The global commons - the oceans, Antarctica, outer space and the atmosphere - are critical to the survival of human kind. Yet, they are, by definition, beyond the control of any government. How, then, can the governments of some 180 or more sovereign states co-operate effectively to protect and sustain the often fragile environment of the commons? This book develops and applies the tools of regime analysis to the question of how the various global commons are, or fail to be, governed effectively. The new edition has been extensively re-written and expanded to take into account recent developments and includes a new conclusion on the connections between global and local commons. Involving the first systematic comparative analysis of governance regimes The Global Commons covers:

• The Third Law of the Sea Convention, the deep seabed, whaling and marine pollution regimes
• Antarctica and the Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection
• Outer space regimes for weapons, the operation of satellites and the emerging problem of orbital debris
• The global atmosphere, the Montreal Protocol for the protection of the stratospheric ozone layer and the developing climate change regime and the Kyoto Protocol

This book reveals the many harms which flow across the ever-more porous sovereign borders of a globalising world. These harms expose weaknesses in the international legal regime built on sovereignty of nation states. Using the Trail Smelter Arbitration, one of the most cited cases in international environmental law, this book explores the changing nature of state responses to transboundary harm. Taking a critical approach, the book examines the arbitration's influence on international law generally, and international environmental law specifically. In particular, the book explores whether there are lessons from Trail Smelter that are useful for resolving transboundary challenges confronting the international community. The book collects the commentary of a distinguished set of international law scholars who consider the history of the Trail Smelter arbitration, its significance for international environmental law, its broader relationship to international law, and its resonance in fields beyond the environment.

Die Untersuchung beschaftigt sich mit der Frage einer internationalen Haftung fur gentechnologisch bedingte Folgeschaden. Anknupfungspunkte hierfur sind das UN-UEbereinkommen uber die biologische Vielfalt (CBD) und das Cartagena-Protokoll uber die biologische Sicherheit (BSP). Dieses Protokoll beschaftigt sich mit dem Schutz vor den Gefahren der Biotechnologie fur den Bereich der grenzuberschreitenden Verbringung gentechnisch veranderter Organismen. Die Frage der Haftung wird nur in Form eines Verhandlungsauftrages geregelt. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht und systematisiert die spezifischen Probleme des Sachbereichs und den Stand der gegenwartigen Diskussion um voelkervertrags- und voelkergewohnheitsrechtliche Haftungsnormen. Auf dieser Basis entwickelt sie Eckwerte fur ein moegliches internationales Haftungsregime.

The world is faced with significant and interrelated challenges in the 21st century which threaten human rights in a number of ways. This book examines three of the largest issues of the century - armed conflict, environment, and poverty - and examines how these may be addressed using a human rights framework. It considers how these challenges threaten human rights and reassesses our understanding of human rights in the light of these issues. This multidisciplinary text considers both foundational and applied questions such as the relationship between morality and the laws of war, as well as the application of the International Human Rights Framework in cyber space. Alongside analyses from some of the most prominent lawyers, philosophers, and political theorists in the debate, each section includes contributions by those who have served as Special Rapporteurs within the United Nations Human Rights System on the challenges facing international human rights laws today.

Dieses mit der Otto-Hahn-Medaille der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft ausgezeichnete Werk entwickelt eine eigene These vom voelkerrechtlichen Legitimationsdefizit: Voelkerrechtlicher Rechtserzeugung fehlt es an Mechanismen institutionalisierter Opposition. Obwohl die Rechtserzeugungskompetenzen internationaler Institutionen zunehmen, fehlt es an Moeglichkeiten, Regelungsalternativen und AEnderungsvorschlage in voelkerrechtlichen Verfahren zu artikulieren. "Opposition im Voelkerrecht" entwirft im Anschluss an Hannah Arendt und Claude Lefort eine Theorie des Konzepts der Opposition, die auch im Voelkerrecht Anwendung finden kann. Es folgt eine interdisziplinare Studie, die zum ersten Mal voelkerrechtliche Rechtserzeugungsprozesse (konkret an drei Beispielen der Parlamentarischen Versammlung des Europarats, des WTO waiver-Mechanismus, der UNESCO Konvention zur kulturellen Vielfalt und des Cartagena-Protokolls zur Biodiversitat) unter dem Gesichtspunkt mangelnder Politisierung untersucht und die in der Voelkerrechtswissenschaft bisher nicht rezipierten philosophischen Ansatze von Hannah Arendt und Claude Lefort hierfur fruchtbar macht.

