The Poisoners is a history of four devastating chapters in the making of the region, seen through the disturbing use of toxins and accusations of poisoning circulated by soldiers, spies, and politicians in Zimbabwe and South Africa.

Imraan Coovadia’s fascinating new book exposes the secret use of poisons and diseases in the Rhodesian bush war and independent Zimbabwe, and the apparent connection to the 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States; the enquiry into the chemical and biological warfare programme in South Africa known as Project Coast, discovered through the arrest and failed prosecution of Dr Wouter Basson; the use of toxic compounds such as Virodene to treat patients at the height of the Aids epidemic in South Africa, and the insistence of the government that proven therapies like Nevirapine, which could have saved hundreds of thousands of lives, were in fact poisons; and the history of poisoning and accusations of poisoning in the modern history of the African National Congress, from its guerrilla camps in Angola to Jacob Zuma’s suggestion that his fourth wife collaborated with a foreign intelligence agency to have him murdered.

But The Poisoners is not merely a book of history. It is also a meditation, by a most perceptive commentator, on the meaning of race, on the unhappy history of black and white in southern Africa, and on the nature of good and evil.

Emphasizing basic mass and energy balance principles, Chemical and Energy Process Engineering prepares the next generation of process engineers through an exemplary survey of energy process engineering, basic thermodynamics, and the analysis of energy efficiency. By emphasizing the laws of thermodynamics and the law of mass/matter conservation, the author builds a strong foundation for performing industrial process engineering calculations. The book’s systematic treatment applies these core principles on a macro-level scale, allowing for more manageable calculations.

The development of new processes is demanding and exciting. The instruction within these pages enables engineers to understand and analyze existing processes and primes them for participation in the development of new ones.

Table of Contents

Notation, concepts and numbers

Notation

Always check the units!

Some conversion factors

Some important numbers

Some important concepts

Unit operations

Batch and continuous process

A little about economy

Some fun and useful energy exercises

Global energy consumption

Derivation of balance equations

The balance principle

The balance equation

Mass balances without accumulation

Recycle

Systematic formulation and solution of mass balances

Use of spreadsheet program

Examples of recycle without reaction

Flash calculations

Summary: Procedure for deriving balance equations

Degrees of freedom and solvability

Simulation versus design

Summary

Mass balances with reaction

Introduction

The component balance

Steady-state component balance

Conversion and extent of reaction

Selectivity and yield

Reaction and recycle

Atomic balances

Independent reactions and matrix formulation

Reaction with chemical equilibrium

Summary

The energy balance

The general energy balance (open system)

Energy forms

Work forms

Alternative formulations of the energy balance

Calculation of enthalpy

Energy balance for mixing processes

Valve: Isenthalpic pressure relief

Real fluids: Thermodynamic state diagrams

Energy balance with chemical reaction

Energy balance with kinetic and potential energy

Summary of energy balance

Heat exchange

Introduction

Calculation (design) of heat exchangers

Simulation of heat exchangers

Compression and expansion

Introduction

Compression (increase of pressure)

Expansion in turbine

Reversible shaft work

Reversible shaft work for ideal gas

Actual work and examples

Pump work

Compression and expansion of real gases

Entropy and equilibrium

The laws of thermodynamics

Calculation of entropy

Equilibrium

Introduction to vapor/liquid equilibrium

Flash calculations

Work from heat

Thermodynamics

Heat engine and the first law

Heat engine and the second law

Reverse heat engine: Refrigeration and heat pump

Efficiency

Ideal work and exergy

Gas power plant

Summary

Mechanical energy balance

The "regular" energy balance

Mechanical energy

Reversible shaft work and friction

The mechanical energy balance

Compressible flow in pipe (gases)

A remark on friction

Summary

Chemical reaction engineering

Reaction kinetics

Reactor calculations and reactor design

Process dynamics

Introduction

Modeling: Dynamic balances

Dynamic analysis and time response

Linearization

Dynamic simulation with examples

Process control

Summary

Appendices

Some thermodynamics and physical chemistry

More thermodynamics: Entropy and equilibrium

Differential balances: Examples

Summary of the whole book

Additional problems

Data

Solutions to starred exercises

Index

Offering a modern, process-oriented approach emphasizing process control scheme development instead of extended coverage of LaPlace space descriptions of process dynamics, Designing Controls for the Process Industries focuses on aspects that are most important for contemporary practical process engineering and reflects the industry’s use of digital distributed control-based systems. The second edition now features 60 tutorial videos demonstrating solutions to most of the example problems.

