This book offers a comprehensive overview of thermodynamics. It is divided into four parts, the first of which equips readers with a deeper understanding of the fundamental principles of thermodynamics of equilibrium states and of their evolution. The second part applies these principles to a series of generalized situations, presenting applications that are of interest both in their own right and in terms of demonstrating how thermodynamics, as a theory of principle, relates to different fields. In turn, the third part focuses on non-equilibrium configurations and the dynamics of natural processes. It discusses both discontinuous and continuous systems, highlighting the interference among non-equilibrium processes, and the nature of stationary states and of fluctuations in isolated systems. Lastly, part four introduces the relation between physics and information theory, which constitutes a new frontier in fundamental research. The book includes step-by-step exercises, with solutions, to help readers to gain a fuller understanding of the subjects, and also features a series of appendices providing useful mathematical formulae. Reflecting the content of modern university courses on thermodynamics, it is a valuable resource for students and young scientists in the fields of physics, chemistry, and engineering.

First published in 1956, this classic work by N.F. Ramsey, 1989 Nobel Laureate in Physics, provides an account of atomic and molecular structure. After an introductory section reviewing experimental apparatus and the kinds of quantities that can be measured, Ramsey provides comprehensive
accounts of gas kinetics, chemical equilibria, and atomic and nuclear magnetic moments by nonresonance methods. He also provides tables of nuclear moments, as well as detailed accounts of nuclear and molecular interactions. Finally there are sections on atomic fine and hyperfine structure, and the
design of experimental apparatus. The focus throughout is on the physics of beams composed of electrically neutral particles. As a seminal work by one of the world's leading scientists, this volume will interest students and researchers in a range of fields, including atomic physics, physical
chemistry, spectroscopy, and biological chemistry.

The work described in this book originates from a major effort to develop a fundamental theory of the glass and the jamming transitions. The first chapters guide the reader through the phenomenology of supercooled liquids and structural glasses and provide the tools to analyze the most frequently used models able to predict the complex behavior of such systems. A fundamental outcome is a detailed theoretical derivation of an effective thermodynamic potential, along with the study of anomalous vibrational properties of sphere systems. The interested reader can find in these pages a clear and deep analysis of mean-field models as well as the description of advanced beyond-mean-field perturbative expansions. To investigate important second-order phase transitions in lattice models, the last part of the book proposes an innovative theoretical approach, based on a multi-layer construction. The different methods developed in this thesis shed new light on important connections among constraint satisfaction problems, jamming and critical phenomena in complex systems, and lay part of the groundwork for a complete theory of amorphous solids.

This thesis presents the discovery of a surprising phase transition between a topological and a broken symmetry phase. Phase transitions between broken symmetry phases involve a change in symmetry and those between topological phases require a change in topological order; in rare cases, however, transitions may occur between these two broad classes of phases in which the vanishing of the topological order is accompanied by the emergence of a broken symmetry. This thesis describes observations of such a special phase transition in the two-dimensional electron gas confined in the GaAs/AlGaAs structures. When tuned by hydrostatic pressure, the = 5/2 and = 7/2 fractional quantum Hall states, believed to be prototypical non-Abelian topological phases of the Pfaffian universality class, give way to an electronic nematic phase. Remarkably, the fractional quantum Hall states involved are due to pairing of emergent particles called composite fermions. The findings reported here, therefore, provide an interesting example of competition of pairing and nematicity. This thesis provides an introduction to quantum Hall physics of the two-dimensional electron gas, contains details of the high pressure experiments, and offers a discussion of the ramifications and of the origins of the newly reported phase transition.

Quantum Brownian motion represents a paradigmatic model of open quantum system, namely a system inextricably coupled to the surrounding environment. Such a model is largely used in physics, for instance in quantum foundations to approach in a quantitative manner the quantum-to-classical transition, but also for more practical purposes as the estimation of decoherence in quantum optics experiments. This book presents the main techniques aimed to treat the dynamics of the quantum Brownian particle: Born-Markov master equation, Lindblad equation and Heisenberg equations formalism. Particular attention is given to the interaction between the particle and the bath depends non-linearly on the position of the former. This generalization corresponds to the case in which the bath is not homogeneous. An immediate application is the Bose polaron, specifically an impurity embedded in an ultracold gas.

