Nanomaterials for Sensing and Optoelectronic Applications explores recent trends in nanomaterials and devices for chemical and biosensing applications. The synthesis, properties and applications of metal oxide nanostructures, as well as two-dimensional layered materials are covered, along with the fabrication of optoelectronic devices, such as chemical sensors, biosensors, core-shell nanostructures-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates, luminescent nanoparticles, memory devices, and thin film transistors. Aiming at researchers in these respective areas, the fundamental principles and mechanisms of the optoelectronic phenomena behind every application mentioned are covered and comprehensively explored. The book will be helpful in solving problems related to the synthesis and growth of various nanostructures, the application of these materials for various devices, and to understand how a specific synthesis route promotes a specific application.

Handbook of Foaming and Blowing Agents, Second Edition includes the most current information on foaming technology, guiding users on the proper selection of formulation, which is highly dependent on the mechanisms of action of blowing agents and foaming agents, as well as dispersion and solubility. The book includes properties of 23 groups of blowing agents and the typical range of technical performance for each group, including general properties, physical-chemical properties, health and safety, environmental impact, and applications in different products and polymers. All information is illustrated by chemical reactions and diagrams. Chapters in the book look at foaming mechanisms with the use of solid blowing agents, which are decomposed to the gaseous products by application of heat, production of gaseous products by chemical reaction, and foaming by gases and evaporating liquids.

Bioengineering is a rapidly expanding interdisciplinary field that encompasses application engineering techniques in the field of mechanical engineering, electrical, electronics and instrumentation engineering, and computer science and engineering to solve the problems of the biological world. With the advent to digital computers and rapidly developing computational techniques, computer simulations are widely used as a predictive tool to supplement the experimental techniques in engineering and technology. Computational biomechanics is a field where the movements biological systems are assessed in the light of computer algorithms describing solid and fluid mechanical principles. This book outlines recent developments in the field of computational biomechanics. It presents a series of computational techniques that are the backbone of the field that includes finite element analysis, multi-scale modelling, fluid-solid interaction, mesh-less techniques and topological optimization. It also presents a series of case studies highlighting applications of these techniques in different biological system and different case studies detailing the application of the principles described earlier and the outcomes. This book gives an overview of the current trends and future directions of research and development in the field of computational biomechanics. Overall, this book gives insight into the current trends of application of intelligent computational techniques used to analyse a multitude of phenomena the field of biomechanics. It elaborates a series of sophisticated techniques used for computer simulation in both solid mechanics, fluid mechanics and fluid-solid interface across different domain of biological world and across various dimensional scales along with relevant case studies. The book elucidates how human locomotion to bacterial swimming, blood flow to sports science, these wide range of phenomena can be analyzed using computational methods to understand their inherent mechanisms of work and predict the behavior of the system. The target audience of the book will be post-graduate students and researchers in the field of Biomedical Engineering. Also industry professionals in biomedical engineering and allied disciplines including but not limited to kinesiologists and clinicians, as well as, computer engineers and applied mathematicians working in algorithm development in biomechanics.

Silicon Anode Systems for Lithium-Ion Batteries is an introduction to silicon anodes as an alternative to traditional graphite-based anodes. The book provides a comprehensive overview including abundance, system voltage, and capacity. It provides key insights into the basic challenges faced by the materials system such as new configurations and concepts for overcoming the expansion and contraction related problems. This book has been written for the practitioner, researcher or developer of commercial technologies.

