The theory of tree languages, founded in the late Sixties and still active in the Seventies, was much less active during the Eighties. Now there is a simultaneous revival in several countries, with a number of significant results proved in the past five years. A large proportion of them appear in the present volume.

The editors of this volume suggested that the authors should write comprehensive half-survey papers. This collection is therefore useful for everyone interested in the theory of tree languages as it covers most of the recent questions which are not treated in the very few rather old standard books on the subject. Trees appear naturally in many chapters of computer science and each new property is likely to result in improvement of some computational solution of a real problem in handling logical formulae, data structures, programming languages on systems, algorithms etc. The point of view adopted here is to put emphasis on the properties themselves and their rigorous mathematical exposition rather than on the many possible applications.

This volume is a useful source of concepts and methods which may be applied successfully in many situations: its philosophy is very close to the whole philosophy of the ESPRIT Basic Research Actions and to that of the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science.

This book presents what in our opinion constitutes the basis of the theory of the mu-calculus, considered as an algebraic system rather than a logic. We have wished to present the subject in a unified way, and in a form as general as possible. Therefore, our emphasis is on the generality of the fixed-point notation, and on the connections between mu-calculus, games, and automata, which we also explain in an algebraic way.
This book should be accessible for graduate or advanced undergraduate students both in mathematics and computer science. We have designed this book especially for researchers and students interested in logic in computer science, comuter aided verification, and general aspects of automata theory. We have aimed at gathering in a single place the fundamental results of the theory, that are currently very scattered in the literature, and often hardly accessible for interested readers.
The presentation is self-contained, except for the proof of the Mc-Naughton's Determinization Theorem (see, e.g., 97]. However, we suppose that the reader is already familiar with some basic automata theory and universal algebra. The references, credits, and suggestions for further reading are given at the end of each chapter.

This Proceedings Volume contains 32 articles on various interesting areas of
present-day functional analysis and its applications: Banach spaces and
their geometry, operator ideals, Banach and operator algebras, operator and
spectral theory, Frechet spaces and algebras, function and sequence spaces.
The authors have taken much care with their articles and many papers present
important results and methods in active fields of research. Several survey
type articles (at the beginning and the end of the book) will be very useful
for mathematicians who want to learn "what is going on" in some particular
field of research.

Numerical analysis has witnessed many significant developments in the 20th century. This book brings together 16 papers dealing with historical developments, survey papers and papers on recent trends in selected areas of numerical analysis, such as: approximation and interpolation, solution of linear systems and eigenvalue problems, iterative methods, quadrature rules, solution of ordinary-, partial- and integral equations. The papers are reprinted from the 7-volume project of the "Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics" on '/homepage/sac/cam/na2000/index.htmlNumerical Analysis 2000'. An introductory survey paper deals with the history of the first courses on numerical analysis in several countries and with the landmarks in the development of important algorithms and concepts in the field.

The book is devoted to the perturbation analysis of matrix equations. The importance of perturbation analysis is that it gives a way to estimate the influence of measurement and/or parametric errors in mathematical models together with the rounding errors done in the computational process. The perturbation bounds may further be incorporated in accuracy estimates for the solution computed in finite arithmetic. This is necessary for the development of reliable computational methods, algorithms and software from the viewpoint of modern numerical analysis.

In this book a general perturbation theory for matrix algebraic equations is presented. Local and non-local perturbation bounds are derived for general types of matrix equations as well as for the most important equations arising in linear algebra and control theory. A large number of examples, tables and figures is included in order to illustrate the perturbation techniques and bounds.

Key features:

The first book in this field
Can be used by a variety of specialists
Material is self-contained
Results can be used in the development of reliable computational algorithms
A large number of examples and graphical illustrations are given
Written by prominent specialists in the field
"

The aim of the present work is two-fold. Firstly it aims at a giving an account of many existing algorithms for calculating with finite-dimensional Lie algebras. Secondly, the book provides an introduction into the theory of finite-dimensional Lie algebras. These two subject areas are intimately related. First of all, the algorithmic perspective often invites a different approach to the theoretical material than the one taken in various other monographs (e.g., 42], 48], 77], 86]). Indeed, on various occasions the knowledge of certain algorithms allows us to obtain a straightforward proof of theoretical results (we mention the proof of the Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt theorem and the proof of Iwasawa's theorem as examples). Also proofs that contain algorithmic constructions are explicitly formulated as algorithms (an example is the isomorphism theorem for semisimple Lie algebras that constructs an isomorphism in case it exists). Secondly, the algorithms can be used to arrive at a better understanding of the theory. Performing the algorithms in concrete examples, calculating with the concepts involved, really brings the theory of life.