This Brief is aimed at engineers and researchers involved in the refrigeration industry: specifically, those interested in energy utilization and system efficiency. The book presents what the authors believe is the first comprehensive frost melting study involving all aspects of heat and mass transfer. The volume's description of in-plane and normal digital images of frost growth and melting is also unique in the field, and the digital analysis technique offers an advantage over invasive measurement methods. The scope of book's coverage includes modeling and experimentation for the frost formation and melting processes. The key sub-specialties to which the book are aimed include refrigeration system analysis and design, coupled heat and mass transfer, and phase-change processes.

The topic of lattice quantum spin systems (or 'spin systems' for short) is a f- cinating branch of theoretical physics and one of great pedigree, although many importantquestionsstillremaintobeanswered. The'spins'areatomic-sizedm- netsthatarelocalisedtopointsonalatticeandtheyinteractviathelawsofquantum mechanics. Thisintrinsicquantummechanicalnatureandthelarge(usuallyeff- tivelyin nite)numberofspinsleadstostrikingresultswhichcanbequitedifferent fromclassicalresultsandareoftenunexpectedandindeedcounter-intuitive. Spinsystemsconstitutethebasicmodelsofquantummagneticinsulatorsandso arerelevanttoawholehostofmagneticmaterials. Furthermore,theyareimportant asprototypicalmodelsofquantumsystemsbecausetheyareconceptuallysimple and yet stilldemonstrate surprisingly rich physics. Low dimensional systems, in 2Dandespecially1D,havebeenparticularlyfruitfulbecausetheirsimplicityhas enabledexactsolutionstobefoundwhichstillcontainmanyhighlynon-trivialf- tures. Spinsystemsoftendemonstratephasetransitionsandsowecanusethemto studytheinterplayofthermalandquantum uctuationsindrivingsuchtransitions. Ofcoursetherearemanycasesinwhichwecan ndnoexactsolutionandinthese casestheycanbeusedasatestinggroundforapproximatemethodsofmodern-day quantummechanics. Thesequantumsystemsthusprovideagreatvarietyofint- estinganddif cultchallengestothemathematicianorphysicalscientist. Thisbookwaspromptedbyaseriesoftalksgivenbyoneoftheauthors(JBP)at asummerschoolinJyvaskyla,Finland. Thesetalksprovidedadetailedviewofhow onegoesaboutsolvingthebasicproblemsinvolvedintreatingandunderstanding spinssystemsatzerotemperature. Itwasthislevelofdetail,missingfromothertexts inthearea,thatpromptedtheotherauthor(DJJF)tosuggestthattheselecturesbe broughttogetherwithsupplementarymaterialinordertoprovideadetailedguide whichmightbeofuse,perhapstoagraduatestudentstartingworkinthisarea. Thebookisorganisedintochaptersthatdeal rstlywiththenatureofquantum mechanicalspinsandtheirinteractions. Thefollowingchaptersthengiveadetailed guidetothesolutionoftheHeisenbergandXYmodelsatzerotemperatureusing theBetheAnsatzandtheJordan-Wignertransformation,respectively. Approximate methodsarethenconsideredfromChap. 7onwards,dealingwithspin-wavet- oryandnumericalmethods(suchasexactdiagonalisationsandMonteCarlo). The coupledclustermethod(CCM),apowerfultechniquethathasonlyrecentlybeen vii viii Preface appliedtospinsystemsisdescribedinsomedetail. The nalchapterdescribesother work,someofitveryrecent,toshowsomeofthedirectionsinwhichstudyofthese systemshasdeveloped. Theaimofthetextistoprovideastraightforwardandpracticalaccountofall of the steps involved in applying many of the methods used for spins systems, especiallywherethisrelatestoexactsolutionsforin nitenumbersofspinsatzero temperature. Inthisway,wehopetoprovidethereaderwithinsightintothesubtle natureofquantumspinproblems. Manchester,UK JohnB. Parkinson January2010 DamianJ. J. Farnell Contents 1 Introduction ...1 References...5 2 Spin Models...7 2. 