The global energy transition from carbon-intensive to renewable fuels has increasingly demanded a better understanding of the causes and consequences of the rapid development of unconventional oil and gas. Focusing on key countries including the United States, Canada, China, Argentina, the United Kingdom and Australia, this book consists of case studies and in-depth analyses that weigh up the risks and rewards at regional, national and global scales. Explaining how and why unconventional fuels are transforming the global energy landscape, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are explored through a political, economic and governance-based perspective. Emphasis is placed on how to regulate the industry, encompassing local issues, stakeholder engagement and the social licence to operate. The new baseline studies and standards introduced in this book provide a timely insight into the trade-offs across the social, economic and environmental domains, making this ideal for researchers and policymakers in energy fields, and for graduate students.

Regulatory Competition and Economic Integration addresses one of the hottest policy questions on both sides of the Atlantic. Esty and Geradin bring together top-notch scholars from both Europe and the United States to examine the various aspects of the debate between 'harmonization' and 'regulatory competition' across three comparative dimensions. The book provides a sharp focus on the circumstances that would yield gains from regulatory competition and to contrast those cases where heightened co-operation in standard setting or broader regulatory harmonization might increase social welfare.

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) is the best known and most controversial of international conservation treaties. Since it came into force 25 years ago, debate has raged over its most basic assumptions. CITES treats the international trade in wildlife as the most important threat to the continued existence of wild species. It offers a prescription of trade bans and restrictions for endangered species. However, it is now generally acknowledged that for most species habitat loss is a much more significant threat. Some argue that the CITES remedy actually exacerbates the problem by removing the incentive to conserve wildlife habitat. This collection of essays, the first of its kind, charts the controversies and changes within CITES. It provides case studies of the way CITES has dealt with particular species and notes the growing role of the South in shaping the direction of the treaty. It considers the role of sustainable use, the precautionary principle and unilateralism within CITES. Finally, it examines options for the future of CITES. Implicit within a number of the contributions is the recognition that questions of wildlife conservation cannot be divorced from wider issues of land use, development and social justice. This book provides an essential resource for policy makers, practitioners, academics and students concerned with conservation, development and trade.

This collection draws together a range of approaches to environmental legal issues, covering a broad spectrum from domestic to international law. The potential contribution of these varied legal techniques to successful environmental decision-making is then critically assessed by the contributors. The book should appeal to a broader academic audience than the traditional substantive environmental law text.

International Natural Resources Law, Investment and Sustainability provides a clear and concise insight into the relationship between the institutions that govern foreign investment, sustainable development and the rules and regulations that administer natural resources. In this book, several leading experts explore different perspectives in how investment and natural resources come together to achieve sustainable development in developing countries with examples from water, oil and gas, renewable energy, mineral, agriculture, and carbon trading. Despite varying perspectives, it is clear that several themes are central in considering the linkages between natural resources, investment and sustainability. Specifically, transparency, good governance and citizen empowerment are vital conditions which encourage positive social, economic and environmental outcomes for developing countries. In addition, this book provides new insights into key concepts which underpin international law, including sovereign rights and state responsibility principles. It is clear from this book that in the attempt to reconcile these concepts and principles from separate legal regimes, complex policy questions emerge whereby it is difficult to attain mutually beneficial or succinct outcomes. This book explores how countries prioritise their policy objectives to achieve their notion of sustainable natural resource use, which is strongly influenced by power imbalances that inform North-South cooperation, as well as South-South cooperation in the international investment regime. This book will be of great interest to students, academics and researchers of international environmental law, international human rights law, international investment law and international economic law. This book may also be of relevance to environmentalists, policy-makers, NGOs, and investors working in the natural resources field.