The modern theory of algebras of binary relations, reformulated by Tarski as an abstract, algebraic, equational theory of relation algebras, has considerable mathematical significance, with applications in various fields: e.g., in computer science---databases, specification theory, AI---and in anthropology, economics, physics, and philosophical logic.
This comprehensive treatment of the theory of relation algebras and the calculus of relations is the first devoted to a systematic development of the subject.
Key Features:
- Presents historical milestones from a modern perspective
- Careful, thorough, detailed guide to understanding relation algebras
- Provides a framework and unified perspective of the subject

This volume gives a state of the art of triangular norms which can be used for the generalization of several mathematical concepts, such as conjunction, metric, measure, etc. 16 chapters written by leading experts provide a state of the art overview of theory and applications of triangular norms and related operators in fuzzy logic, measure theory, probability theory, and probabilistic metric spaces.
Key Features:
- Complete state of the art of the importance of triangular norms in various mathematical fields
- 16 self-contained chapters with extensive bibliographies cover both the theoretical background and many applications
- Chapter authors are leading authorities in their fields
- Triangular norms on different domains (including discrete, partially ordered) are described
- Not only triangular norms but also related operators (aggregation operators, copulas) are covered
- Book contains many enlightening illustrations
- Complete state of the art of the importance of triangular norms in various mathematical fields
- 16 self-contained chapters with extensive bibliographies cover both the theoretical background and many applications
- Chapter authors are leading authorities in their fields
- Triangular norms on different domains (including discrete, partially ordered) are described
- Not only triangular norms but also related operators (aggregation operators, copulas) are covered
- Book contains many enlightening illustrations

Many problems for partial difference and integro-difference equations can be written as difference equations in a normed space. This book is devoted to linear and nonlinear difference equations in a normed space. Our aim in this monograph is to initiate systematic investigations of the global behavior of solutions of difference equations in a normed space. Our primary concern is to study the asymptotic stability of the equilibrium solution. We are also interested in the existence of periodic and positive solutions. There are many books dealing with the theory of ordinary difference equations. However there are no books dealing systematically with difference equations in a normed space. It is our hope that this book will stimulate interest among mathematicians to develop the stability theory of abstract difference equations.
Note that even for ordinary difference equations, the problem of stability analysis continues to attract the attention of many specialists despite its long history. It is still one of the most burning problems, because of the absence of its complete solution,
but many general results available for ordinary difference equations
(for example, stability by linear approximation) may be easily proved for abstract difference equations.
The main methodology presented in this publication is based on a combined use of recent norm estimates for operator-valued functions with the following
methods and results:
a) the freezing method;
b) the Liapunov type equation;
c) the method of majorants;
d) the multiplicative representation of solutions.
In addition, we present stability results for abstract Volterra discrete equations.
The bookconsists of 22 chapters and an appendix. In Chapter 1, some definitions and preliminary results are collected. They are systematically used in the next chapters.
In, particular, we recall very briefly some basic notions and results of the theory of operators in Banach and ordered spaces. In addition, stability concepts are presented and Liapunov's functions are introduced. In Chapter 2 we review various classes of linear operators and their spectral properties. As examples, infinite matrices are considered. In Chapters 3 and 4, estimates for the norms of operator-valued and matrix-valued functions are suggested. In particular, we consider Hilbert-Schmidt, Neumann-Schatten, quasi-Hermitian and quasiunitary operators. These classes contain numerous infinite matrices arising in applications. In Chapter 5, some perturbation results for linear operators in a Hilbert space are presented. These results are then used in the next chapters to derive bounds for the spectral radiuses. Chapters 6-14 are devoted to asymptotic and exponential stabilities, as well as boundedness of solutions of linear and nonlinear difference equations. In Chapter 6 we investigate the linear equation with a bounded constant operator acting in a Banach space. Chapter 7 is concerned with the Liapunov type operator equation. Chapter 8 deals with estimates for the spectral radiuses of concrete operators, in particular, for infinite matrices. These bounds enable the formulation of explicit stability conditions. In Chapters 9 and 10 we consider nonautonomous (time-variant) linear equations. An essential role in this chapter is played by the evolution operator. In addition, we use the "freezing" method and multiplicativerepresentations of solutions to construct the majorants for linear equations. Chapters 11 and 12 are devoted to semilinear autonomous and nonautonomous equations. Chapters 13 and 14 are concerned with linear and nonlinear higher order difference equations. Chapter 15 is devoted to the input-to-state stability. In Chapter 16 we study periodic solutions of linear and nonlinear difference equations in a Banach space, as well as the global orbital stability of solutions of vector difference equations. Chapters 17 and 18 deal with linear and nonlinear Volterra discrete equations in a Banach space. An important role in these chapter is played by operator pencils. Chapter 19 deals with a class of the Stieltjes differential equations.
These equations generalize difference and differential equations. We apply estimates for norms of operator valued functions and properties of the multiplicative integral to certain classes of linear and nonlinear Stieltjes differential equations to obtain solution estimates that allow us to study the stability and boundedness of solutions. We also show the existence and uniqueness of solutions as well as the continuous dependence of the solutions on the time integrator. Chapter 20 provides some results regarding the Volterra--Stieltjes equations. The Volterra--Stieltjes equations include Volterra difference and Volterra integral equations. We obtain estimates for the norms of solutions of the Volterra--Stieltjes equation. Chapter 21 is devoted to difference equations with continuous time. In Chapter 22, we suggest some conditions for the existence of nontrivial and positive steady states of difference equations, as well as bounds for the stationary solutions.
- Deals systematically with difference equations in normed spaces
- Considers new classes of equations that could not be studied in the frameworks of ordinary and partial difference equations
- Develops the freezing method and presents recent results on Volterra discrete equations
- Contains an approach based on the estimates for norms of operator functions