Advances in Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP), Second Edition provides the latest information on a mainstream process that is critical for high-volume, high-yield semiconductor manufacturing, and even more so as device dimensions continue to shrink. The second edition includes the recent advances of CMP and its emerging materials, methods, and applications, including coverage of post-CMP cleaning challenges and tribology of CMP. This important book offers a systematic review of fundamentals and advances in the area. Part one covers CMP of dielectric and metal films, with chapters focusing on the use of current and emerging techniques and processes and on CMP of various materials, including ultra low-k materials and high-mobility channel materials, and ending with a chapter reviewing the environmental impacts of CMP processes. New content addressed includes CMP challenges with tungsten, cobalt, and ruthenium as interconnect and barrier films, consumables for ultralow topography and CMP for memory devices. Part two addresses consumables and process control for improved CMP and includes chapters on CMP pads, diamond disc pad conditioning, the use of FTIR spectroscopy for characterization of surface processes and approaches for defection characterization, mitigation, and reduction. Advances in Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP), Second Edition is an invaluable resource and key reference for materials scientists and engineers in academia and R&D.

Applications of Biotechnology for Sustainable Textile Production is a practical guide to the fundamentals, methods, and future prospects for sustainable biotechnological and nanobiotechnological approaches to textile production. The textile industry is highly motivated to reduce its use of natural resources, reduce waste, and cost. Processes such as dyeing, printing and finishing fabrics traditionally require a lot of water and can produce hazardous wastes as a by-product. In order to help improve these processes, this book evaluates different technologies, comparing them as ways of saving water, energy, material waste, and time, in addition to the reduction of wastewater and sludge. Technologies investigated include enzymatic treatments, ultrasonic treatments, advanced cotton fiber pre-treatment to increase dye receptivity, nano-biotechnology, plasma technology, and foam technology in the finishing process. Health risk assessments and complications resulting from usage of chemicals and other traditional processing technologies are also examined.

Written primarily for students in mechanical engineering programs and designed to give them the math preparation they need to succeed in higher level courses, Introduction to Numerical Methods introduces key theories, practical engineering-related examples, and relevant laboratory exercises to help students develop and test their knowledge. The book covers errors in computation, solving nonlinear equations with numerical techniques, matrixes and vectors, and complex numbers. The material also includes an introduction to linear programming problems and instruction in probability and statistics. Many of the exercises in the book suggest the use of a Ti-83/Ti-84 calculator, and tips for using the calculator successfully are integrated into the text. The second edition features significant updates throughout the text, including the addition of learning objectives at the start of each chapter, clarified and reorganized chapter exercises, and additional introductory and contextual information for key concepts to better frame students' understanding. This edition also has an appendix that includes a brief introduction of popular statistical software, Minitab. Introduction to Numerical Methods is a well-organized, useful addition to undergraduate course work in engineering programs.

Advances in Bio-Based Fibres: Moving Towards a Green Society describes many novel natural fibers, their specific synthesis and characterization methods, their environmental sustainability values, their compatibility with polymer composites, and a wide range of innovative commercial engineering applications. As bio-based fiber polymer composites possess excellent mechanical, electrical and thermal properties, along with highly sustainable properties, they are an important technology for manufacturers and materials scientists seeking to improve the sustainability of their industries. This cutting-edge book draws on the latest industry practice and academic research to provide advice on technologies with applications in industries, including packaging, automotive, aerospace, biomedical and structural engineering.

The Structural Integrity of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Produced with Fillers and Pozzolans presents a review on the use of by-products, fillers and pozzolanic materials in the development of concrete, with an emphasis on structural integrity. The volume is broken down into key sections, including a review of the types of materials that are used as latent hydraulic supplements, fillers and pozzolans for making recycled aggregate concrete, rheology and hydration phenomenon, the mechanical and microscale nature of concrete, and the impact of fillers and pozzolans on the workability of concrete with case studies. Durability and strength development are also discussed. The final section looks at issues such as performance effect, LCA, environmental impact, sustainability and cost benefit analysis. With detailed case studies throughout, this volume will provide useful information for all stakeholders involved in the built environment, including materials scientists, civil engineers, builders, architects and policymakers.

