Aufgrund der zunehmenden Vernetzung internationaler Energiemarkte und der wachsenden Abhangigkeit der Industriestaaten von Ol- und Gasimporten haben Meeresrohrleitungen als maritimes Transportmedium in den letzten Jahrzehnten an Bedeutung gewonnen. Aktuelles Beispiel einer solchen unterseeischen Rohrleitung ist die Nordstream Pipeline. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die in multilateralen Vertragen globaler und regionaler Reichweite niedergelegten volkerrechtlichen Rechte und Pflichten der Staaten sowie internationaler Organisationen bei Verlegung und Betrieb unterseeischer Rohrleitungen. Die Arbeit zeigt die Verschrankung der unterschiedlichen Ebenen sowie Regelungsdefizite auf und fragt, ob das internationale Seerecht, insbesondere das Seerechtsubereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen, den Staaten ausreichende Handlungsinstrumentarien zur Verfugung stellt, um sowohl Meeresumweltschutz als auch Sicherheit bei Verlegung und Betrieb von Seerohrleitungen zu garantieren.

Combating climate change and transitioning to fossil-free energy are two central and interdependent challenges facing humanity today. Governing the nexus of these challenges is complex, and includes multiple intergovernmental and transnational institutions. This book analyses the governance interactions between such institutions, and explores their consequences for legitimacy and effectiveness. Using a novel analytical framework, the contributors examine three policy fields: renewable energy, fossil fuel subsidy reform, and carbon pricing. These fields are compared in terms of their institutional memberships, governance functions and overarching norms. Bringing together prominent researchers from political science and international relations, the book offers an essential resource for future research and provides policy recommendations for effective and legitimate governance of the climate-energy nexus. Rooted in the most recent research, it is an invaluable reference for researchers, policymakers and other stakeholders in climate change and energy politics. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Regulatory Competition and Economic Integration addresses one of the hottest policy questions on both sides of the Atlantic. Esty and Geradin bring together top-notch scholars from both Europe and the United States to examine the various aspects of the debate between 'harmonization' and 'regulatory competition' across three comparative dimensions. The book provides a sharp focus on the circumstances that would yield gains from regulatory competition and to contrast those cases where heightened co-operation in standard setting or broader regulatory harmonization might increase social welfare.

The new millennium raised hopes for a better future for humanity through a new spirit of international cooperation. Participants at the United Nations Millennium Summit agreed on an ambitious agenda for international cooperation that singled out, among other issues, environmental protection and development as key objectives. The increasing degradation of our planet continues to emphasize the need to conserve and preserve natural resources. Yet with more than half of the global population still living on $2 dollars a day or less, there is also a glaring need for development initiatives to combat poverty. This book draws on contributions to the People and the Environment lecture series at Fordham University, organized in partnership with the United Nations Development Program Equator Initiative and The Nature Conservancy. The essays offer a wealth of fresh perspectives and strategies to promote both environmental conservation and poverty eradication. Reflecting a range of disciplines, issues, and settings, they cover four interrelated topics: the link between poverty reduction and the environment and encouraging integration of environmental management and development; environmental disasters, their impact on poor people and ways to prevent and mitigate their consequences; conservation knowledge and the role of information and education in sustainable development; and legal empowerment of the poor. Each part offers an overview of the theme and introduces the perspectives of leading experts and scholars-from the lessons of Katrina and the Tsunami to model agricultural policies for sustaining the environment while strengthening local economies. Demonstrating the roles the environment can and should play in poverty alleviation, the essays deepen our understanding of the some of the world's most difficult challenges-and provide a toolkit of ideas and techniques for addressing them.

In the face of growing freshwater scarcity, most countries of the world are taking steps to conserve their water and foster its sustainable use. Water crises range from concerns of drinking water availability and/or quality, the degradation or contamination of freshwater, and the allocation of water to different users. To meet the challenge, many countries are undergoing systemic changes to the use of freshwater and the provision of water services, thereby leading to greater commercialization of the resource as well as a restructuring of the legal, regulatory, technical and institutional frameworks for water.

The contributions to this book critically analyse legal issues arising under international law, such as environment and human rights provisions, concerning the economic, environmental and social consequences of proposed water regulatory changes and their implementation at the national level. The book examines the situation in India which is currently in the midst of implementing several World Bank led water restructuring projects which will have significant impacts on the realisation of the right to water and all other aspects of water regulation for decades to come. In analysing the situation in India the volume is able to detail the interactions between international law and national law in the field of water, and to ask broader questions about the compliance with international law at the national level and the relevance of international law in national law and policy-making.