This state-of-the-art Dictionary defines terms employed in international agreements, national legislation and scholarly legal studies related to comparative and international environmental law and the emerging law of climate change. In acknowledgement of China's growing role in this arena, each term also includes its pinyin translation in order to facilitate access to the Mandarin variants.The international community is developing increasingly complex environmental provisions and participating in a number of international treaties and agreements related to environmental law and regulation. The complicated and highly specific nature of environmental law has led to the development of localized terminology that is not easily understood outside its country of origin. Jointly prepared by scholars in China and the US, the Dictionary provides a linguistic bridge between English and Chinese speakers as well as an essential reference for those interpreting and applying international environmental law, multilateral environmental agreements, and domestic laws that implement these treaties. Students, scholars and practitioners in the area of environmental law will find this groundbreaking Dictionary an invaluable addition to their libraries.

Das Buch befasst sich mit den Vorgaben des internationalen Wasserrechts fur Abkommen zwischen Anrainerstaaten uber die Nutzung und Bewirtschaftung gemeinsamer Wasserlaufe. Der aktuelle Stand des internationalen Wassergewohnheitsrechts wird dargelegt und der Regelungsgehalt der UN-Wasserlaufkonvention erlautert, Abkommen auf regionaler und wasserlaufspezifischer Ebene werden skizziert. Anschliessend werden die bisherigen Nilvertrage und das noch nicht in Kraft getretene Kooperationsrahmenabkommen fur den Nil dargestellt, rechtlich gewurdigt und auf ihre UEbereinstimmung mit dem internationalen Wasserrecht untersucht. Auch die eingehende Prufung einer Vertragsnachfolge Sudsudans ist Teil der Darstellung. Schliesslich wird das voelkerrechtliche Leitprinzip zur Nutzungsverteilung, der Grundsatz ausgewogener und angemessener Nutzung, auf den Nil angewandt und dazu konkretisiert. Die Arbeit zeigt auf, inwieweit dieser Grundsatz ein Konzept fur eine Nutzungsverteilung in der Praxis zu liefern vermag.

Guaranteeing energy security is one of the most complex challenges of energy law and policy. Energy insecurity threatens economic development, social peace and stability. This book focuses on energy security in the strategically important region of Central Asia. The region holds huge energy reserves, but its energy systems are highly inefficient and unreliable, and thus require urgent reform. However, endemic corruption, discrimination and the strong centralization of power have so far blocked initiatives to reorganize energy supply. The case of Central Asia is uniquely relevant for understanding the informal constraints on energy law and policy. In addition, Central Asian energy insecurity illustrates the impact of geopolitics on the regulation of energy markets. The region is strategically located in Russia's sphere of influence and along China's New Silk Road. Its energy situation highlights the complex interactions amongst energy law, geopolitics and institutions.

Die Untersuchung enthalt eine rechtliche Systematisierung grenzuberschreitender administrativer Informationsverfahren am Beispiel des europaischen Umweltrechts. Im Umweltrecht der Gemeinschaft werden viele verschiedene Begriffe fur die Erhebung und die Weitergabe von Informationen verwendet, ohne dass auf den ersten Blick einer einheitlichen Systematik gefolgt wurde. Diese Begriffe sind Bestandteil von Rechtsvorschriften, sie konnen aber schwerlich als Rechtsbegriffe bezeichnet werden. Zudem ist das Gemeinschaftsrecht im bestandigen Wandel. Je umfassender und detaillierter das Regelwerk der Gemeinschaft wird und je kurzer dessen Halbwertzeit, desto notiger ist es, in den einzelnen Teilbereichen Grundstrukturen herauszuarbeiten, die eine gewisse Orientierung geben. Die vorliegende Arbeit enthalt fur den Bereich der Verwaltungskooperation eine solche Systematisierung und rechtliche Einordnung. Die Autorin bettet dabei diese rechtlichen Fragestellungen in Erkenntnisse anderer Wissenschaftsbereiche ein. "

Why do people obey the law? And why do states abide by their international commitments? These are among the questions raised in this important book. The setting is the Barents Sea, home to some of the most productive fishing grounds on the planet, including the world's largest cod stock. Norway and Russia manage these fish resources together, in what appears to be a successful exception to the rule of failed fisheries management: stocks are in good shape, institutional cooperation is expanding and takes place in a constructive atmosphere. The author argues that post-agreement bargaining helps activate norms and establish standard operating procedure that furthers precautionary fisheries management. The Barents Sea fishery is seen as one of the best-managed international fisheries in the world, and the book specifically enquires into the lessons to be learned from the Norwegian-Russian partnership. It will therefore prove to be of invaluable interest to practitioners, scholars and policy makers working in the field of fisheries management and environmental agreements.

