With the advent of portable and autonomous computing systems, power con sumption has emerged as a focal point in many research projects, commercial systems and DoD platforms. One current research initiative, which drew much attention to this area, is the Power Aware Computing and Communications (PAC/C) program sponsored by DARPA. Many of the chapters in this book include results from work that have been supported by the PACIC program. The performance of computer systems has been tremendously improving while the size and weight of such systems has been constantly shrinking. The capacities of batteries relative to their sizes and weights has been also improv ing but at a rate which is much slower than the rate of improvement in computer performance and the rate of shrinking in computer sizes. The relation between the power consumption of a computer system and it performance and size is a complex one which is very much dependent on the specific system and the technology used to build that system. We do not need a complex argument, however, to be convinced that energy and power, which is the rate of energy consumption, are becoming critical components in computer systems in gen eral, and portable and autonomous systems, in particular. Most of the early research on power consumption in computer systems ad dressed the issue of minimizing power in a given platform, which usually translates into minimizing energy consumption, and thus, longer battery life."

This volume starts with a description of the metrics and benchmarks used to design energy-efficient microprocessor systems, followed by energy-efficient methodologies for the architecture and circuit design, DC-DC conversion, energy-efficient software and system integration.

'Designing Embedded Processors' examines the many ways in which processor based systems are designed to allow low power devices. It looks at processor design methods, memory optimization, dynamic voltage scaling methods, compiler methods, and multi processor methods. Each section has an introductory chapter to give a breadth view, and have a few specialist chapters in the area to give a deeper perspective. The book provides a good starting point to engineers in the area, and to research students embarking upon the exciting area of embedded systems and architectures.

It is expected that the use of soft computing will increase greatly in industrial applications, because the conceptual structure of hard computing is much too precise in relation to the great imprecision of the world around us. This book aims at attracting researchers and engineers both in the fields of industrial electronics (IE) and computational intelligence (CI). By approaching the different viewpoints of IE and CI people, it is hoped to provide practicing engineers with new solutions to the demanding real-world problems. The applications are divided into two categories, Electric Power Applications and Emerging Applications.

This book describes the structured design and optimization of efficient, energy processing integrated circuits. The approach is multidisciplinary, covering the monolithic integration of IC design techniques, power electronics and control theory. In particular, this book enables readers to conceive, synthesize, design and implement integrated circuits with high-density high-efficiency on-chip switching power regulators. Topics covered encompass the structured design of the on-chip power supply, efficiency optimization, IC-compatible power inductors and capacitors, power MOSFET switches and efficient switch drivers in standard CMOS technologies.

System-Level Design Techniques for Energy-Efficient Embedded Systems addresses the development and validation of co-synthesis techniques that allow an effective design of embedded systems with low energy dissipation. The book provides an overview of a system-level co-design flow, illustrating through examples how system performance is influenced at various steps of the flow including allocation, mapping, and scheduling. The book places special emphasis upon system-level co-synthesis techniques for architectures that contain voltage scalable processors, which can dynamically trade off between computational performance and power consumption. Throughout the book, the introduced co-synthesis techniques, which target both single-mode systems and emerging multi-mode applications, are applied to numerous benchmarks and real-life examples including a realistic smart phone.

