Industrial Tomography: Systems and Applications, Second Edition thoroughly explores the important techniques of industrial tomography, also discusses image reconstruction, systems, and applications. This book presents complex processes, including the way three-dimensional imaging is used to create multiple cross-sections, and how computer software helps monitor flows, filtering, mixing, drying processes, and chemical reactions inside vessels and pipelines. This book is suitable for materials scientists and engineers and applied physicists working in the photonics and optoelectronics industry or in the applications industries.

Modern Permanent Magnets provides an update on the status and recent technical developments that have occurred in the various families of permanent magnets produced today. The book gives an overview of the key advances of permanent magnet materials that have occurred in the last twenty years. Sections cover the history of permanent magnets, their fundamental properties, an overview of the important families of permanent magnets, coatings used to protect permanent magnets and the various tests used to confirm specifications are discussed. Finally, the major applications for each family of permanent magnets and the size of the market is provided. The book also includes an Appendix that provides a Glossary of Magnetic Terms to assist the readers in better understanding the technical terms used in other chapters. This book is an ideal resource for materials scientists and engineers working in academia and industry R&D.

Metal Oxides for Biomedical and Biosensor Applications gives an in-depth overview of the emerging research in the biomedical and biosensing applications of metal oxides, including optimization of their surface and bulk properties. Sections cover biomedical applications of metal oxides for use in cell cultures, antibacterial and antimicrobial treatments, dental applications, drug delivery, cancer therapy, immunotherapy, photothermal therapy, tissue engineering, and metal oxide-based biosensor development. As advanced and biofunctionalized nano/micro structured metal oxides are finding applications in microfluidics, optical sensors, electrochemical sensors, DNA-based biosensing, imaging, diagnosis and analysis, this book provides a comprehensive update on the topic. Additional sections cover research challenges, technology limitations, and future trends in metal oxides and their composites regarding their usage in biomedical applications.

Defects in Two-Dimensional Materials addresses the fundamental physics and chemistry of defects in 2D materials and their effects on physical, electrical and optical properties. The book explores 2D materials such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD). This knowledge will enable scientists and engineers to tune 2D materials properties to meet specific application requirements. The book reviews the techniques to characterize 2D material defects and compares the defects present in the various 2D materials (e.g. graphene, h-BN, TMDs, phosphorene, silicene, etc.). As two-dimensional materials research and development is a fast-growing field that could lead to many industrial applications, the primary objective of this book is to review, discuss and present opportunities in controlling defects in these materials to improve device performance in general or use the defects in a controlled way for novel applications.

The study of electromagnetic fields in the treatment of various diseases is not a new one; however, we are still learning how magnetic fields impact the human body and its organs. Many novel magnetic materials and technologies could potentially transform medicine. Magnetic Materials and Technologies for Medical Applications explores these current and emerging technologies. Beginning with foundational knowledge on the basics of magnetism, this book then details the approaches and methods used in the creation of novel magnetic materials and devices. This book also discusses current technologies and applications, as well as the commercial aspects of introducing new technologies to the field. This book serves as an excellent introduction for early career researchers or a reference to more experienced researchers who wish to stay abreast of current trends and developing technologies in the field. This book could also be used by clinicians working in medicine and companies interested in establishing new medical technologies. Each chapter provides novel tasks for future scientific and technology research studies.

Nanosensors for Smart Agriculture covers new breakthroughs in smart agriculture, highlighting new technologies, such as the internet of things, big data and artificial intelligence. In addition, the book provides the many advantages of nanosensors over their micro counterparts, such as lower power consumption, higher sensitivity, lower concentration of analytes, and smaller interaction distances between the object and sensor. Sections provide information on fundamental design concepts and emerging applications of nanosensors in smart agriculture. The book highlights how, when cultivating soil, nanosensors and their wireless networks can be used for soil quality monitoring (moisture/herbicides/organic compound/trace metals monitoring in soil, etc. Other applications cover how smart nanosensors can be used for virus detection and hygiene/pathogen controls in livestocks, their use as active transport tracking devices for smart tracking and tracing, and other various applications, such as (i) nanochips for identity (radio frequency identification), (ii) food inspection, (iii) intelligent food packaging, and (iv) smart storage. This is an important reference source for materials scientists and agricultural engineers who are looking to understand more about how nanosensor technology can be used to create more efficient and sustainable agricultural systems.

Sustainable Polylactide-Based Blends provides a critical overview of the state-of-the-art in polylactide (PLA)-based blends, addressing the latest advances, innovative processing techniques and fundamental issues that persist in the field. Sections cover the fundamentals of sustainable polymeric materials, polylactide and polymer blends, current and upcoming processing technologies, structure and morphology characterization techniques for PLA and PLA-based blends, and the processing, morphology development, and properties of polylactide-based blends. Final chapters focus on current and future applications, market potential, key challenges and future outlooks. Throughout the book, theoretical modeling of immiscible polymer blends helps to establish structure-property relationships in various PLA-based polymer blends. With in-depth coverage of fundamentals and processing techniques, the book aims to support the selection of each processing method, along with an understanding of surface chemistry to achieve improved compatibility between phases.