The Law of International Watercourses is an authoritative guide to the rules of international law governing the navigational and non-navigational uses of international rivers, lakes, and groundwater. The continued growth of the world's population places increasing demands on Earth's finite supplies of fresh water. Because two or more States share many of the world's most important drainage basins - including the Danube, the Ganges, the Indus, the Jordan, the Mekong, the Nile, the Rhine and the Tigris-Euphrates - competition for increasingly scarce fresh water resources will only increase. Agreements between the States sharing international watercourses are negotiated, and disputes over shared water are resolved, against the backdrop of the rules of international law governing the use of this precious resource. The basic legal rules governing the use of shared freshwater for purposes other than navigation are reflected in the 1997 UN Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses. This book devotes a chapter to the 1997 Convention but also examines the factual and legal context in which the Convention should be understood, considers the more important rules of the Convention in some depth, and discusses specific issues that could not be addressed in a framework instrument of that kind. The book reviews the major cases and controversies concerning international watercourses as a background against which to consider the basic substantive and procedural rights and obligations of States in the field. The third edition covers the implications of the 1997 Convention coming into force in August 2014, and the compatibility of the 1997 and 1992 Conventions. This edition also updates the entire book, adds new material to many of the chapters, and adds a number of new case studies, including Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) and Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), amongst others.

Dieses Buch untersucht die philosophischen Grundlagen und die geschichtliche Entwicklung des common concern of humankind-Begriffs und seine Rechtswirkungen im Voelkerrecht. Hierbei wird das Prinzip in den Bestand des Umweltvoelkerrechts eingeordnet und sein Verhaltnis zum Grundsatz der Staatensouveranitat untersucht. Ausserdem wird das common concern-Prinzip vom common heritage-Prinzip abgegrenzt und voelkerrechtstheoretisch dargelegt, welche Wirkung es als Prinzip innerhalb und ausserhalb der von ihm erfassten Regime entfaltet. Der Autor begrundet, dass mit der Verankerung des common concern of humankind-Prinzips in der Klimarahmenkonvention und im Pariser Abkommen sowie in der Biodiversitatskonvention die dort enthaltenen Umweltschutzpflichten zu solchen gegenuber der Staatengemeinschaft als Ganzes geworden sind, sodass sich alle Vertragsstaaten - unabhangig von einer eigenen Betroffenheit - gegenuber allen anderen Vertragsstaaten auf ihre Erfullung berufen koennen und eine Klagebefugnis vor dem Internationalen Gerichtshof haben.

Authoritative, comprehensive, accessible—the definitive guide to a new approach in environmental policy Emissions Trading: Environmental Policy’s New Approach presents the work of an outstanding group of contributors on the successes and limitations of this new and exciting incentive-based tool for reducing environmental pollutants. By including the comments of emitters, regulators, public interest group representatives, and academics, the book reveals the criticisms, disagreements, and growing resolution of numerous environmental questions, including:

• Can markets be used to correct market environmental failure?
• Will decentralized decisions by emitters produce an improvement in air quality?
• Can this approach realize significant control cost savings?
• Can emissions trading be monitored and enforced effectively at a reduced cost?
• Will affected groups support this dramatic innovation?

This book provides a critical assessment of the New South Wales Land and Environmental Court (NSWLEC). Effective adjudication has become a key consideration for environmental lawyers. One of the most important questions is whether environmental law frameworks need their own courts, with the conclusion being: yes they do. Here, a pioneer of such a court, the NSWLEC is forensically examined to see what it might teach other such courts. Showing a court 'in action' it suggests models that practitioners and policy makers might follow. It also speaks to the environmental law scholars, setting out a conceptual framework for studying such courts as legal institutions. This multi-faceted collection is invaluable to scholars and practitioners alike.

Die Untersuchung beschaftigt sich mit der Frage einer internationalen Haftung fur gentechnologisch bedingte Folgeschaden. Anknupfungspunkte hierfur sind das UN-UEbereinkommen uber die biologische Vielfalt (CBD) und das Cartagena-Protokoll uber die biologische Sicherheit (BSP). Dieses Protokoll beschaftigt sich mit dem Schutz vor den Gefahren der Biotechnologie fur den Bereich der grenzuberschreitenden Verbringung gentechnisch veranderter Organismen. Die Frage der Haftung wird nur in Form eines Verhandlungsauftrages geregelt. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht und systematisiert die spezifischen Probleme des Sachbereichs und den Stand der gegenwartigen Diskussion um voelkervertrags- und voelkergewohnheitsrechtliche Haftungsnormen. Auf dieser Basis entwickelt sie Eckwerte fur ein moegliches internationales Haftungsregime.