Metal Oxides and Related Solids for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting reviews the fundamentals and strategies needed to design and fabricate metal oxide-based electrocatalysts. After an introduction to the key properties of transition metal oxides, materials engineering methods to optimize the performance of metal-oxide based electrocatalysts are discussed. Strategies reviewed include defect engineering, interface engineering and doping engineering. Other sections cover important categories of metal-oxide (and related solids) based catalysts, including layered hydroxides, metal chalcogenides, metal phosphides, metal nitrides, metal borides, and more. Each chapter introduces important properties and material design strategies, including composite and morphology design. There is also an emphasis on cost-effective materials design and fabrication for optimized performance for electrocatalytic water splitting applications. Lastly, the book touches on recently developed in-situ characterization methods applied to observe and control the material synthesis process.

Humidity and Electronics: Corrosion Reliability Issues and Preventive Measures provides comprehensive information on humidity related corrosion reliability issues surrounding electronics and how to tackle potential issues from a pro-active-design-prevention perspective. The book contains a mix of academic and industrial relevance, making it suitable for a detailed understanding on humidity issues on electronics, both for materials and corrosion experts and electronics and electrical experts. It will be useful for researchers, academics, and industrial personals involved in materials, corrosion, and electronics reliability aspects.

Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage: Challenges and Opportunities, Volume Nineteen provides an objective, realistic overview on the use of nanomaterials for various rechargeable electrochemical energy storage systems. It delivers a clear message on opportunities and critical aspects for the application of nanomaterials in currently available commercial devices (i.e., lithium-ion, supercapacitors, lithium-ion capacitors) and in the most promising battery technologies (e.g., lithium-sulphur, sodium-ion, metal-air, multivalent-ion batteries, dual-ion). In addition, it covers the use of nanomaterials on two of the most promising research pathways, specifically solid electrolytes and nanostructured alkali metal interfaces. Finally, the book outlines future use scenarios in developed and industrial applications. Nanomaterials have been considered as the "holy grail" of electrochemical energy storage during recent decades. Compounds and composites made of nanomaterials have opened unexpected research avenues, allowing entirely new classes of materials to be explored.

In the automotive and aerospace industries, the need for strong yet light materials has given rise to extensive research into aluminum and magnesium alloys and formable titanium alloys. All of these are categorized as light weight materials. The distinguishing feature of light weight materials is that they are low density, but they have a wide range of properties and, as a result, a wide range of applications. This book provides researchers and students with an overview of the recent advancements in light weight material processing, manufacturing and characterization. It contains chapters by eminent researchers on topics associated with light weight materials, including on the current buzzword "composite materials". First, this book describes the current status of light weight materials. Then, it studies applications of these materials, given that, as the densities vary, so do the applications, ranging from automobiles and aviation to bio-mechatronics. This book will therefore serve as an excellent guide to this field.

Carbon materials form pores ranging in size and morphology, from micropores of less than 1nm, to macropores of more than 50nm, and from channel-like spaces with homogenous diameters in carbon nanotubes, to round spaces in various fullerene cages, including irregularly-shaped pores in polycrystalline carbon materials. The large quantity and rapid rate of absorption of various molecules made possible by these attributes of carbon materials are now used in the storage of foreign atoms and ions for energy storage, conversion and adsorption, and for environmental remediation. Porous Carbons: Syntheses and Applications focuses on the fabrication and application of porous carbons. It considers fabrication at three scales: micropores, mesopores, and macropores. Carbon foams, sponges, and 3D-structured carbons are detailed. The title presents applications in four key areas: energy storage, energy conversion, energy adsorption, including batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells and environmental remediation, emphasizing the importance of pore structures at the three scales, and the diffusion and storage of various ions and molecules. The book presents a short history of each technique and material, and assesses advantages and disadvantages. This focused book provides researchers with a comprehensive understanding of both pioneering and current synthesis techniques for porous carbons, and their modern applications.

Principles and Applications of Antimicrobial Nanomaterials introduces the reader to the microbial world, antimicrobial nanomaterials, how microbial evolution works, and how knowledge of these areas can facilitate the development of sustainable antimicrobials. Due to the widespread occurrence of multidrug-resistant microbes, there is an increasing interest in the use of novel nanostructured materials as antimicrobials. This book is designed to help researchers from fields such as materials science, nanoscience, and nanoengineering who are attempting to develop these antimicrobial materials.

