Previous grammars of Cebuano have generally described the language in formal terms without much attention paid on actual usage. To fill this gap, this functional reference grammar of Cebuano based on the actual spoken language departs from the traditional emphasis on phonological, morphological, and phrasal description employed in most previous and even in recent reference grammars and conducts analyses at the clausal and discourse levels to better reflect the forms and functions of the language in actual use. It also describes recent research findings on Cebuano grammar, especially repair organization and grammatical constituency, transitivity, reference tracking, and particles and discourse marking, as these constitute a very important part of the grammar of Cebuano. This reference grammar is useful to linguists, as well as to native speakers and students of Cebuano alike. For linguists, the rich data provide material for linguistic comparisons. For native speakers, this reference provides another perspective for appreciating their mother tongue. For students, the examples and explanations provide the situations and contexts for proper use of the language.

This book collects the research on literacy, information regarding the importance of reading to children, sources of funding, and places to find information about literacy programs in the 50 states-all in a single volume. Family literacy programs can be remarkably effective in helping families who struggle in various areas of literacy or supporting their children's academic needs.Crash Course in Family Literacy Programs provides an introduction and an overview of this critical subject, defining what literacy, family literacy, and family literacy events are, and covering critical topics such as sources of funding, conclusions of recent research, and bilingual family literacy. The first half of the book is focused on laying out background information about family literacy, while the remainder provides practical how-to information for public and school libraries to develop their own family literacy programming. The book shows perspectives of public librarians, school principals, children's book store owners, and school personnel who have successfully implemented a family literacy program. Planning sheets and lesson templates are included, making it easy to develop a family literacy program.

This study introduces an attempt to scrutinize the interrelationship between language and thought; in particular, how language can shape, influence and direct thought, and how thought can be represented in language. Such a thorny task is achieved by approaching the 2004 U.S.A presidential debates, held between Bush and Kerry, in virtue of Grice's Cooperative Principle and maxims. The Gricean pragmatics is evidently enriching when tackling a corpus of a political nature; i.e political language is demarcated by inherent manipulation since it is originally used to affect people's minds to think in a certain way as a means of helping a politician to achieve his ultimate aim-usually gaining power and authority. Harmoniously, pragmatics in general, and the Gricean pragmatics in particular, are the most manipulative areas in the field of linguistics since they are primarily concerned with how people manage to say one thing and convey another which may be different or even contradictory. Hence, this research dwells upon the political maneuvering practiced by both candidates in order to prove that linguistics can virtually provide an efficient tool for decoding a political phenomenon.

Over the years, African American literature has become an important part of the literary tradition of the United States. With this boom of popularity it is important to move beyond binary classifications to study these works as boundaries are being challenged and rewritten. This book, therefore, provides a hybrid discussion about Toni Morrison's Sula and A Mercy focusing on the contradictory aspects of women bonds. It is suggested that such bonds are not simply determined by biological factors or limited to black women, as motherhood and sisterhood help the characters shape their own subjectivities and struggle for empowerment. However, the alteration of the ethics of care causes many of these women bonds to rupture as the characters resort to unconventional actions to survive in a racist and sexist society. Thus, this book provides an alternative vision of women bonds and the ethics of care, in which the women characters cannot be judged according to essentialist paradigms of good and bad.

Hubert Selby Jr.'s fiction is often characterized by its somber and bleak depictions of tragic characters plagued by depression, social exclusion or hostile surroundings. Trying to understand Selby's work through these "darker" aspects alone, however, can result in rather limited perspectives on the texts, as there are also some more hopeful themes and aspects to be found in his work. The main goal of this work is to point out the more optimistic "other side" of Selby's work in order to contrast it with its darker half, so that a deeper understanding of his work may be revealed.