This is an introductory undergraduate textbook in set theory. In mathematics these days, essentially everything is a set. Some knowledge of set theory is necessary part of the background everyone needs for further study of mathematics. It is also possible to study set theory for its own interest--it is a subject with intruiging results anout simple objects. This book starts with material that nobody can do without. There is no end to what can be learned of set theory, but here is a beginning.

The book contains a systematic treatment of the qualitative theory of elliptic boundary value problems for linear and quasilinear second order equations in non-smooth domains. The authors concentrate on the following fundamental results: sharp estimates for strong and weak solutions, solvability of the boundary value problems, regularity assertions for solutions near singular points.

Key features:

* New the Hardy - Friedrichs - Wirtinger type inequalities as well as new integral inequalities related to the Cauchy problem for a differential equation.
* Precise exponents of the solution decreasing rate near boundary singular points and best possible conditions for this.
* The question about the influence of the coefficients smoothness on the regularity of solutions.
* New existence theorems for the Dirichlet problem for linear and quasilinear equations in domains with conical points.
* The precise power modulus of continuity at singular boundary point for solutions of the Dirichlet, mixed and the Robin problems.
* The behaviour of weak solutions near conical point for the Dirichlet problem for m - Laplacian.
* The behaviour of weak solutions near a boundary edge for the Dirichlet and mixed problem for elliptic quasilinear equations with triple degeneration.
* Precise exponents of the solution decreasing rate near boundary singular points and best possible conditions for this.
* The question about the influence of the coefficients smoothness on the regularity of solutions.
* New existence theorems for the Dirichlet problem for linear and quasilinear equations in domains with conical points.
* The precise power modulus of continuity atsingular boundary point for solutions of the Dirichlet, mixed and the Robin problems.
* The behaviour of weak solutions near conical point for the Dirichlet problem for m - Laplacian.
* The behaviour of weak solutions near a boundary edge for the Dirichlet and mixed problem for elliptic quasilinear equations with triple degeneration.

The problems of constructing covering codes and of estimating their parameters are the main concern of this book. It provides a unified account of the most recent theory of covering codes and shows how a number of mathematical and engineering issues are related to covering problems.