Remarkable advances are being made in life science and agricultural research to reform the methods of food production, particularly with regard to staple grain and legume crops, in ways that will better reflect ecological realities. However, advances in science may be insufficient to ensure that these possibilities for agricultural reform are realized in practice and in a sustainable way. This book shows how these can only be achieved through changes in legal norms and institutions at the global level. Interdisciplinary in character, the book draws from a range of issues involving agricultural innovation, international legal history and principles, treaty commitments, global institutions, and environmental challenges, such as climate change, to propose broad legal changes for transforming global agriculture. It first shows how modern extractive agriculture is unsustainable on economic, environmental, and social grounds. It then examines the potential for natural-systems agriculture (especially perennial-polyculture systems) for overcoming the deficiencies of modern extractive agriculture, especially to offset climate change. Finally it analyses closely the legal innovations that can be adopted at national and international levels to facilitate a transition from modern extractive agriculture to a system based more on ecological principles. In particular the author argues for the creation of a Global Convention on Agroecology.

Several disturbing issues pose a threat to the marine environment and its wellbeing, among them marine environmental pollution and degradation of marine biodiversity. Most troubling is that these issues are overwhelmingly caused by human activities which are sometimes transboundary, and their consequences will become more severe and complicated if not properly curbed. Thus, these activities require comprehensive policies, laws, and principles to manage them effectively. Linked to these solutions is the need for responsibilities, cooperation and commitments at local, national, regional and international levels. Contemporary Marine Environmental Law and Policy presents a thorough appraisal of the main issues, actors and institutions engaged in the legal aspects of marine environmental conservation. With contributions from an international range of authors, the book provides a concise account of the legal and policy framework underlying international marine environmental issues, and of the fundamental concepts and strategies that are important to the protection of the marine environment. Some of the topics explored include: the prevention of marine pollution caused by land based activities, ships, and offshore hydrocarbon and mineral resources exploration; the conservation and management of marine living resources; the marine environment in the polar regions; and the settlement of marine environmental disputes. This book provides a solid foundation for anyone studying International Environmental Law and the Law of the Sea. It will also appeal to anyone seeking to gain a deeper understanding of this hugely important subject.

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) play an increasingly prominent role in addressing global development challenges. United Nations agencies and other organizations are relying on PPPs to improve global health, facilitate access to scientific information, and encourage the diffusion of climate change technologies. For this reason, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development highlights their centrality in the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). At the same time, the intellectual property dimensions and implications of these efforts remain under-examined. Through selective case studies, this illuminating work contributes to a better understanding of the relationships between PPPs and intellectual property considered within a global knowledge governance framework, that includes innovation, capacity-building, technological learning, and diffusion. Linking global governance of knowledge via intellectual property to the SDGs, this is the first book to chart the activities of PPPs at this important nexus.

Since 2010, a significant quantity of international climate change finance has begun to reach developing countries. However, the transfer of finance under the international climate change regime - the legal and ethical obligations that underpin it, the constraints on its use, its intended outcomes, and its successes, failures, and future potential - constitutes a poorly understood topic. Climate Change Finance and International Law fills this gap in the legal scholarship. The book analyses the legal obligations of developed countries to financially support qualifying developing countries to pursue globally significant mitigation and adaptation outcomes, as well as the obligations of the latter under the international regime of financial support. Through case studies of climate finance mechanisms and a multitude of other sources, this book delivers a rich legal and empirical understanding of the implementation of states' climate finance obligations to date. The book will be of interest to scholars and students of international law and policy, international relations, and the maturing field of climate change law.

This book provides a comprehensive review of the state of international law as it applies to transboundary groundwater resources and aquifers. The main focus is on recent developments and the emerging international law for transboundary aquifers as reflected in the practice of states and the work of the UN International Law Commission, UN Economic Commission for Europe, and International Law Association. The author takes an interdisciplinary approach to the subject matter and provides the scientific hydro-geological underpinning for the application of law and policy to transboundary groundwater resources. He also addresses the growing global dependence on this hidden resource, as well as both the historical and scientific context for development of the law. The book provides case examples throughout to illustrate the various concepts and developments. These include more detailed examinations of the few existing transboundary aquifer agreements in operation, such as for aquifers between France and Switzerland and Jordan and Saudi Arabia, as well as aquifers in North Africa and in South America.