The proliferation of environmental agreements is a defining feature of modern international relations that has attracted considerable academic attention. The cooperation literature focuses on stories of policy creation, and ignores issue areas where policy agreements are absent. Science and International Environmental Policy introduces nonregimes into the study of global governance, and compares successes with failures in the formation of environmental treaties. By exploring collective decisions not to cooperate, it explains why international institutions form but also why, when, and how they do not emerge. The book is a structured comparison of global policy responses to four ecological problems: deforestation, coral reefs degradation, ozone depletion, and acid rain. It explores the connection between knowledge and action in world politics by investigating the role of scientific information in environmental management. The study shows that different types of expert information play uneven roles in policymaking. Extensive analysis of multilateral scientific assessments, participatory observation of negotiations, and interviews with policymakers and scientists reveal that some kinds of information are critical requirements for policy creation while other types are less influential. Moreover, the state of knowledge on ecological problems is not a function of sociopolitical power. By disaggregating the concept of 'knowledge, ' the book solves contradictions in previous theoretical work and offers a compelling account of the interplay between knowledge, interests, and power in global environmental politics

Environmental migration is not new. Nevertheless, the events and processes accompanying global climate change threaten to increase human movement both within states and across international borders. The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change has predicted an increased frequency and severity of climate events such as storms, cyclones and hurricanes, as well as longer-term sea level rise and desertification, which will impact upon people's ability to survive in certain parts of the world. This book brings together a variety of disciplinary perspectives on the phenomenon of climate-induced displacement. With chapters by leading scholars in their field, it collects in one place a rigorous, holistic analysis of the phenomenon, which can better inform academic understanding and policy development alike. Governments have not been prepared to take a leading role in developing responses to the issue, in large part due to the absence of strong theoretical frameworks from which sound policy can be constructed. The specialist expertise of the authors in this book means that each chapter identifies key issues that need to be considered in shaping domestic, regional and international responses, including the complex causes of movement, the conceptualisation of migration responses to climate change, the terminology that should be used to describe those who move, and attitudes to migration that may affect decisions to stay or leave. The book will help to facilitate the creation of principled, research-based responses, and establish climate-induced displacement as an important aspect of both the climate change and global migration debates.

Analysing the regulation of vessel-source pollution from the perspective of the political interests of key players in the ship transportation industry, this 2005 book by Alan Khee-Jin Tan offers a comprehensive and convincing account of how pollution of the marine environment by ships may be better regulated and reduced. In this timely study, he traces the history of regulation at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and investigates the political, economic and social forces influencing the IMO treaties. Also examined are the efforts of maritime states, ship-owners, cargo owners, oil companies and environmental groups to influence IMO laws and treaties. This is an important book, which uncovers the politics behind the law and offers solutions for overcoming the deficiencies in the regulatory system. It will be of great interest to professionals in the shipping industry as well as practitioners and students.

The worst chemical disaster ever could be happening right now. In India and Bangladesh between forty and eighty million people are at risk of consuming too much arsenic from well water that might have already caused one hundred thousand cancer cases and thousands of deaths. Many millions elsewhere in South-East Asia and South America may soon suffer a similar fate. Venomous Earth is the story of this tragedy: the geology, the biology, the politics and the history. It starts in Ancient Greece, touches down in today's North America and takes in William Morris, alchemy, farming, medicine, mining and a cosmetic that killed two popes.

Dieses mit der Otto-Hahn-Medaille der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft ausgezeichnete Werk entwickelt eine eigene These vom voelkerrechtlichen Legitimationsdefizit: Voelkerrechtlicher Rechtserzeugung fehlt es an Mechanismen institutionalisierter Opposition. Obwohl die Rechtserzeugungskompetenzen internationaler Institutionen zunehmen, fehlt es an Moeglichkeiten, Regelungsalternativen und AEnderungsvorschlage in voelkerrechtlichen Verfahren zu artikulieren. "Opposition im Voelkerrecht" entwirft im Anschluss an Hannah Arendt und Claude Lefort eine Theorie des Konzepts der Opposition, die auch im Voelkerrecht Anwendung finden kann. Es folgt eine interdisziplinare Studie, die zum ersten Mal voelkerrechtliche Rechtserzeugungsprozesse (konkret an drei Beispielen der Parlamentarischen Versammlung des Europarats, des WTO waiver-Mechanismus, der UNESCO Konvention zur kulturellen Vielfalt und des Cartagena-Protokolls zur Biodiversitat) unter dem Gesichtspunkt mangelnder Politisierung untersucht und die in der Voelkerrechtswissenschaft bisher nicht rezipierten philosophischen Ansatze von Hannah Arendt und Claude Lefort hierfur fruchtbar macht.