Preface Introduction The Classical Period: Nineteenth Century Sociology Auguste Comte (1798-1857) on Women in Positivist Society Harriett Martineau (1802-1876) on American Women Bebel, August (1840-1913) on Women and Socialism Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) on the Division of Labor and Interests in Marriage Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) on the Rights and Status of Women Lester Frank Ward (1841-1913) on the Condition of Women Anna Julia Cooper (1858-1964) on the Voices of Women Thorstein Veblen (1857-1929) on Dress as Pecuniary Culture The Progressive Era: Early Twentieth Century Sociology Georg Simmel (1858-1918) on Conflict between Men and Women Mary Roberts (Smith) Coolidge (1860-1945) on the Socialization of Girls Anna Garlin Spencer (1851-1932) on the Woman of Genius Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) on the Economics of Private Household Work Leta Stetter Hollingworth (1886-1939) on Compelling Women to Bear Children Alexandra Kolontai (1873-1952) on Women and Class Edith Abbott (1876-1957) on Women in Industry 1920s and 1930s: Institutionalizing the Discipline, Defining the Canon Du Bois, W. E. B. (1868-1963) on the "Damnation" of Women Edward Alsworth Ross (1866-1951) on Masculinism Anna Garlin Spencer (1851-1932) on Husbands and Wives Robert E. Park (1864-1944) and Ernest W. Burgess (1886-1966) On Sex Differences William Graham Sumner (1840-1910) on Women's Natural Roles Sophonisba P. Breckinridge (1866-1948) on Women as Workers and Citizens Margaret Mead (1901-1978) on the Cultural Basis of Sex Difference Willard Walter Waller (1899-1945) on Rating and Dating The 1940s: Questions about Women's New Roles Edward Alsworth Ross (1866-1951) on Sex Conflict Alva Myrdal (1902-1986) on Women's Conflicting Roles Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) on Sex in the United StatesSocial Structure Joseph Kirk Folsom (1893-1960) on Wives' Changing Roles Gunnar Myrdal (1898-1987) on Democracy and Race, an American Dilemma Mirra Komarovsky (1905-1998) on Cultural Contradictions of Sex Roles Robert Staughton Lynd (1892-1970) on Changes in Sex Roles The 1950s: Questioning the Paradigm Viola Klein (1908-1971) on the Feminine Stereotype Mirra Komarovsky (1905-1998), Functional Analysis of Sex Roles Helen Mayer Hacker on Women as a Minority Group William H. Whyte (1917-1999) on the Corporate Wife Talcott Parsons and Robert F. Bales on the Functions of Sex Roles Alva Myrdal (1902-1986) and Viola Klein (1908-1971) on Women's Two Roles Helen Mayer Hacker on the New Burdens of Masculinity

This book puts the spotlight on how a real-time kernel works using Micrium's C/OS-III as a reference. The book consists of two complete parts. The first describes real-time kernels in generic terms. Part II provide examples for the reader, using the Inineon XMC4500. Together with the IAR Systems Embedded Workbench for ARM development tools, the evaluation board provides everything necessary to enable the reader to be up and running quickly, as well as a fun and educational experience, resulting in a high-level of proficiency in a short time. This book is written for serious embedded systems programmers, consultants, hobbyists, and students interested in understanding the inner workings of a real-time kernel. C/OS-III is not just a great learning platform, but also a full commercial-grade software package, ready to be part of a wide range of products. C/OS-III is a highly portable, ROMable, scalable, preemptive real-time, multitasking kernel designed specifically to address the demanding requirements of today's embedded systems. C/OS-III is the successor to the highly popular C/OS-II real-time kernel but can use most of C/OS-II's ports with minor modifications. Some of the features of C/OS-III are: Preemptive multitasking with round-robin scheduling of tasks at the same priority Unlimited number of tasks and other kernel objects Rich set of services: semaphores, mutual exclusion semaphores with full priority inheritance, event flags, message queues, timers, fixed-size memory block management, and more. Built-in performance measurements

Processor Design provides insight into a number of different flavors of processor architectures and their design, software tool generation, implementation, and verification. After a brief introduction to processor architectures and how processor designers have sometimes failed to deliver what was expected, the authors introduce a generic flow for embedded on-chip processor design and start to explore the vast design space of on-chip processing. The types of processor cores covered include general purpose RISC cores, traditional DSP, a VLIW approach to signal processing, processor cores that can be customized for specific applications, reconfigurable processors, protocol processors, Java engines, and stream processors. Co-processor and multi-core design approaches that deliver application-specific performance over and above that which is available from single-core designs are also described.