This book responds to the call for more research on transnational environmental crime and its governance by investigating the illegal trade in electronic waste (e-waste) and tropical timber, major forms of transnational environmental crime. The book is based on a qualitative multi-method research combining document analysis, interviews with key informants and field visits. Bisschop focuses on the flows that pass through the research setting of the Port of Antwerp (Belgium) and those between Europe and West and Central Africa. The study examines the emergence and social organization of these transnational environmental flows, illustrating that although profit or lure play a very important role, a range of factors on individual, organizational and societal levels together provide the motivations and opportunities. Building on these insights, the book addresses the governance of these two cases. The responsive regulatory pyramid and networked governance are used as theoretical frameworks for this analysis. This book is essential reading for scholars and academics interested in transnational environmental crime and corporate crime, as well as governance studies.

This book intends to inform the key participants in extractive projects - namely, the communities, the host governments and the investors - about good practice for effective community engagement, based on analysis of international standards and expectations, lessons from selected case-studies and innovations in public participation. The extent of extractive industries varies widely around the Arctic as do governmental and social attitudes towards resource development. Whilst most Arctic communities are united in seeking investment to fund education, healthcare, housing, transport and other essential services, as well as wanting to benefit from improved employment and business opportunities, they have different views as to the role that extractive industries should play in this. Within each community, there are multiple perspectives and the goal of public participation is to draw out these perspectives and seek consensus. Part I of the book analyses the international standards that have emerged in recent years regarding public participation, in particular, in respect of indigenous peoples. Part II presents six case studies that aim to identify both good and bad practices and to reflect upon the distinct conditions, needs, expectations, strategies and results for each community examined. Part III explores the importance of meaningful participation from a corporate perspective and identifies some common themes that require consideration if Arctic voices are to shape extractive industries in Arctic communities. In drawing together international law and standards, case studies and examples of good practice, this anthology is a timely and invaluable resource for academics, legal advisors and those working in resource development and public policy.

The recent tendency toward increasingly ample international environmental regulation has led to effects of overlapping and inconsistency among treaties, particularly as regards common spaces. The purspose of this study is to examine to what extent contemporary international treaty law provides for environmental protection within the context of the unique legal status of the Antarctic. The book analyzes relevant conventions focusing on different sources of pollution, liability, regulation of environmental conservation and resource exploitation. The treaty survey demonstrates the complexity existing in relation to the Antarctic Treaty System and the difficulties of applying global regimes in a legally and environmentally distinctive region.

Umfassende Darstellung und rechtliche W rdigung des Biosafety-Protokolls sowie seiner Auswirkungen auf das Welthandelssystem der WTO. Im ersten Teil wird eine Einf hrung in die Gr ne Gentechnik," ihre Grundlagen, Chancen und Risiken gegeben; der zweite Teil behandelt dann das Biosafety-Protokoll, seine Entstehung, Inhalte und Einbindung in das internationale Regelungsgeflecht. Im Anschluss daran werden die Auswirkungen des Protokolls auf das System der WTO analysiert.

Der Autor nimmt eine Bestandsaufnahme und kritische Analyse volkerrechtlicher Instrumente und Regeln fur nationale und internationale Verfahren zur Beilegung von Konflikten uber grenzuberschreitende Umweltprobleme vor. Er setzt sich mit den besonderen Anforderungen auseinander, die der grenzuberschreitende Umweltschutz an die Streitbeilegung stellt, und untersucht eingehend die herkommlichen Methoden der friedlichen Streitbeilegung, innovative Methoden der Normdurchsetzung durch Non-Compliance Mechanismen und volkerrechtliche Regeln fur die Einbeziehung der betroffenen Personen, Unternehmen und Organisationen in nationale wie internationale Verfahren. Im Mittelpunkt der Analyse stehen zum einen der Umgang mit Konflikten, die gemeinsame Interessen der Staatengemeinschaft betreffen, und zum anderen Mechanismen, die den Interessenausgleich unmittelbar zwischen den Betroffenen ermoglichen."