This book explains the role and limitations of liberalized international trade on the global environment and sustainable development. A distinguishing feature of this book is an integration of trade, environment and development perspectives for operationally meaningful policy purposes. The topics explored include an analysis of the global trade regimes, their interrelationships with the existing multilateral environmental agreements, institutional mechanisms governed by the World Trade Organization, and a framework for pragmatic reforms.

Although it is usually assumed that only the federal government can confer citizenship, localities often give residents who are noncitizens at the federal level the benefits of local citizenship: access to medical care, education, housing, security, labor and consumer markets, and even voting rights. In this work, Kenneth A. Stahl demonstrates that while the existence of these 'noncitizen citizens' has helped to reconcile competing commitments within liberal democracy to equality and community, the advance of globalization and the rise of nationalist political leaders like Donald Trump has caused local and federal citizenship to clash. For nationalists, localities' flexible approach to citizenship is a Trojan horse undermining state sovereignty from within, while liberals see local citizenship as the antidote to a reactionary ethnic nationalism. This book should be read by anyone who wants to understand why citizenship has become one of the most important issues in national politics today.

The first volume of the International Environmental Law Reports focuses on early decisions. It includes all the well known, and some lesser known, international decisions relevant to international environmental law prior to the 1970s, with a summary of each decision. Volume 1 also includes a number of very early national decisions considered important in the development of international environmental law, either because they were the background against which international decisions were shaped or because they are often referred to but are not widely available in English. Other decisions are included in because they illustrate of national views of the content and direction of international law at the beginning of the twentieth century. This is the first ever collection devoted to international environmental law decisions, an essential work of reference collecting all relevant materials in one place.

Attending to the 'Cry of the Earth' requires a critical appraisal of how we conceive our relationship with the environment, and a clear vision of how to apprehend it in law and governance. Addressing questions of participation, responsibility and justice, this collective endeavour includes marginalised and critical voices, featuring contributions by leading practitioners and thinkers in Indigenous law, traditional knowledge, wild law, the rights of nature, theology, public policy and environmental humanities.Such voices play a decisive role in comprehending and responding to current global challenges. They invite us to broaden our horizon of meaning and action, modes of knowing and being in the world, and envision the path ahead with a new legal consciousness. A valuable reference for students, researchers and practitioners, this book is one of a series of publications associated with the Earth System Governance Project. For more publications, see www.cambridge.org/earth-system-governance.

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) is the best known and most controversial of international conservation treaties. Since it came into force 25 years ago, debate has raged over its most basic assumptions. CITES treats the international trade in wildlife as the most important threat to the continued existence of wild species. It offers a prescription of trade bans and restrictions for endangered species. However, it is now generally acknowledged that for most species habitat loss is a much more significant threat. Some argue that the CITES remedy actually exacerbates the problem by removing the incentive to conserve wildlife habitat. This collection of essays, the first of its kind, charts the controversies and changes within CITES. It provides case studies of the way CITES has dealt with particular species and notes the growing role of the South in shaping the direction of the treaty. It considers the role of sustainable use, the precautionary principle and unilateralism within CITES. Finally, it examines options for the future of CITES. Implicit within a number of the contributions is the recognition that questions of wildlife conservation cannot be divorced from wider issues of land use, development and social justice. This book provides an essential resource for policy makers, practitioners, academics and students concerned with conservation, development and trade.

This book offers the most up to date and comprehensive overview yet published of the European Community legal mechanisms and rules concerning the relationship between the establishment of the Single European Market and the development of international European and domestic environmental law. The author outlines the legal mechanisms of the EC Treaty and shows how they seek to create a balance between economic and environmental interests. Part one elaborates on the EC Treaty's principles governing the relationship bewteen the Single European Market and domestic environmental policy instruments. Besides the rules governing the free movement of goods (Articles 9, 12, 30-36), including the rules applicable to environmental taces (Article 95), it gives an overview of the EC's policies in the fields of green-state aids (Articles 92 etc) and competeition policies. Part two looks in detail at the harmonization of European environment related policy both for the creation of the Common/Single European Market and the development of a genuine European Environmental policy. It also looks closely at related areas such as agriculture, transport, the common commercial policy, external relations and the all important area of international environmental treaties.