A lack of "well-made" plot, fragmented characters, non-naturalistic settings, the central importance of physical action, communication on the point of breakdown - these dramatic qualities feature prominently both in the Theatre of the Absurd and English In-Yer-Face plays written in the 1990s by young authors like Sarah Kane or Jez Butterworth. How can we account for such widely distributed similarities? Focussing on the basic dramatic categories of structure, character conception, setting, the body on the stage and language/dialogue, the author isolates, from a 21st century perspective, central characteristics and stylistic devices of absurdist theatre. Providing detailed analyses featuring numerous examples, she traces the advancement and ongoing use of these devices in In-Yer-Face plays, ultimately suggesting an alternative to the problematic concept of an influence by relating both kinds of drama to the idea of an experiental theatre as outlined by Antonin Artaud. In its attempt to locate recent English plays within the context of one of the 20th century's most prominent dramatic styles, this book is of interest to anyone studying English drama from the 1950s onwards.

John Barth's Chimera re-mythologizes mythology and re-orients it into the subversive discourse of postmodernism. The subversion of mythology and language are read in this book according to Paul de Man's deconstruction. The deconstruction of Jacques Derrida has been widely practiced in academic circles, particularly through dissertations. But it seems that de Manian deconstruction has not yet been delved into as a reading practice. The major aim of this book is to divulge the practicality of Paul de Man's deconstructive reading or what he calls "rhetorical reading" in the texts of literature. Deconstruction of Chimera is accomplished via a two-step de Manian reading strategy; first, the detection of figures of speech or tropological language and the aberration of each trope, second, the exemplification of allegory of reading in each novella. As de Man proclaims, all the languages are figural, constituted of denominative and conceptual spheres. The conflict between the two is never resolved within a text and culminates int an aberrant aporia. This aporia is what causes the impossibility of reading in any text.

Feminist analysis has been a topic of contention for many years now. Ophelia's book analyses women in Shakespeare's texts with a view to finding out if these women are the passive suffering victims that some women have often been portrayed to be. Surprisingly, some of the studied women are found out to be the cause for disorder in their society, and men are found to be at their mercy. This is the case, for instance, with Goneril and Regan, who leave their ailing father to nature's mercy and pluck out Glocester's eyes. This book thus dismisses the common belief that women always need empowerment and support affirmative action. Instead, men at times need to be protected against such women Reading through this piece of writing will take you through a variety of categories of women, after which you will probably push for another theory, one that calls for men emancipation.

THE BEST OF THE INDEPENDENT RHETORIC AND COMPOSITION JOURNALS 2010 represents the result of a nationwide conversation-beginning with journal editors, but expanding to teachers, scholars and workers across the discipline of Rhetoric and Composition-to select essays that showcase the innovative and transformative work now being published in the field's independent journals. Representing both print and digital journals in the field, the essays featured here explore issues ranging from classroom practice to writing in global and digital contexts, from writing workshops to community activism. Together, the essays provide readers with a rich understanding of the present and future direction of the field. In addition to the introduction by STEVE PARKS, LINDA ADLER-KASSNER, BRIAN BAILIE, and COLLETTE CATON, the anthology features work by the following authors and representing these journals: JOHN HARBORD (Across the Disciplines), JILL MCCRACKEN (Community Literacy Journal), AMY M. PATRICK (Composition Forum), LAURIE E. GRIES and COLLIN GIFFORD BROOKE (Composition Studies), JAMES E. PORTER (Computers and Composition), AMY ROBILLARD (JAC), JANET BEAN and PETER ELBOW (Journal of Teaching Writing), VIRGINIA KUHN (Kairos), CHRISTINE TULLEY and KRISTINE BLAIR (Pedagogy), CHRISTOPHER WILKEY and BONNIE NEUMEIER (Reflections), and DAVID BARTHOLOMAE (Writing on the Edge).

In an innovative mixed-methods, action research study, Dr. Brimi explores the effect of research- based writing instruction on the intrinsic motivation of extrinsically-motivated students. Brimi's work demonstrates how ten simple principles for teaching composition can positively affect the attitudes and performance of high school students. Brimi's research utilizes survey data, focus group commentaries, and document analysis to capture the experience of students who pursue high marks in school, but who typically do not enjoy writing. After four months of instruction guided by Brimi's principles, the students find writing both relevant and enjoyable.