Instead of starting with the controller, the book starts with the process and moves on to how basic regulatory control schemes can be designed to achieve the process objectives while maintaining stable operations. In addition to continuous control concepts, process and control system dynamics are embedded into the text with each new concept presented. The book alsoincludes sections on batch and semi-batch processes and safety automation within each concept area. It discusses the four most common control techniques: control loop feedback, feedforward, ratio, and cascade, and discusses application of these techniques for process control schemes for the most common types of unit operations. It also discusses more advanced andless commonly used regulatory control options such as override, allocation, and split range controllers; includes an introduction to higher-level automation functions; and provides guidance for ways to increase the overall safety, stability, and efficiency for many process applications. It introduces the theory behind the most common types of controllers used in the process industries and provides various additional plant automation-related subjects. The new edition also includes new homework problems and examples, including multiple choice questions for flipped classes, information about statistical process control, and a new case study that documents the development of regulatory control schemes for an entire process area.

Aimed at chemical engineering students in process control courses, as well as practicing process and control engineers, this textbook offers an alternative to traditional texts and offers a practical, hands-on approach to design of process controls.

PowerPoint lecture slides, multiple-choice quiz questions for each chapter, and a solutions manual are available to qualifying instructors. Tutorial-style videos for most of the text examples are available for all readers to download.

Table of Contents

1. Processing System Fundamentals. 2. Control System Fundamentals. 3. Motive Force Unit Operations Control. 4. Heat Transfer Unit Operations Control. 5. Separation Unit Operations Controls. 6. Reaction Unit Operations Controls. 7. Other Control Paradigms. 8. Controller Theory. 9. Higher- Level Automation Techniques. 10. Instrumentation (Types and Capabilities). 11. Automation and Control System Projects. 12. Process Dynamics Analysis. Appendix A: Transform Functions and the “s” Domain. Appendix B: PID Controller Tuning. Appendix C: Controller Script. Appendix D: A Case Study of the Regulatory Controls of an Entire Process Area.

This book describes the operations and industrial processes related to the production of advanced materials including ingot and powder metallurgy processing routes.

It outlines the deformation processing mechanisms inducing failure at both ambient and high temperatures. Further, it embodies practical knowledge and engineering mechanisms of traditional and unorthodox material disposal approaches, concurrently with gear cutting/ manufacturing and computer numerically controlled machining. The surface fusion of metals in the production of coatings via the process of laser cladding is also covered.

Features:

• Covers novel and multi-variety techniques of materials processing and manufacturing.
• Reports on the significant variables of the processes and basic operations of advanced materials.
• Discusses fundamental and engineering machining analysis.
• Includes novel fabrication of TiAl alloys using both powder and ingot metallurgy routes.
• Enables critical thinking through technical problem solving of local service manufacturers.

This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in materials and manufacturing engineering.

Principles of Composite Material Mechanics covers a unique blend of classical and contemporary mechanics of composites technologies. It presents analytical approaches ranging from the elementary mechanics of materials to more advanced elasticity and finite element numerical methods, discusses novel materials such as nanocomposites and hybrid multiscale composites, and examines the hygrothermal, viscoelastic, and dynamic behavior of composites.

This fully revised and expanded Fourth Edition of the popular bestseller reflects the current state of the art, fresh insight gleaned from the author’s ongoing composites research, and pedagogical improvements based on feedback from students, colleagues, and the author’s own course notes.

New to the Fourth Edition

New worked-out examples and homework problems are added in most chapters, bringing the grand total to 95 worked-out examples (a 19% increase) and 212 homework problems (a 12% increase)

Worked-out example problems and homework problems are now integrated within the chapters, making it clear to which section each example problem and homework problem relates

Answers to selected homework problems are featured in the back of the book

Principles of Composite Material Mechanics, Fourth Edition provides a solid foundation upon which students can begin work in composite materials science and engineering. A complete solutions manual is included with qualifying course adoption.