Scientists involved in discrete mathematics, combinatorics, computer science, information theory, geometry, algebra or number theory will find the book of particular significance. It is designed both as an introductory textbook for the beginner and as a reference book for the expert mathematician and engineer.

A number of unsolved problems suitable for research projects are also discussed.

This volume is a collection of surveys of research problems in topology and its applications. The topics covered include general topology, set-theoretic topology, continuum theory, topological algebra, dynamical systems, computational topology and functional analysis.
* New surveys of research problems in topology
* New perspectives on classic problems
* Representative surveys of research groups from all around the world

This series of volumes covers all the major aspects of numerical analysis, serving as the basic reference work on the subject. Each volume concentrates on one to three particular topics. Each article, written by an expert, is an in-depth survey, reflecting up-to-date trends in the field, and is essentially self-contained. The handbook will cover the basic methods of numerical analysis, under the following general headings: solution of equations in Rn; finite difference methods; finite element methods; techniques of scientific computing; optimization theory; and systems science. It will also cover the numerical solution of actual problems of contemporary interest in applied mathematics, under the following headings: numerical methods for fluids; numerical methods for solids; and specific applications - including meteorology, seismology, petroleum mechanics and celestial mechanics.

This encyclopedia contains more than 5000 integer sequences, over half of which have never before been catalogued. Because the sequences are presented in the most natural form, and arranged for easy reference, this book is easier to use than the authors earlier classic "A Handbook of Integer Sequences. The Encyclopedia gives the name, mathematical description, and citations to literature for each sequence. Following sequences of particular interest, thereare essays on their origins, uses, and connections to related sequences (all cross-referenced). A valuable new feature to this text is the inclusion of a number of interesting diagrams and illustrations related to selected sequences.
The initial chapters are both amusing and enlightening. They serve as a delightful introduction to the subject and a short course on how to identify and work with integer sequences. This encyclopedia brings Sloanes ground-breaking "Handbook up to date, more than doubling its size, and linking both the old and the new material to an extensive bibliography (over 25 pages long), of current and classic references. An index to all the sequences in the book is also available separately on disk in Macintosh and IBM formats.
Key Features
* Contains more than 5000 integer sequences
* Gives the name and mathematical description of each sequence
* Provides citations to literature for each sequence
* Extensively cross-referenced
* Lists a bibliography of more than 25 pages

This English translation of the author's original work has been thoroughly revised, expanded and updated.

The book covers logical systems known as "type-free" or "self-referential." These traditionally arise from any discussion on logical and semantical paradoxes. This particular volume, however, is not concerned with paradoxes but with the investigation of type-free sytems to show that: (i) there are rich theories of self-application, involving both operations and truth which can serve as foundations for property theory and formal semantics; (ii) these theories provide a new outlook on classical topics, such as inductive definitions and predicative mathematics; (iii) they are particularly promising with regard to applications.

Research arising from paradoxes has moved progressively closer to the mainstream of mathematical logic and has become much more prominent in the last twenty years. A number of significant developments, techniques and results have been discovered.

Academics, students and researchers will find that the book contains a thorough overview of all relevant research in this field.

The new edition of "Mathematical Modeling," the survey text of choice for mathematical modeling courses, adds ample instructor support and online delivery for solutions manuals and software ancillaries.

From genetic engineering to hurricane prediction, mathematical models guide much of the decision making in our society. If the assumptions and methods underlying the modeling are flawed, the outcome can be disastrously poor. With mathematical modeling growing rapidly in so many scientific and technical disciplines, "Mathematical Modeling, Fourth Edition" provides a rigorous treatment of the subject. The book explores a range of approaches including optimization models, dynamic models and probability models.
Offers increased support for instructors, including MATLAB material as well as other on-line resourcesFeatures new sections on time series analysis and diffusion modelsProvides additional problems with international focus such as whale and dolphin populations, plus updated optimization problems

Presented in this monograph is the current state-of-the-art in the theory of convex structures. The notion of convexity covered here is considerably broader than the classic one; specifically, it is not restricted to the context of vector spaces. Classical concepts of order-convex sets (Birkhoff) and of geodesically convex sets (Menger) are directly inspired by intuition; they go back to the first half of this century. An axiomatic approach started to develop in the early Fifties. The author became attracted to it in the mid-Seventies, resulting in the present volume, in which graphs appear side-by-side with Banach spaces, classical geometry with matroids, and ordered sets with metric spaces. A wide variety of results has been included (ranging for instance from the area of partition calculus to that of continuous selection). The tools involved are borrowed from areas ranging from discrete mathematics to infinite-dimensional topology.