The 20th Century was witness to a rise in African American Drama as it introduced many prominent figures such as Amiri Baraka, Ed Bullins and August Wilson. However, its distinctness lies in the flourishing of a female canon led by Alice Childress and Lorainne Hansberry in mid 1900's, which is continued today in the works of many contemporary dramatists such as Adrienne Kennedy and Ntozake Shange, who have taken on the task of giving voice to the two times suppressed black woman. Among these playwrights, Ntozake Shange has been the most strikingly original one since her search for identity is integrated into her writing in terms of both content and form. While she experiments on the smallest segments of her individual and collective self, her writing transcends over rules of language as well as genre. It does not suffice to say her writing reflects a search for identity as what she experiences is a quest for authenticity...

The signs of the times are missing apostrophes.
The world needed a hero, but how would an editor with no off-switch answer the call? For Jeff Deck, the writing was literally on the wall: "NO TRESSPASSING." In that moment, his greater purpose became clear. Dark hordes of typos had descended upon civilization... and only he could wield the marker to defeat them.
Recruiting his friend Benjamin and other valiant companions, he created the Typo Eradication Advancement League (TEAL). Armed with markers, chalk, and correction fluid, they circumnavigated America, righting the glaring errors displayed in grocery stores, museums, malls, restaurants, mini-golf courses, beaches, and even a national park. Jeff and Benjamin championed the cause of clear communication, blogging about their adventures transforming "horor" into "horror," "it's" into "its," and "coconunut" into "coconut."
But at the Grand Canyon, they took one correction too far: fixing the bad grammar in a fake Native American watchtower. The government charged them with defacing federal property and summoned them to court--with a typo-ridden complaint that claimed that they had violated "criminal statues." Now the press turned these paragons of punctuation into "grammar vigilantes," airing errors about their errant errand..
The radiant dream of TEAL would not fade, though. Beneath all those misspelled words and mislaid apostrophes, Jeff and Benjamin unearthed deeper dilemmas about education, race, history, and how we communicate. Ultimately their typo-hunting journey tells a larger story not just of proper punctuation but of the power of language and literacy--and the importance of always taking a second look.

"From the Hardcover edition."

This thesis explores the continuing aesthetic, philosophical, and social influences of Romantic and Modernist poetics. I trace the influence of Romanticism and Modernism as one that allows for a medium of expression that more clearly interprets both the act of reading and writing. These artistic periods and styles mutually serve to establish and validate enlightened ways of thinking that are currently lacking in the present day. I look to the poetry, philosophy, and prophecy of artists from both eras as they fuse and diffuse demonstrating the unique points of connection and disconnection for each of the poets whose texts are analyzed. The poets included in this inquiry into modes of thought that are explored and revealed during these two periods are: Schlegel, Blake, Coleridge, Hulme, Eliot, and H.D. I use this unique, and perhaps unexpected blend, to demonstrate how it is both the likenesses and differences in each of these poets' aesthetics that render them equally reflective of enlightened thought. The idea that the individual is and remains whole, while also reaching for unity with a greater more infinite whole affects all these writers.

Why a person like Sylvia Plath, who had so much going for her, should have committed suicide is an intriguing question that might never be solved. The human mind is still a largely unexplored frontier. She was known to suffer from bi-polar problems and from the debilitating circumstances of an unsuccessful marriage. Sabina Shah has looked at some of her poems to trace the course of her mentation at different times in her short life. The age of psychoanalysis might be over, but that does not mean that all of its insights should be abandoned. Ms Shah suggests possibilities in the development of a suicidal mind-path leading to the moment of decision when Plath finally gassed herself. This work would best be read by people with some background in the works of Freud and Jung. However, it is not a treatise on psychoanalysis. It is an attempt to apply some of the tools developed by the great psychoanalysts to a great poet's writings in the hope of understanding things better. Ms Shah is acutely aware that a lot has been left unsaid, so she has confined her vision to just one small area of Sylvia Plath's poetic output.

