures of carbon dioxide. This insertion process is referred to the normal pathway (Scheme 1). There are no documented cases of C02 insertion into the metal hydride bond to provide the alternative. metallocarboxylic acid. isomer (referred in Scheme 1 as abnormal). 3 Recent theoretical studies ascribe this preference to an unfavorable electrostatic interaction and poorer orbital overlap in the latter pro 4 cess. Nevertheless.

Over the past several decades, vanadium has increasingly attracted the interest of biologists and chemists. The discovery by Henze in 1911 that certain marine ascidians accumulate the metal in their blood cells in unusually large quantities has done much to stimulate research on the role of vanadium in biology. In the intervening years, a large number of studies have been carried out to investigate the toxicity of vanadium in higher animals and to determine whether it is an essential trace element. That vanadium is a required element for a few selected organisms is now well established. Whether vanadium is essential for humans remains unclear although evidence increasingly suggests that it probably is. The discovery by Cantley in 1977 that vanadate is a potent inhibitor of ATPases lead to numerous studies of the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of vanadium on phosphate metabolizing enzymes. As a consequence vanadates are now routinely used as probes to investigate the mechanisms of such enzymes. Our understanding of vanadium in these systems has been further enhanced by the work of Tracy and Gresser which has shown striking parallels between the chemistry of vanadates and phosphates and their biological compounds. The observation by Shechter and Karlish, and Dubyak and Kleinzeller in 1980 that vanadate is an insulin mimetic agent has opened a new area of research dealing with the hormonal effects of vanadium. The first vanadium containing enzyme, a bromoperoxidase from the marine alga Ascophyllum nodosum, was isolated in 1984 by Viltner.

The revolutionary impetus of the NMR methods in organic chemistry has parallels in the field of boron chemistry. lIB NMR spectroscopy provided a basis for the elucida tion of structures and reactions of the boron hydrides. However, although many studies have been carried out with the higher boranes, carboranes, metalloboranes, etc., and although certain patterns have emerged, the correlation between the observed chemical shift and the assigned structural unit is still not fully understood. Therefore, predictions in this area are still rather limited, and semiquantitative interpretations are not yet pos sible. Several years ago Eaton and Lipscomb sUpImarized the status in this field in their book "NMR Studies of Boron Hydrides and Related Compounds" and a plethora of new data has accumulated since then. The book also contained material on simple bo rane derivatives, but they were not discussed in any detail. On the other hand many systematic studies, both synthetic and spectroscopic, have been conducted on these simple boron materials in the last decade. Thus a large amount of NMR information is available, not only on lIB but also on 1 H, 1 3 C, and 14 N. However, this information is widely scattered in the literature, and often the data are not discussed at all. It see med appropriate, therefore, to collect these data and to present them in one volume."

Metal-Ligand Interactions - Structure and Reactivity emphasizes the experimental determination of structure and dynamics, supported by the theoretical and computational approaches needed to establish the concepts and guide the experiments. Leading experts present masterly surveys of: clusters, inorganic complexes, surfaces, catalysis, ab initio theory, density functional theory, semiempirical methods, and dynamics. Besides the presentations of the fields of study themselves, the papers also bring out those aspects that impinge on, or could benefit from, progress in other disciplines. Refined in the fire of an interactive and stimulating conference, the papers presented here represent the state of the art of current research.