1 SpinAngularMomentum...7 2. 2 CoupledSpins...10 1 2. 3 TwoInteractingSpin- 'areatomic-sizedm- netsthatarelocalisedtopointsonalatticeandtheyinteractviathelawsofquantum mechanics. Thisintrinsicquantummechanicalnatureandthelarge(usuallyeff- tivelyin nite)numberofspinsleadstostrikingresultswhichcanbequitedifferent fromclassicalresultsandareoftenunexpectedandindeedcounter-intuitive. Spinsystemsconstitutethebasicmodelsofquantummagneticinsulatorsandso arerelevanttoawholehostofmagneticmaterials. Furthermore,theyareimportant asprototypicalmodelsofquantumsystemsbecausetheyareconceptuallysimple and yet stilldemonstrate surprisingly rich physics. Low dimensional systems, in 2Dandespecially1D,havebeenparticularlyfruitfulbecausetheirsimplicityhas enabledexactsolutionstobefoundwhichstillcontainmanyhighlynon-trivialf- tures. Spinsystemsoftendemonstratephasetransitionsandsowecanusethemto studytheinterplayofthermalandquantum uctuationsindrivingsuchtransitions. Ofcoursetherearemanycasesinwhichwecan ndnoexactsolutionandinthese casestheycanbeusedasatestinggroundforapproximatemethodsofmodern-day quantummechanics. Thesequantumsystemsthusprovideagreatvarietyofint- estinganddif cultchallengestothemathematicianorphysicalscientist. Thisbookwaspromptedbyaseriesoftalksgivenbyoneoftheauthors(JBP)at asummerschoolinJyvaskyla,Finland. Thesetalksprovidedadetailedviewofhow onegoesaboutsolvingthebasicproblemsinvolvedintreatingandunderstanding spinssystemsatzerotemperature. Itwasthislevelofdetail,missingfromothertexts inthearea,thatpromptedtheotherauthor(DJJF)tosuggestthattheselecturesbe broughttogetherwithsupplementarymaterialinordertoprovideadetailedguide whichmightbeofuse,perhapstoagraduatestudentstartingworkinthisarea. Thebookisorganisedintochaptersthatdeal rstlywiththenatureofquantum mechanicalspinsandtheirinteractions. Thefollowingchaptersthengiveadetailed guidetothesolutionoftheHeisenbergandXYmodelsatzerotemperatureusing theBetheAnsatzandtheJordan-Wignertransformation,respectively. Approximate methodsarethenconsideredfromChap. 7onwards,dealingwithspin-wavet- oryandnumericalmethods(suchasexactdiagonalisationsandMonteCarlo). The coupledclustermethod(CCM),apowerfultechniquethathasonlyrecentlybeen vii viii Preface appliedtospinsystemsisdescribedinsomedetail. The nalchapterdescribesother work,someofitveryrecent,toshowsomeofthedirectionsinwhichstudyofthese systemshasdeveloped. Theaimofthetextistoprovideastraightforwardandpracticalaccountofall of the steps involved in applying many of the methods used for spins systems, especiallywherethisrelatestoexactsolutionsforin nitenumbersofspinsatzero temperature. Inthisway,wehopetoprovidethereaderwithinsightintothesubtle natureofquantumspinproblems. Manchester,UK JohnB. Parkinson January2010 DamianJ. J. Farnell Contents 1 Introduction ...1 References...5 2 Spin Models...7 2. 1 SpinAngularMomentum...7 2. 2 CoupledSpins...10 1 2. 3 TwoInteractingSpin- 's...11 2 2. 4 CommutatorsandQuantumNumbers...14 2. 5 PhysicalPicture...16 2. 6 In niteArraysofSpins...16 1 2. 7 1DHeisenbergChainwith S = andNearest-Neighbour 2 Interaction...18 References...19 1 3 Quantum Treatment of the Spin- Chain...21 2 3. 1 GeneralRemarks...21 3. 2 AlignedState...22 3. 3 SingleDeviationStates...23 3. 4 TwoDeviationStates...27 3. 4. 1 FormoftheStates ...33 3. 5 ThreeDeviationStates...36 Z N 3. 5. 1 BetheAnsatzforS = ?3...36 T 2 3. 6 StateswithanArbitraryNumberofDeviations...37 Reference...38 4 The Antiferromagnetic Ground State ...39 4. 1 TheFundamentalIntegralEquation...39 4. 2 SolutionoftheFundamentalIntegralEquation...43 4. 3 TheGroundStateEnergy...45 References...47 ix x Contents 5 Antiferromagnetic Spin Waves ...49 5. 1 TheBasicFormalism ...49 5. 2 MagneticFieldBehaviour ...