This is a milestone in machine-assisted microprocessor verification. Gordon [20] and Hunt [32] led the way with their verifications of sim ple designs, Cohn [12, 13] followed this with the verification of parts of the VIPER microprocessor. This work illustrates how much these, and other, pioneers achieved in developing tractable models, scalable tools, and a robust methodology. A condensed review of previous re search, emphasising the behavioural model underlying this style of verification is followed by a careful, and remarkably readable, ac count of the SECD architecture, its formalisation, and a report on the organisation and execution of the automated correctness proof in HOL. This monograph reports on Graham's MSc project, demonstrat ing that - in the right hands - the tools and methodology for formal verification can (and therefore should?) now be applied by someone with little previous expertise in formal methods, to verify a non-trivial microprocessor in a limited timescale. This is not to belittle Graham's achievement; the production of this proof, work ing as Graham did from the previous literature, goes well beyond a typical MSc project. The achievement is that, with this exposition to hand, an engineer tackling the verification of similar microprocessor designs will have a clear view of the milestones that must be passed on the way, and of the methods to be applied to achieve them.

Contains a disk of all the example problems included in the book Embedded systems are altering the landscape of electronics manufacturing worldwide, giving many consumer products sophisticated capabilities undreamt of even a few years ago. The explosive proliferation of built-in computers and the variety of design methods developed in both industry and academia necessitates the sort of pragmatic guidance offered in Embedded Systems Design with 8051 Microcontrollers. This enormously practical reference/text explains the developments in microcontroller technology and provides lucid instructions on its many and varied applications-focusing on the popular 8-bit microcontroller, the 8051, and the 83C552. Outlines a systematic methodology for design of small-scale, control-dominated embedded systems Including end-of-chapter problems that reinforce essential concepts and end-of-chapter references with URLs, Embedded Systems Design with 8051 Microcontrollers reviews basic concepts, from logic gates to Internet appliances considers 8051 and 83C552 microcontrollers as parallel running processors and embedded peripherals introduces a coherent taxonomy and symbols for microcontroller flags provides a succession of assembly language examples such as electromechanical and digital clocks examines digital interfacing at two hierarchical levels: interface to typical system components and interaction with the outside world covers applications of analog interfacing, from elementary forms to advanced designs for speech machines discusses serial interfaces suitable for distributed embedded systems demonstrates the transition from classical design approaches to the hardware-software codesign with case studies of a simplified EPROM programmer and an EPROM emulator and more Profusely illustrated with over 250 drawings and diagrams, this state-of-the-art resource is a must-read reference for electrical, electronics, computer, industrial, and

For the near future, the recent predictions and roadmaps of silicon semiconductor technology all agree that the number of transistors on a chip will keep growing exponentially according to Moore's Law, pushing technology towards the system-on-a-chip (SOC) era. However, we are increasingly experiencing a productivity gap where the chip complexity that can be handled by current design teams falls short of the possibilities offered by technological advances. Together with growing time-to-market pressures, this drives the need for innovative measures to increase design productivity by orders of magnitude. It is commonly agreed that the solutions for achieving such a leap in design productivity lie in a shift of the focus of the design process to higher levels of abstraction on the one hand and in the massive reuse of predesigned, complex system components (intellectual property, IP) on the other hand. In order to be successful, both concepts eventually require the adoption of new languages and methodologies for system design, backed-up by the availability of a corresponding set of system-level design automation tools. This book presents the SpecC system-level design language (SLDL) and the corresponding SpecC design methodology. The SpecC language is intended for specification and design of SOCs or embedded systems including software and hardware, whether using fixed platforms, integrating systems from different IPs, or synthesizing the system blocks from programming or hardware description languages. SpecC Specification Language and Methodology describes the SpecC methodology that leads designers from an executable specification to an RTL implementation through a well-defined sequence of steps. Each model is described and guidelines are given for generating these models from executable specifications. Finally, the SpecC methodology is demonstrated on an industrial-size example. The design community is now entering the system level of abstraction era and SpecC is the enabling element to achieve a paradigm shift in design culture needed for system/product design and manufacturing. SpecC Specification Language and Methodology will be of interest to researchers, designers, and managers dealing with system-level design, design flows and methodologies as well as students learning system specification, modeling and design.

This book features a systematic description of microelectronic device design ranging from the basics to current topics, such as low-power/ultralow-voltage designs including subthreshold current reduction, memory subsystem designs for modern DRAMs and various on-chip supply-voltage conversion techniques. It also covers process and device issues as well as design issues relating to systems, circuits, devices and processes, such as signal-to-noise and redundancy.