Cellulose Nanocrystal/Nanoparticles Hybrid Nanocomposites: From Preparation to Applications presents a broad survey of the main innovations in the field of functionalized cellulose at the nanoscale and for hybrid nanoparticles-based nanocomposites for industrial application. The book covers the properties and applications of cellulose, including particle extraction, synthesis, functionalization of cellulose at the nanoscale, and hybrid nanoparticles and their processing and characterizations. Readers will find this to be a single and comprehensive reference for future research on polymer-based nanocomposites. Hybrid nanocomposites based on cellulose at the nanoscale, and hybridized with other reinforcement agents represent a key advance in polymer-based materials. Cellulose is considered the most abundant polymer on the planet and an essential renewable resource. There is considerable research interest in the simple extraction and synthesis, nanoscale dimensions, high aspect ratio, mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of cellulose at the nanoscale and its hybridized materials. Nanocomposites and bio-nanocomposites with hybrid reinforcements, for example, are novel materials with enhanced properties due to the integration of cellulose with other nanoparticles, and new methods have been developed to extract cellulose at the nanoscale. The extracted cellulose shows potential applications in nanocomposites, and functionalization techniques are essential to create enhanced nanocomposites, particularly for hybrid nanoparticles.

Advanced Knitting Technology provides complete coverage of the latest innovations and developments in knitting technology, including emerging methods as well as the latest best practice for classical processes. Many technologies can be used for the production of cloth such as weaving, knitting, nonwoven, and braiding. Knitting methods are being selected for a growing range of applications due to the spectacular properties of knitted fabric, such as softer tactile quality, higher stretchability, bulkiness, and functional properties that compare favorably with other woven fabrics. Beyond the well-known apparel applications, specially designed knitted structures are uniquely suitable for high performance applications like reinforcement for composites, medical implants, and geotextiles. This book presents recent advances in knitting technology, including structures, properties and applications of knitted fabrics in modern apparel, activewear, composites, medical textiles, and geotextiles. With reference to the latest industry practice, testing, quality and process control methods for knitting technologies are discussed. Advanced Knitting Technology covers recent advances in knitting technology, properties and performance of knitted structures, their applications in apparel and technical fields.

Solid State Physics, Volume 72, the latest release in this long-running serial, highlights new advances in the field with this new volume presenting interesting and timely chapters authored by an international board of experts. Chapters in this release include Roadmap: The influence of the internal domain wall structure on spin wave band structure in periodic magnetic stripe domain patterns, The influence of the internal domain wall structure on spin wave band structure in periodic magnetic stripe domain patterns, and more.

Joining Processes for Dissimilar and Advanced Materials describes how to overcome the many challenges involved in the joining of similar and dissimilar materials resulting from factors including different thermal coefficients and melting points. Traditional joining processes are ineffective with many newly developed materials. The ever-increasing industrial demands for production efficiency and high-performance materials are also pushing this technology forward. The resulting emergence of advanced micro- and nanoscale material joining technologies, have provided many solutions to these challenges. Drawing on the latest research, this book describes primary and secondary processes for the joining of advanced materials such as metals and alloys, intermetallics, ceramics, glasses, polymers, superalloys, electronic materials and composites in similar and dissimilar combinations. It also covers details of joint design, quality assurance, economics and service life of the product.

Nanotechnology in Medicine and Biology brings together a multidisciplinary team of experts from the fields of materials science, nanotechnology, medicine and biomedical engineering to introduce new nanoscale biomaterials and their applications, diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the human body. The book presents the fundamentals for understanding the design, properties and selection of nanobiomaterials as well as their real-world applications in medicine. Each chapter addresses current regulations, manufacturing processes, and translation issues of nanobiomaterials for key applications. A discussion of current protocols and their benefits and disadvantages is also included. This book provides comprehensive background and knowledge in the field of nanobiomaterials that is suitable for academics, scientists and clinicians.