Table of Contents

Introduction

Basic Concepts

Constituent Materials for Composites

Structural Applications of Composites

Multifunctional Applications of Composites

Fabrication Processes

Elements of Mechanical Behavior of Composites

Review of Basic Mechanics of Materials Equations

References

Lamina Stress–Strain Relationships

Introduction

Effective Moduli in Stress–Strain Relationships

Symmetry in Stress–Strain Relationships

Orthotropic and Isotropic Engineering Constants

Specially Orthotropic Lamina

Generally Orthotropic Lamina

References

Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina

Introduction

Elementary Mechanics of Materials Models

Improved Mechanics of Materials Models

Elasticity Models

Semiempirical Models

References

Strength of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina

Introduction

Multiaxial Strength Criteria

Micromechanics Models for Lamina Strength

References

Analysis of Lamina Hygrothermal Behavior

Introduction

Hygrothermal Degradation of Properties

Lamina Stress–Strain Relationships Including Hygrothermal Effects

Micromechanics Models for Hygrothermal Properties

References

Analysis of a Discontinuously Reinforced Lamina

Introduction

Aligned Discontinuous Fibers

Off-Axis-Aligned Discontinuous Fibers

Randomly Oriented Discontinuous Fibers

Nanofibers and Nanotubes

Particulates

Hybrid Multiscale Reinforcements

References

Analysis of Laminates

Introduction

Theory of Laminated Beams

Theory of Laminated Plates with Coupling

Stiffness Characteristics of Selected Laminate Configurations

Derivation and Use of Laminate Compliances

Hygrothermal Effects in Laminates

Interlaminar Stresses

Laminate Strength Analysis

Deflection and Buckling of Laminates

Selection of Laminate Designs

Application of Laminate Analysis to Composite Structures

References

Analysis of Viscoelastic and Dynamic Behavior

Introduction

Linear Viscoelastic Behavior of Composites

Dynamic Behavior of Composites

Nanoenhancement of Viscoelastic and Dynamic Properties

References

Analysis of Fracture

Introduction

Fracture Mechanics Analyses of Through-Thickness Cracks

Stress Fracture Criteria for Through-Thickness Notches

Interlaminar Fracture

Nanoenhancement of Fracture Toughness

References

Mechanical Testing of Composites and Their Constituents

Introduction

Measurement of Constituent Material Properties

Measurement of Basic Composite Properties

Measurement of Viscoelastic and Dynamic Properties

Measurement of Hygrothermal Properties

References

Answers to Selected Problems

Appendix A: Matrix Concepts and Operations

Appendix B: Stress Equilibrium Equations

Appendix C: Strain–Displacement Equations

The use of simulation plays a vital part in developing an integrated approach to process design. By helping save time and money before the actual trial of a concept, this practice can assist with troubleshooting, design, control, revamping, and more. Process Modelling and Simulation in Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering explores effective modeling and simulation approaches for solving equations. Using a systematic treatment of model development and simulation studies for chemical, biochemical, and environmental processes, this book explains the simplification of a complicated process at various levels with the help of a "model sketch."

It introduces several types of models, examines how they are developed, and provides examples from a wide range of applications. This includes the simple models based on simple laws such as Fick’s law, models that consist of generalized equations such as equations of motion, discrete-event models and stochastic models (which consider at least one variable as a discrete variable), and models based on population balance.

Divided into 11 chapters, this book:

Presents a systematic approach of model development in view of the simulation need

Includes modeling techniques to model hydrodynamics, mass and heat transfer, and reactors for single as well as multi-phase systems

Provides stochastic and population balance models

Covers the application and development of artificial neural network models and hybrid ANN models

Highlights gradients based techniques as well as statistical techniques for model validation and sensitivity analysis

Contains examples on development of analytical, stochastic, numerical, and ANN-based models and simulation studies using them

Illustrates modeling concepts with a wide spectrum of classical as well as recent research papers

Process Modelling and Simulation in Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering includes recent trends in modeling and simulation, e.g. artificial neural network (ANN)-based models, and hybrid models. It contains a chapter on flowsheeting and batch processes using commercial/open source software for simulation.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Modelling and Simulation

Chemical Processes

What Is Simulation?