For one or two-semester courses in Microprocessors or Intel 16-32 Bit Chips. Future designers of microprocessor-based electronic equipment need a systems-level understanding of the 80x86 microcomputer. This text offers thorough, balanced, and practical coverage of both software and hardware topics. Basic concepts are developed using the 8088 and 8086 microprocessors, but the 32-bit versions of the 80x86 family are also discussed. The authors examine how to assemble, run, and debug programs, and how to build, test, and troubleshoot interface circuits.

Learn the essentials of Networking and Embedded TCP/IP stacks. Part I of this comprehensive book provides a thorough explanation of Micri m's C/TCP-IP stack including its implementation and usage. Part II describes practical, working applications for embedded medical devices built on C/OS-III, C/TCP-IP and Freescale's TWR-K53N512 medical board (ARM Cortex -M4) using IAR developments tools. Each of the included examples feature hands-on working projects, which allow you to get your application running quickly, and can serve as a reference design to develop an embedded system connected to the Internet of Things. This book is the perfect complement to C/OS-III: The Real-Time Kernel for the ARM Cortex -M4 by Jean Labrosse (ISBN 978-0-9823375-2-3), as it uses the same medical application examples but connects them via TCP/IP. This book is written for serious embedded systems programmers, consultants, hobbyists, and students interested in understanding the inner workings of a TCP/IP stack. C/TCP-IP is more than just a great learning platform. It is a full commercial-grade software package, ready to serve as the foundation for a wide range of products. Some of the key topics covered in this book are: Ethernet technology and device drivers IP connectivity Client and Server architecture Socket programming UDP and TCP performance tuning

Embedded System Interfacing: Design for the Internet-of-Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) takes a comprehensive approach to the interface between embedded systems and software. It provides the principles needed to understand how digital and analog interfaces work and how to design new interfaces for specific applications. The presentation is self-contained and practical, with discussions based on real-world components. Design examples are used throughout the book to illustrate important concepts. This book is a complement to the author's Computers as Components, now in its fourth edition, which concentrates on software running on the CPU, while Embedded System Interfacing explains the hardware surrounding the CPU.

Fast and Effective Embedded Systems Design is a fast-moving introduction to embedded systems design, applying the innovative ARM mbed and its web-based development environment. Each chapter introduces a major topic in embedded systems, and proceeds as a series of practical experiments, adopting a "learning through doing" strategy. Minimal background knowledge is needed to start. C/C++ programming is applied, with a step-by-step approach which allows you to get coding quickly. Once the basics are covered, the book progresses to some "hot" embedded issues - intelligent instrumentation, wireless and networked systems, digital audio and digital signal processing. In this new edition all examples and peripheral devices are updated to use the most recent libraries and peripheral devices, with increased technical depth, and introduction of the "mbed enabled" concept. Written by two experts in the field, this book reflects on the experimental results, develops and matches theory to practice, evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the technology and techniques introduced, and considers applications in a wider context. New Chapters on: Bluetooth and ZigBee communication Internet communication and control, setting the scene for the 'Internet of Things' Digital Audio, with high-fidelity applications and use of the I2S bus Power supply, and very low power applications The development process of moving from prototyping to small-scale or mass manufacture, with a commercial case study.

The Designer's Guide to the Cortex-M Microcontrollers gives you an easy-to-understand introduction to the concepts required to develop programs in C with a Cortex-M based microcontroller. The book begins with an overview of the Cortex-M family, giving architectural descriptions supported with practical examples, enabling you to easily develop basic C programs to run on the Cortex-M0/M0+/M3 and M4 and M7. It then examines the more advanced features of the Cortex architecture such as memory protection, operating modes, and dual stack operation. Once a firm grounding in the Cortex-M processor has been established the book introduces the use of a small footprint RTOS and the CMSIS-DSP library. The book also examines techniques for software testing and code reuse specific to Cortex-M microcontrollers. With this book you will learn: the key differences between the Cortex-M0/M0+/M3 and M4 and M7; how to write C programs to run on Cortex-M based processors; how to make the best use of the CoreSight debug system; the Cortex-M operating modes and memory protection; advanced software techniques that can be used on Cortex-M microcontrollers; how to use a Real Time Operating System with Cortex-M devices; how to optimize DSP code for the Cortex-M4; and how to build real time DSP systems.