International Natural Resources Law, Investment and Sustainability provides a clear and concise insight into the relationship between the institutions that govern foreign investment, sustainable development and the rules and regulations that administer natural resources. In this book, several leading experts explore different perspectives in how investment and natural resources come together to achieve sustainable development in developing countries with examples from water, oil and gas, renewable energy, mineral, agriculture, and carbon trading. Despite varying perspectives, it is clear that several themes are central in considering the linkages between natural resources, investment and sustainability. Specifically, transparency, good governance and citizen empowerment are vital conditions which encourage positive social, economic and environmental outcomes for developing countries. In addition, this book provides new insights into key concepts which underpin international law, including sovereign rights and state responsibility principles. It is clear from this book that in the attempt to reconcile these concepts and principles from separate legal regimes, complex policy questions emerge whereby it is difficult to attain mutually beneficial or succinct outcomes. This book explores how countries prioritise their policy objectives to achieve their notion of sustainable natural resource use, which is strongly influenced by power imbalances that inform North-South cooperation, as well as South-South cooperation in the international investment regime. This book will be of great interest to students, academics and researchers of international environmental law, international human rights law, international investment law and international economic law. This book may also be of relevance to environmentalists, policy-makers, NGOs, and investors working in the natural resources field.

This state-of-the-art Dictionary defines terms employed in international agreements, national legislation and scholarly legal studies related to comparative and international environmental law and the emerging law of climate change. In acknowledgement of China's growing role in this arena, each term also includes its pinyin translation in order to facilitate access to the Mandarin variants.The international community is developing increasingly complex environmental provisions and participating in a number of international treaties and agreements related to environmental law and regulation. The complicated and highly specific nature of environmental law has led to the development of localized terminology that is not easily understood outside its country of origin. Jointly prepared by scholars in China and the US, the Dictionary provides a linguistic bridge between English and Chinese speakers as well as an essential reference for those interpreting and applying international environmental law, multilateral environmental agreements, and domestic laws that implement these treaties. Students, scholars and practitioners in the area of environmental law will find this groundbreaking Dictionary an invaluable addition to their libraries.

This volume takes a fresh look at climate change as a threat to peace and its impacts on cultural heritage and cultural diversity. It proceeds under the assumption that the impacts of climate change on cultural heritage and cultural diversity may challenge sustainable global peace. As innovative feature, the interdisciplinary nexus between cultural heritage and peace is explicitly taken account of. Accordingly, corresponding threats on climate change and conflict on the one hand, and protection of cultural property and climate change on the other, are pulled together into one conceptual triangle. While the importance of the protection of cultural heritage in armed conflicts tends to become more and more recognized, the crucial role of cultural policy as a reconciliatory, proactive element of building and securing of sustainable peace has so far been largely underestimated. This volume brings together opinions of renowned experts in the fields of international law as well as natural sciences, engineering, humanities and social sciences. The focus lays on the legal and institutional challenges faced by national and international stakeholders, by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in particular. Moreover, it alludes to broader issues of mitigation, adaptation and resilience.

Das Buch befasst sich mit den Vorgaben des internationalen Wasserrechts fur Abkommen zwischen Anrainerstaaten uber die Nutzung und Bewirtschaftung gemeinsamer Wasserlaufe. Der aktuelle Stand des internationalen Wassergewohnheitsrechts wird dargelegt und der Regelungsgehalt der UN-Wasserlaufkonvention erlautert, Abkommen auf regionaler und wasserlaufspezifischer Ebene werden skizziert. Anschliessend werden die bisherigen Nilvertrage und das noch nicht in Kraft getretene Kooperationsrahmenabkommen fur den Nil dargestellt, rechtlich gewurdigt und auf ihre UEbereinstimmung mit dem internationalen Wasserrecht untersucht. Auch die eingehende Prufung einer Vertragsnachfolge Sudsudans ist Teil der Darstellung. Schliesslich wird das voelkerrechtliche Leitprinzip zur Nutzungsverteilung, der Grundsatz ausgewogener und angemessener Nutzung, auf den Nil angewandt und dazu konkretisiert. Die Arbeit zeigt auf, inwieweit dieser Grundsatz ein Konzept fur eine Nutzungsverteilung in der Praxis zu liefern vermag.