Principles of Electron Optic: Volume Three: Wave Optics, discusses this essential topic in microscopy to help readers understand the propagation of electrons from the source to the specimen, and through the latter (and from it) to the image plane of the instrument. In addition, it also explains interference phenomena, notably holography, and informal coherence theory. This third volume accompanies volumes one and two that cover new content on holography and interference, improved and new modes of image formation, aberration corrected imaging, simulation, and measurement, 3D-reconstruction, and more. The study of such beams forms the subject of electron optics, which divides naturally into geometrical optics where effects due to wavelength are neglected, with wave optics considered.

Nanomaterials via Single-Source Precursors: Synthesis, Processing and Applications presents recent results and overviews of synthesis, processing, characterization and applications of advanced materials for energy, electronics, biomedicine, sensors and aerospace. A variety of processing methods (vapor, liquid and solid-state) are covered, along with materials, including metals, oxides, semiconductor, sulfides, selenides, nitrides, and carbon-based materials. Production of quantum dots, nanoparticles, thin films and composites are described by a collection of international experts. Given the ability to customize the phase, morphology, and properties of target materials, this "rational approach" to synthesis and processing is a disruptive technology for electronic, energy, structural and biomedical (nano)materials and devices. The use of single-source chemical precursors for materials processing technology allows for intimate elemental mixing and hence production of complex materials at temperatures well below traditional physical methods and those involving direct combination of elements. The use of lower temperatures enables thin-film deposition on lightweight polymer substrates and reduces damage to complex devices structures such as used in power, electronics and sensors.

Analytical Approaches for Reinforced Concrete presents mathematically-derived theories and equations for RC design and construction. The book applies deductive reasoning, logic and mathematics to RC. Laying out, deductively, the principles of RC, it encourages researchers to re-imagine and innovate using a solid conceptual framework. Sections consider the reasoning behind key theories, as well as problems that remain unsolved. The title presents key ideas in simple language and illustrates them clearly to help the reader grasp difficult concepts and develop a solid foundation, grounded in mathematics, for further study and research. The book is future-oriented, demonstrating theories that are applicable not only to conventional reinforced concrete members, but also to the envisaged structures of tomorrow. Such developments will increasingly require a deep, deductive understanding of RC. This title is the first of its kind, presenting a fresh analytical approach to reinforced concrete design and construction.

This new edition draws upon the fundamentals of abrasive machining processes and the science of tribology to understand, predict, and improve abrasive machining processes. Each of the main elements of the abrasive machining system is looked at alongside the tribological factors that control the efficiency and quality of the processes described. The new edition has been updated to include a variety of industrial applications. Grinding and conditioning of grinding tools are dealt with in particular detail, and solutions are proposed for many of the most commonly experienced industrial problems, such as poor accuracy, poor surface quality, rapid tool wear, vibrations, workpiece burn, and high process costs. The entire book has been rewritten and restructured, with ten completely new chapters. Other new features include:

Heat is a branch of thermodynamics that occupies a unique position due to its involvement in the field of practice. Being linked to the management, transport and exchange of energy in thermal form, it impacts all aspects of human life and activity. Heat transfers are, by nature, classified as conduction, convection (which inserts conduction into fluid mechanics) and radiation. The importance of these three transfer methods has resulted - justifiably - in a separate volume being afforded to each of them, with the subject of convection split into two volumes. This third volume is dedicated to convection, more specifically, the foundations of convective transfers. Various angles are considered to cover this topic, including empirical relationships and analytically approaching boundary layers, including the integral methods and numerical approaches. The problem of heat exchangers is presented, without aiming to be an exhaustive treatise. Heat Transfer 3 combines a basic approach with a deeper understanding of the discipline and will therefore appeal to a wide audience, from technician to engineer, from doctoral student to teacher-researcher.

Biodegradable Polymers, Blends and Composites provides a comprehensive review on recent developments in this very important research field. The book's chapters cover the various types of biodegradable polymers currently available and their composites, with discussions on preparation, properties and applications. Sections cover natural rubber-based polymer blends, soy-protein, cellulose, chitin, starch-based, PLA, PHBV, PCL, PVA, PBAT-based blends, Poly (ethylene succinate), PHB and Poly (propylene carbonates). The book will be a valuable reference resource for academic and industrial researchers, technologists and engineers working on recent developments in the area of biodegradable polymers, their blends and composites.

Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering introduces the fundamental concepts and translational applications of musculoskeletal tissue engineering, in combination with emerging technologies and materials. Sections discuss Tissues and Technologies, covering a range of musculoskeletal tissues, including bone, cartilage, ligament and more. Each chapter in this section details core tissue engineering principles specific to each tissue type. Next, a Technologies section looks at the range of biomaterials used in musculoskeletal tissue engineering, focusing on biocompatibility of materials and interactions at the material-tissue interface. Other chapters cover nanotechnology, 3D printing, gene therapy, tissue chips, and more. This book offers an advanced reference text for researchers in biomedical engineering, materials science and regenerative medicine.

Mechanics of Multiscale Hybrid Nanocomposites provides a practical and application-based investigation of both static and dynamic behaviors of multiscale hybrid nanocomposites. The book outlines how to predict the mechanical behavior and material characteristics of these nanocomposites via two-step micromechanical homogenization techniques performed in an energy-based approach that is incorporated with the strain-displacement relations of shear deformable beam, plate and shell theories. The effects of using various nanofillers are detailed, providing readers with the best methods of improving nanocomposite stiffness. Both numerical (Ritz, Rayleigh-Ritz, etc.) and analytical (Navier, Galerkin, etc.) solution methods are outlined, along with examples and techniques.

Finite Element Method: Physics and Solution Methods aims to provide the reader a sound understanding of the physical systems and solution methods to enable effective use of the finite element method. This book focuses on one- and two-dimensional elasticity and heat transfer problems with detailed derivations of the governing equations. The connections between the classical variational techniques and the finite element method are carefully explained. Following the chapter addressing the classical variational methods, the finite element method is developed as a natural outcome of these methods where the governing partial differential equation is defined over a subsegment (element) of the solution domain. As well as being a guide to thorough and effective use of the finite element method, this book also functions as a reference on theory of elasticity, heat transfer, and mechanics of beams.

Nickel-Titanium Smart Hybrid Materials: From Micro- to Nano-structured Alloys for Emerging Applications describes advanced properties that can be adapted in NiTi-alloys. Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) systems are receiving wide demand in growing industries due to their smart, high-temperature or biocompatible behavior. These influenced behaviors are carefully described in the micro-scale and nanoscale range, with NiTi smart materials described on the basis of their shape memory effect (SME) and super-elastic (SE) properties for sensor and actuator application. This book discusses novel properties of nickel-titanium systems, helping materials scientists and engineers produce smart technologies and systems for the aeronautical, automobile, mechanical, healthcare and electronics industries.

PEDOT is currently the most widely used polymeric material in research and development. Over the past 10 years, PEDOT has been investigated for potential organic thermoelectric applications because of its superior thermoelectric and mechanical properties compared with other conductive polymers. However, many challenges remain to be solved before it is translated into key technologies. Advanced PEDOT Thermoelectric Materials summarizes current progress and the challenges of PEDOT thermoelectric materials, while clarifying directions for future development. This book provides a comprehensive overview of chemical, physical, and technical information about this organic thermoelectric polymer. The authors also give details about the theoretical basis of PEDOT, including preparation and characterization, and its development as a high-performance thermoelectric material.

Nanotechnology-based Sustainable Alternatives for the Management of Plant Diseases addresses the power of sustainable nanomaterials for plant and food protection. The book highlights dangers arising from bacteria, fungi, viruses, insects, seeds, plants, fruits and food production and summarizes new and sustainable strategies. It places a particular focus on plant pathogen control, and in the food packaging sector in agri-food applications. The control of plant pathogens in plants and in food has been conventionally made by adding chemical preservatives and by using thermal processing, but sustainable nanotechnology can be a power tool to aid in this complex set of challenges. Advances in materials science have led to the rapid development of nanotechnology that has great potential for improving food safety as a powerful tool for the delivery and controlled release of natural antimicrobials.

Micro- and Nano-Bionic Surfaces: Biomimetics, Interface Energy Field Effects, and Applications synthesizes the latest research in bio-inspired surfaces and devices for tactile and flow field perception. The book provides solutions to common problems related to flow field/tactile perception, intelligent MEMS sensors, smart materials, material removal methods, cell/particle control methods, and micro-nano robot technology. With a heavy emphasis on applications throughout, the book starts by providing insights into biomimetic device design, outlining strategies readers can adopt for various engineering applications. From there, it introduces the controlling methods of smart materials, controlling methods from external energy input, and more. Sections demonstrate how to solve problems of high efficiency, high quality, and low damage material removal for metals, composites, soft tissues, and other materials by applying bionic wave-motion surface characteristics. The latest theoretical and technical developments in field control methods applied to biological interfaces are also discussed, and the book concludes with a chapter on fabrication strategies to synthesize micro/nano functional particles based on bio-templates.