Exploring new trends in computer technology, Corporal introduces an innovative and exciting concept: Transport Triggered Architecture (TTAs). Unlike most traditional architectures, where programmed operations trigger internal data transports, TTAs function through programming the data transports themselves. As a result the new architecture alleviates bottlenecks, allows for new code-generation optimizations and exploits hardware more efficiently. Founded on the author’s recent research, this book evaluates the attributes of different classes of architectures. It demonstrates how TTAs can be used as a template for automatic generation of application-specific processors and highlights their suitability for embedded system design. Several commercial TTA implementations have proven its concepts and advantages.

Features includes:

• Complexity analysis of the data path of Instruction Level Parallel processors, particularly of VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word) and super-pipelined processors
• Derivation of the transport triggering concept illustrating processor simplification
• In-depth analysis of the architecture design space of TTAs and evaluation of architecture parameters
• Examination of the control and pipelining of instruction, function and register units
• Description of a trajectory for the automatic synthesis of TTAs for arbitrary applications written in a high-level language
• Detailed description of a prototype TTA processor enabling the reader to design an embedded computer system with excellent cost-performance ratio

Microprocessor Architectures is cutting-edge text which will prove invaluable to both industrial hardware and software engineers involved in embedded system design and to postgraduate electrical engineering and computer science students. This clearly-structured reference demonstrates the versatility of TTAs and explores their influential role in the next generation of computer architecture.

A unique system focus that presents specific solutions for specific appliances
This publication presents state-of-the-art power management techniques for modern electronic appliances that rely on such very large-scale integration (VLSI) chips as CPUs and DSPs. The author thoroughly covers all aspects of the field, including semiconductor manufacturing processes, packages, circuits, functions, and systems. A unique and significant contribution to the field, the publication adopts a "system focus" by first presenting the appliance and then delving into the power management architecture and topologies that best serve each appliance.
In addition to specific techniques and applications, the publication discusses fundamental physical and socioeconomic issues. For example, the author examines Moore's law and its effect on power management and heat dissipation, which points to a future breakthrough needed to continue the fast pace of advancement in the high-tech industry.
The author provides a solid technical foundation and an analysis of popular electronic appliances, including:
* Overview of the semiconductor industry
* Plain-English discussion of semiconductor processes and packages
* Step-by-step guide to analog design building from the transistor to higher-level functions, leading to the implementation of a complete voltage regulator
* Popular DC-DC voltage regulation architectures
* AC-DC architectures for power conversion
* Ultra-portable devices, such as cellular phones, PDAs, and digital still cameras
* Desktop and notebook PCs
The publication concludes with a chapter on special power management topics and an expert forecast of future directions for the field. This is essential reading for researchers, engineers, and designers in the semiconductor and integrated circuits industries. With its extensive use of cross-section drawings as well as transistor circuit schematics, this is also a recommended textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in computer science and electrical engineering.

Focusing on resource awareness in field-programmable gate array (FPGA) design, Applications of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays in Scientific Research covers the principle of FPGAs and their functionality. It explores a host of applications, ranging from small one-chip laboratory systems to large-scale applications in "big science." The book first describes various FPGA resources, including logic elements, RAM, multipliers, microprocessors, and content-addressable memory. It then presents principles and methods for controlling resources, such as process sequencing, location constraints, and intellectual property cores. The remainder of the book illustrates examples of applications in high-energy physics, space, and radiobiology. Throughout the text, the authors remind designers to pay attention to resources at the planning, design, and implementation stages of an FPGA application, in order to reduce the use of limited silicon resources and thereby reduce system cost. Supplying practical know-how on an array of FPGA application examples, this book provides an accessible overview of the use of FPGAs in data acquisition, signal processing, and transmission. It shows how FPGAs are employed in laboratory applications and how they are flexible, low-cost alternatives to commercial data acquisition systems. Web Resource A supporting website at http: //scipp.ucsc.edu/hartmut/FPGA offers more details on FPGA programming and usage. The site contains design elements of the case studies from the book, including VHDL code, detailed schematics of selected projects, photographs, and screen shots.