Electrons and ions have been used for over 40 years as probes to investigate the fascinating properties of helium liquids. The study of the transport properties of microscopic charge carriers sheds light on superfluidity, on quantum hydrodynamics, and on the interactions with collective excitations in quantum liquids. The structure of the probes themselves depends on their coupling with the liquid environment in a way that gives further insight into the microscopic behavior of the liquid in different thermodynamic conditions, such as in the superfluid phase, in the normal phase, or near the liquid-vapor critical point. This book provides a comprehensive review of the experiments and theories of transport properties of charge carriers in liquid helium. It is a subject about which no other monograph exists to date. The book is intended for graduate and postgraduate students and for condensed matter physicists who will benefit from its completeness and accuracy.

A comprehensive study of refrigeration from its beginnings in America up to 1950, which shows its relation to our national development, records the main trends in technological progress, describes the use of refrigeration, and gives some indication of its social effects. Originally published in 1953. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

This book provides a bridge between the basic principles of physics learned as an undergraduate and the skills and knowledge required for advanced study and research in the exciting field of atomic physics. The text is organized in a unique and versatile format --- as a collection of problems, hints, detailed solutions, and in-depth tutorials. This enables the reader to open the book at any page and get a solid introduction to subjects on the cutting edge of atomic physics, such as frequency comb metrology, tests of fundamental symmetries with atoms, atomic magnetometers, atom trapping and cooling, and Bose-Einstein condensates. The text also includes problems and tutorials on important basics that every practicing atomic physicist should know, but approached from the perspective of experimentalists: formal calculations are avoided where possible in favor of 'back-of-the-envelope' estimates, symmetry arguments, and physical analogies. The 2nd edition contains over 10 new problems, and includes important updates, revisions, and corrections of several problems of the 1st edition.

For hundreds of years, models of magnetism have been pivotal in the understanding and advancement of science and technology, from the Earth's interpretation as a magnetic dipole to quantum mechanics, statistical physics, and modern nanotechnology. This book is the first to envision the field of magnetism in its entirety. It complements a rich literature on specific models of magnetism and provides an introduction to simple models, including some simple limits of complicated models. The book is written in an easily accessible style, with a limited amount of mathematics, and covers a wide range of quantum-mechanical, finite-temperature, micromagnetic and dynamical models. It deals not only with basic magnetic quantities, such as moment, Curie temperature, anisotropy, and coercivity, but also with modern areas such as nanomagnetism and spintronics, and with 'exotic' themes, as exemplified by the polymer analogy of magnetic phase transitions. Throughout the book, a sharp line is drawn between simple and simplistic models, and much space is devoted to discuss the merits and failures of the individual model approaches.

Starting from first principles, this book introduces the closely related phenomena of Bose condensation and Cooper pairing, in which a very large number of single particles or pairs of particles are forced to behave in exactly the same way, and explores their consequences in condensed matter systems. Eschewing advanced formal methods, the author uses simple concepts and arguments to account for the various qualitatively new phenomena which occur in Bose-condensed and Cooper-paired systems, including but not limited to the spectacular macroscopic phenomena of superconductivity and superfluidity. The physical systems discussed include liquid 4-He, the BEC alkali gases, "classical" superconductors, superfluid 3-He, "exotic" superconductors and the recently stabilized Fermi alkali gases. The book should be accessible to beginning graduate students in physics or advanced undergraduates.