Although addressed primarily to the researcher, parts of this monograph can be used as a basis for a well-balanced, one-semester graduate course.

Hirsch, Devaney, and Smale s classic "Differential Equations, Dynamical Systems, and an Introduction to Chaos" has been used by professors as the primary text for undergraduate and graduate level courses covering differential equations. It provides a theoretical approach to dynamical systems and chaos written for a diverse student population among the fields of mathematics, science, and engineering. Prominent experts provide everything students need to know about dynamical systems as students seek to develop sufficient mathematical skills to analyze the types of differential equations that arise in their area of study. The authors provide rigorous exercises and examples clearly and easily by slowly introducing linear systems of differential equations. Calculus is required as specialized advanced topics not usually found in elementary differential equations courses are included, such as exploring the world of discrete dynamical systems and describing chaotic systems.
Classic text bythree of the world s most prominent mathematicians Continues the tradition of expository excellenceContains updated material and expanded applications for use in applied studies"

The aim of this book is to present the fundamental theoretical results concerning inference rules in deductive formal systems. Primary attention is focused on:

- admissible or permissible inference rules

- the derivability of the admissible inference rules

- the structural completeness of logics

- the bases for admissible and valid inference rules.

There is particular emphasis on propositional non-standard logics (primary, superintuitionistic and modal logics) but general logical consequence relations and classical first-order theories are also considered.

The book is basically self-contained and special attention has been made to present the material in a convenient manner for the reader. Proofs of results, many of which are not readily available elsewhere, are also included.

The book is written at a level appropriate for first-year graduate students in mathematics or computer science. Although some knowledge of elementary logic and universal algebra are necessary, the first chapter includes all the results from universal algebra and logic that the reader needs. For graduate students in mathematics and computer science the book is an excellent textbook.

Complex Numbers lie at the heart of most technical and scientific subjects. This book can be used to teach complex numbers as a course text,a revision or remedial guide, or as a self-teaching work. The author has designed the book to be a flexible learning tool, suitable for A-Level students as well as other students in higher and further education whose courses include a substantial maths component (e.g. BTEC or GNVQ science and engineering courses). Verity Carr has accumulated nearly thirty years of experience teaching mathematics at all levels and has a rare gift for making mathematics simple and enjoyable. At Brooklands College, she has taken a leading role in the development of a highly successful Mathematics Workshop. This series of Made Simple Maths books widens her audience but continues to provide the kind of straightforward and logical approach she has developed over her years of teaching.

The material collected in this volume discusses the present as well as expected future directions of development of the field with particular emphasis on applications. The seven survey articles present different topics in Evolutionary PDE s, written by leading experts.
- Review of new results in the area
- Continuation of previous volumes in the handbook series covering Evolutionary PDEs
- Written by leading experts

This book contains the written versions of lectures delivered since 1997 in the well-known weekly seminar on Applied Mathematics at the College de France in Paris, directed by Jacques-Louis Lions. It is the 14th and last of the series, due to the recent and untimely death of Professor Lions.
The texts in this volume deal mostly with various aspects of the theory of nonlinear partial differential equations. They present both theoretical and applied results in many fields of growing importance such as Calculus of variations and optimal control, optimization, system theory and control, operations research, fluids and continuum mechanics, nonlinear dynamics, meteorology and climate, homogenization and material science, numerical analysis and scientific computations
The book is of interest to everyone from postgraduate, who wishes to follow the most recent progress in these fields.

"18.07"

The main purpose of this volume is to provide a new perception of multivariate environmental statistics using some examples that are of concern and interest today. The papers are presented by outstanding research workers. They discuss the current state of the art in different areas of multivariate environmental statistics and provide new problems for future research and instruction. A perspective is to cover a broad spectrum of methods and issues involving multivariate observations and processes, and not just classical multivariate analysis. The book will be valuable to current statistical theory and practice in this area, and will be used by researchers, teachers, and students alike.