Modelling

Summary

References

An Overview of Modelling and Simulation

Strategy for Simulation

Approaches for Model Development

Types of Models

Types of Equations in a Model and Solution Strategy

Sources of Equations

Simplifying Concepts

Summary

References

Models Based on Simple Laws

Equation of State

Henry’s Law

Newton’s Law of Viscosity

Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction

Fick’s First Law

Fick’s Second Law

Film Model

Two-Film Theory

Arrhenius’ Law

Adsorption Isotherms

Examples

Summary

References

Models Based on Laws of Conservation

Laws of Conservation of Momentum, Mass and Energy

Laminar Flow

Boundary Layers: Momentum, Thermal and Diffusional

Turbulence Models

Surface Renewal Models at High Flux of Momentum,

Mass or Heat

Analogy between Momentum, Mass and Heat Transfer

Simple Models for Reactors and Bioreactors

Summary

References

Multiphase Systems without Reaction

Consideration of a Continuous-Phase Axial Solid Profile in a Slurry Bubble Column

Single Interface: The Wetted Wall Column

Stationary Dispersed-Phase Systems (Gas–Solid Systems)

Moving Dispersed Systems (Gas–Solid Systems):

Wall-to-bed Heat Transfer in a Fluidised Bed

Moving Dispersed Systems (Gas–Liquid Systems): Transfer Processes in Bubble Columns

Regions of Interest Adjacent to the Interface

More Than One Mechanism of Heat Transfer: Flat-Plate

Solar Collector

Introducing Other Effects in Laws of Conservation

Summary

References

Multiphase Systems with Reaction

Development of a Model for Multiphase Reactors: Common Assumptions and Methodology

Packed Bed Reactors

Trickle Bed Reactors

Slurry Reactors

Fluidised Bed Reactors

Summary

References

Population Balance Models and Discrete-Event Models

Stochastic Models

The Complex Nature of the Dispersed Phase

Population Balance Equation

Probability Distribution Functions

Population Balance Models: Simulation Methodology

Summary

References

Artificial Neural Network–Based Models

Artificial Neural Networks

Development of ANN-Based Models

Applications of ANNs in Chemical Engineering

Advantages of ANN-Based Models

Limitations of ANN-Based Models

Hybrid Neural Networks

Summary

References

Model Validation and Sensitivity Analysis

Model Validation: Objective

Model Validation Methodology

Sensitivity Analysis

Global Sensitivity Measures

Role of Sensitivity Analysis

Summary

References

Case Studies

Axial Distribution of Solids in Slurry Bubble Columns: Analytical Deterministic Models

Conversion for a Gas–Liquid Reaction in a Shallow Bed: A Numerical Model

Stochastic Model to Predict Wall-to-Bed Mass Transfer in Packed and Fluidised Beds

Artificial Neural Network Model: Heat Transfer in Bubble Columns

Summary

References

Simulation of Large Plants

Interconnecting Sub-Models

Simulation Study

Flowsheeting and Continuous Processes

Short-Cut Methods and Rigorous Methods

Dynamic Simulation

Batch Processes

Summary

References

Appendix A

Appendix B

Index

Maintaining the substance that has made Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Materials a perennial bestseller for decades, the Seventh Edition is updated to reflect the broadening field of materials science and engineering. Chapters are updated and revised throughout to be more useful and logical for students.

Features more than 60 new homework problems for the students, a listing of terms and concepts introduced, and a summary section

Includes more on mathematical and graphical analysis of the various state functions utilized in classical thermodynamics

Includes a more extensive discussion of the third law of thermodynamics

Features a new appendix on exact differential equations and mathematical relationships, including all mathematical relations among differentials of homogeneous functions utilized in the text

Written as the definitive introduction to the thermodynamic behavior of materials systems, this text presents the underlying thermodynamic principles of materials and their applications and continues to be the best undergraduate textbook in thermodynamics for materials science students. An updated solutions manual is also available for qualifying adopting professors.

Table of Contents

Part I: Thermodynamic Principles

1. Introduction and Definition of Terms

2. The First Law of Thermodynamics

3. The Second Law of Thermodynamics

4. The Statistical Interpretation of Entropy

5. Fundamental Equations and Their Relationships

6. Heat Capacity, Enthalpy, Entropy, and the Third Law of Thermodynamics

Part II: Phase Equilibria

7. Phase Equilibrium in a One‑Component System

8. The Behavior of Gases

9. The Behavior of Solutions

10. Gibbs Free Energy Composition and Phase Diagrams of Binary Systems

Part III: Reactions and Transformations of Phases

11. Reactions Involving Gases

12. Reactions Involving Pure Condensed Phases and a Gaseous Phase

13. Reaction Equilibria in Systems Containing Components in Condensed Solution

14. Electrochemistry

15. More Binary System Solution Models