Most previous texts on quantum optics have been written primarily for the graduate student market at PhD level and above. Quantum optics: an introduction aims to introduce a wide range of topics at a lower level suitable for advanced undergraduate and masters level students in physics. The
text is divided into four main parts, covering modern topics in both pure and applied quantum optics: I Introduction and background material. II. Photons. III. Atom-photon interactions. IV. Quantum information processing. The emphasis of the subject development is on intuitive physical
understanding rather than mathematical arguments, although many derivations are included where appropriate. The text includes numerous illustrations, with a particular emphasis on the experimental observations of quantum optical phenomena. Each chapter includes worked examples, together with 10-15
exercises with solutions. Six appendices are included to supplement the main subject material.

This book describes atomic physics and the latest advances in this field at a level suitable for fourth year undergraduates. The numerous examples of the modern applications of atomic physics include Bose-Einstein condensation of atoms, matter-wave interferometry and quantum computing with trapped ions.

A comprehensive study of refrigeration from its beginnings in America up to 1950, which shows its relation to our national development, records the main trends in technological progress, describes the use of refrigeration, and gives some indication of its social effects. Originally published in 1953. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Being a Scientist is a comprehensive introduction to the many aspects of scientific life beyond the classroom and laboratory. Written with undergraduate science majors in mind, the book covers ethics, the philosophical bases of scientific methods, library research, reading, peer review, creativity, proposal and paper writing, and oral and poster presentations. In contrast to other texts in the field, which often take a simple prescriptive approach to these topics, Being a Scientist connects them to the historical and philosophical roots of modern science, as well as the common experiences of all people. Written in a conversational style, the book makes use of metaphor, historical anecdote, and hypothetical research about everyday household questions. This approach helps undergraduates learn basic research skills without being too intimidated by the advanced concepts, vocabulary, and methods which are encountered in looking at the current scientific literature. Being a Scientist is a textbook for a semester-long course devoted to teaching research and communication skills to undergraduate science majors, but it can be adapted for use in summer research experiences, capstone research courses, and other courses throughout the undergraduate curriculum.

This book provides the reader with a detailed theoretical treatment of the key mechanisms of superconductivity, up to the current state of the art (phonons, magnons, plasmons). In addition, the book describes the properties of key superconducting compounds that are of most interest for science and its applications today. For many years there has been a search for new materials with higher values of the main parameters, such as the critical temperature and the critical current. At present, the possibility to observe superconductivity at room temperature has become perfectly realistic. The book is especially concerned with high Tc systems, such as the high Tc oxides, hydrides with record values of the critical temperature under high pressure, nanoclusters, etc. A number of interesting novel superconducting systems have been discovered recently. Among them: topological materials, interface systems, intercalated graphene. The book contains rigorous derivations, based on statistical mechanics and many-body theory. The book is also providing qualitative explanations of the main concepts and results, which makes it accessible and interesting for a broader readership.

Der Begriff des "horror vacui" umschlieBt die ganze Summe der Erkenntnis, welche die Alten auf einem Gebiet der Natur wissenschaft besaBen, in dem in den letzten J ahren Entdeckungen von auBerordentllcher Bedeutung gemacht worden sind. 1643 zeigte Torricelli, ein Schiiler Galileis, daB in der Natur ein vollig leerer Raum im aligemeinen nicht vorkommt. Der Aus druck "Torricellische Leere" fiir den Raum tiber der Queck silbersaule im Barometerrohr erinnert an ihn als den Entdecker der Tatsache, daB die Atmosphare einen Druck austibt, der dem einer Quecksilbersaule von 760 mm Hohe entspricht. Zweifellos stellte er sich gerade diesen Raum als ein "voll kommenes Vakuum" vor. Wir wissen aber heute, daB sich in dem sell>en Quecksilberdampf unter einem Druck hefindet, der ein oder mehrere Millionstel einer Atmosphare betragt; wozu noch Spuren von Wasserdampf und Luft kommen, deren Druck gleichfalls bis zu einem oder mehreren Millionstel Atmospharen betragen kann. Um 1654 erfand Otto v. Guericke die erste mechanische Luftpumpe, die spater von Boyle, Hawksbee, Smeaton u. a. verbessert worden ist. Wahrend der nachsten zweihundert Jahre hestand nur ein mehr oder weniger akademisches Interesse fiir die Vorgiinge hei geringem Druck. Die Aussichten, die Newton, Laplace und Maxwell in der mathematischen Physik und Priestley, Lavoisier und Faradayin der experimentellen Wissenschaft gezeigt hatten, waren so bestechend, daB man fiir die Untersuchung "leerer Raume" wenig oder gar kein Interesse mehr aufbrachte."