In the midst of an epochal shift in the communications environment, rapid cultural change and transformations in knowledge, there is an urgent need for bold educational responses. While responsibility for educational resourcing belongs to the broader community, the extent and quality of pedagogical change ultimately rests with teachers. Student learning is dependent on teachers developing knowledge and pedagogical practices. Central to our educational response to the changed environment is teacher professional learning. This scholarly book draws on research which investigated the impact on teachers of their engagement with the New London Group's multiliteracies theory. Four Australian teachers of primary school students committed themselves to exploring multiliteracies theory and to putting their learning into practice in diverse classroom settings. Anne Cloonan, then a literacy policy and project officer at a state Education Department, explores the context, processes and impact of film-driven participatory action research action learning, in which the teachers researched their learning and practice over a period of eight months. She describes new ways of working shoulder to shoulder with teachers to develop resources and policy advice while deepening their professionalism. She offers contextualised examples of teachers extending their print-based literacy pedagogies to incorporate multimodal literacy practices. This book will be of interest to teachers, educational consultants, policy makers, and researchers concerned with: agentive collaborative teacher learning; innovative policy and resource development; enhancing teachers' professionalism; and the operationalisation of multiliteracies theory.

Over the past years, there has been increased pressure on South African universities to produce more graduates in the natural sciences. However, due to (amongst other factors) students' poor academic literacy levels, few end up graduating. This book focuses on an academic literacy intervention for first-year natural sciences students at an Open and Distance Learning (ODL) institution. As its foundation, it uses the principles of collaborative learning and authentic material design. It also treats academic literacy abilities as interdependent and holistic. This study would be especially useful to academic literacy practitioners interested in developing English for Specific Purposes interventions, with the ultimate aim of equipping students with the tools they will need to succeed in their studies. Lecturers at ODL institutions would also benefit by considering some of the insights gained in this study.

Mythology gives shape to experience and provides a framework in which to locate oneself. However, women, in classical mythology, were either denied a representation and, thus, a history and genealogy, or they were portrayed ambiguously, making it difficult for women to find their own identity. Katrin M. Fennesz focuses on the representation of women in novels by the Canadian author Aritha van Herk and analyzes how she transports women's fictional lives into our postmodern world by using and abusing classical, biblical, and indigenous mythology. Ultimately, she demonstrates that van Herk succeeds in creating a new mythology by digging deep to discover women's original strengths and powers. In the end, mythological characters are given new life, women a voice, the landscape is granted its own identity, and the city of Calgary its own face. This study is aimed at students and scholars in the field of Canadian Literary Studies.

William Shakespeare's plays reflect Elizabethan society.By manipulating our senses of what constitutes reality, plays/texts evoke people and culture for us.By telling us tales of the Orient and the Orientals, Shakespeare actually represents them.He speaks 'for' Orientals rather than letting Orientals speak for themselves.In the process he 2orientalizes" them in the sense indicated by Edward Said in Orientalism.The Merchant of Venice, Othello, and The Tempest show how Orientals are portrayed as the "Other" by Shakespeare and throw light on the sixteenth century's hegemonic representations of Orientals.The Merchant of Venice demonstrates how Shylock and the Prince of Morocco are considered and treated as the "Other" and are alienated from the mainstream society because one is a Jew and the other is a Moor.Othello presents Othello trapped in a cultural stereotype of the black and seen by many Englishmen as ugly, cruel, lustful, and dangerous, a near cousin to the devil himself. And The Tempest represents Caliban as the "Other" because of his ignoble birth.These characters represent the oppressed minority in different corners of the world.

Functioning Fantasies explores the functionality as well as the ideological underpinnings of C. S. Lewis' The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit. Perhaps more than any other genre of literature, fantasy texts attempt to represent, challenge, and even modify individual and cultural ideologies. As the classic works of Lewis and Tolkien demonstrate, fantasy literature allows for a multidimensionality of personal and social meanings meant to work against and alongside one another. Both C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien demonstrate the social and conceptual functions of fantasy literature. Lewis presents a theological fantasy, in which he depicts foundational tenets of Christian doctrine through a fantastic narrative. Tolkien's children's text, The Hobbit, also reflects and recasts aspects of childhood against the backdrop of a specific social context-a post World War I society.

The present reading of James Joyce's Dubliners follows the path of a postcolonial critical trend in Joycean studies. In the light of ideas and theories of the Indian literary critic, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, this book takes a postcolonial feminist stand in reading Joyce. Firstly, it deals with the notion of linguistic subordination and collective silence among Dubliners in general and female Dubliners in particular. Secondly, it explores the extent to which male characters are responsible for their own plight and that of their female counterparts. Finally comes an analysis of the Othering process in play among Dubliners with the aim of decoding colonial silences and uncovering their often untold stories. This comparative study of male and female characters of Dubliners in a contextual framework lights upon a unique aspect of the work's narrative technique and form which is often unfairly regarded as unoriginal in comparison with Joyce's later more innovative forms. Interestingly though, Joyce's narration of the stories of Dubliners proves to be revolutionary in that it provides a third space through which Spivak's subaltern can be heard.

Gender stereotyping is a cross cultural phenomenon prevalent across boarders regardless of religion, ethnicity or color. The nature and the negative impact of such stereotyping are more pronounced in poorest countries like Africa where development, education, access to media and awareness are scarce. The prevalence of such stereotyping in the continent is the reason which compelled the researcher to engage in studying the contribution of feminist African writers in this regard. This study primarily focuses on investigating the extent of the reflection of embedded gender stereotyping and the degree of females' resistance to such stereotyping by feminist African writers, also tries to asses the significance of the novels in eliminating this stereotyping. This study has shown that the availability of novels which address the most important problems of femininity like economic dependency, societal rejection, non political participation, etc. However important raising these issues in the novels and the writer is a feminist one is for feminists, the novels have some embedded patriarchal touches which have been exemplified the characters.

Philologists have been attracted by the language and literature of the Anglo-Saxons; among them are counted earlier scholars, such as Archbishop Parker, William Lambarde, Lawrence Nowell, Francis Junius. They have handed down the torch of Anglo-Saxon studies to the modern scholars. Prior to discussion of the language and literature of the Anglo-Saxons, this book gives a very brief survey of Anglo-Latin authors; Aldhelm, Bede and Alcuin produced marvelous works written in Latin. A great number of manuscripts were copied from the works of those authors, and glosses were often added to them, sometimes interlinearly. The typical example of Old English interlinear glosses are found in the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Rushworth Gospels. Anglo-Saxon poets devoted themselves to Old English paraphrase of Scriptural narratives. King Alfred, lfric and Wulfstan made sometimes literal and sometimes free translation in order to enhance morality and intellectuality of the people. This book also includes two chapters on studies of proper nouns.

Alessandro Baricco, a contemporary Italian writer, believes in the power of narrative as a form of resistance to the calls from a society that can no longer exchange experiences or see the essential, as it is a victim of certain dullness of words and senses, which is ultimately closely related to the current growing process of dehumanisation. Certainly, Baricco, a writer who is totally aware of his literary work, masters the art of telling stories and invests in all his fictional work intensiveness and passion, in the strategic position taken by narrators. Thus, although we readers are totally enchanted by the enunciation, we are at the same time reminded by the narrator that what really matters is to keep on travelling in the world of fantasy. Quoting Novecento, he points out: 'Non sei fregato veramente finch hai da parte una buona storia, e qualcuno a cui raccontarla.'that is, what really matters, most of all, is to have a good story and someone to listen. In this study, we aim to analyse the writer's procedures for reinventing the storyteller, particularly in Novecento and Castelli di rabbia, in order to revitalise the art of storytelling.