Most previous texts on quantum optics have been written primarily for the graduate student market at PhD level and above. Quantum optics: an introduction aims to introduce a wide range of topics at a lower level suitable for advanced undergraduate and Masters level students in physics. The text is divided into four main parts, covering modern topics in both pure and applied quantum optics: I. Introduction and background material. II. Photons. III. Atom-photon interactions. IV. Quantum information processing. The emphasis of the subject development is on intuitive physical understanding rather than mathematical arguments, although many derivations are included where appropriate. The text includes numerous illustrations, with a particular emphasis on the experimental observations of quantum optical phenomena. Each chapter includes worked examples, together with 10-15 exercises with solutions. Six appendices are included to supplement the main subject material.

Cryogenics, a term commonly used to refer to very low temperatures, had its beginning in the latter half of the 19th century. Traditionally, this field is separated from Cryogenic Engineering and Low Temperature Physics (LTP). Cryogenic engineering is concerned with the design and development of low-temperature systems and components, while low temperature physics is more related to the fundamental research of material or fluid properties. This book discusses some recent findings and developments as well as gives an outlook on the fields of helium cryogenics and LTP. The main focus will be given to the helium cryogenics, though a smaller review is also presented for the fields of cryogenic energy storage facilities. Some future trends and R&D activities are also discussed. To orient the reader, the first four chapters are related to LTP, while the major part of the book is then devoted to helium cryogenics, for example, refrigeration techniques, cryostats, low temperature electronics, safety, etc.It should be particularly suited for advanced students, young researchers or engineers, who are intending to proceed with careers in helium cryogenics or LTP. However, the authors believe that the book will also be of value to experienced scientists, since it describes several very recent advances in experimental low temperature physics and technology, for example, ultra-low temperature technique and thermometry, as well as progress in helium cryogenics, such as heat transfer, cryostat designs for large facilities, and refrigerator developments. Extensive references are provided for the readers interested in the details of the cryogenic engineering advances. And last but not least, the authors hope that this book will widen the horizons of many without a solid state background, but with a general interest in low temperature physics and helium cryogenics.In attempting to cover such a wide field, a large degree of selection has been necessary, as complete volumes have been written on many topics which here have had to be covered in very few pages or less. It is inevitable that not everyone will agree with the present choice, especially if it is their own subject which has been discussed very briefly or not mentioned at all, and the editor accepts full responsibility for the selections made. The book is written at a level which should be followed by a university graduate in science or engineering, although, if their background has not included a course in cryogenic engineering, general or solid-state physics, some groundwork may be lacking.

This book presents a highly integrated, step-by-step approach to the design and construction of low-temperature measurement apparatus. It is effectively two books in one: A textbook on cryostat design techniques and an appendix data handbook that provides materials-property data for carrying out that design. The main text encompasses a wide range of information, written for specialists, without leaving beginning students behind. After summarizing cooling methods, Part I provides core information in an accessible style on techniques for cryostat design and fabrication - including heat-transfer design, selection of materials, construction, wiring, and thermometry, accompanied by many graphs, data, and clear examples. Part II gives a practical user's perspective of sample mounting techniques and contact technology. Part III applies the information from Parts I and II to the measurement and analysis of superconductor critical currents, including in-depth measurement techniques and the latest developments in data analysis and scaling theory. The appendix is a ready reference handbook for cryostat design, encompassing seventy tables compiled from the contributions of experts and over fifty years of literature.

Contains 106 papers from the June 1996 conference, designed as an archival reference for users and developers of cryocoolers. Papers are organized into 15 chapters by cryocooler type, starting with Stirling coolers and progressing through lower-temperature coolers including Gifford-McMahon types, lo