A sweeping history that tracks the development of trade and industry across the world, from Ancient Rome to today.From the development of international trade fairs in the twelfth century to the innovations made in China, India, and the Arab world, it turns out that historical economies were much more sophisticated that we might imagine, tied together by webs of credit and financial instruments much like our modern economy.Here, Philip Coggan takes us from the ancient mountains of North Wales through Grand Central station and the great civilizations of Mesopotamia to the factories of Malaysia, showing how changes in agriculture, finance, technology, work, and demographics have driven the progress of human civilization. It's the story of how trade became broader and deeper over thousands of years; how governments have influenced economies, for good or ill; and how societies have repeatedly tried to tame, and harness, finance. More shows how, at every step of our long journey, it was the connection between people that resulted in more trade, more specialization, more freedom, and ultimately, more prosperity.

This volume presents a collection of the most important published articles in the field, including influential papers by key economists on terms of primary products, commodity price instability, stabilization programmes, trade shocks, futures markets and sectoral studies.The Economics of Commodity Markets will be an essential reference guide for students and researchers specializing in international trade and development.

This book charts the course of monetary policy in the UK from 1967 to 1982. It shows how events such as the 1967 devaluation, the collapse of Bretton Woods, the stagflation of the 1970s, and the IMF loan of 1976 all shaped policy. It shows that the 'monetarist' experiment of the 1980s was based on a fundamental misreading of 1970s monetary policy.

Globalization and information and communications technology (ICT) have played a pivotal role in revolutionizing value creation through the development of human capital formation. The constantly changing needs and structure of the labour market are primarily responsible for the conversion of a traditional economy relying fundamentally on the application of physical abilities to a knowledge-based economy relying on ideas, technologies and innovations. In this economy, knowledge has to be created, acquired, developed, transmitted, preserved and utilized for the improvement of individual and social welfare. Comparative Advantage in the Knowledge Economy: A National and Organizational Resource provides a comprehensive and insightful understanding of all the dimensions of a transition from a traditional to a knowledge economy. It attempts to explain how educational achievement, skilled manpower, investment in knowledge capital and analytics will be the key to success of a nation's comparative advantage in the globalized era. The volume should be of interest to students, researchers and teachers of economics, policy makers and advanced graduate students with an interest in economic analyses and development policy.

This book will provide a thorough introduction to the foreign exchange markets, looking at the main products through to the techniques used, coverage of the main participants, details of the various players, and an understanding of the jargon used in everyday dealings. Written in a concise and accessible manner, it will be an ideal introduction for anyone looking to become involved in the FX markets, from dealing rooms or sales perspectives, to novice investors.
The new edition has been updated to reflect the changes that have taken place in the industry over the past few years. Most chapters have been enhanced and this new edition now features new material on the psychology of trading, the psychology of price movement and online trading.

The World Bank considers financial inclusion to be an enabler for at least 7 of the 17 United Nation's sustainable development goals (SDGs). Financial inclusion, with its associated policy implications, is an important issue for ASEAN. This book examines the economic effects of financial inclusion. It explores issues surrounding measurement and impact of financial inclusion. The book looks at various, salient topics including measurement of financial inclusion, the impact of (various indicators of) financial inclusion on development outcomes and macroeconomic volatility using aggregate data, as well as the effects of financial inclusion on poverty and development outcomes using micro data.

This book is a product of applying info-gap decision theory to policy formulation and evaluation in monetary economics and related domains. Info-gap theory has been applied to planning and decision problems in many areas, including engineering, biological conservation, project management, economics, medicine, homeland security, and more.

This volume demonstrates how monetary and financial organizations in the United States and abroad can be improved through a new addition to traditional monetary policy. Cooperation theory, a system developed from games theory, is shown to provide an appropriate action/reaction approach that can lead to cooperation without abandoning the free market. Institutional, theoretical, and empirical results of game theory, computer simulation, monetary theory, and policy analysis are woven together so that each reinforces the other. The text clearly stresses that although unilateral, noncooperative action may result in short-term advantage for an organization, it ultimately leads to long-term losses for all in the economic system.

"Monetary Reform and Cooperation Theory" opens with a discussion of cooperation theory. It goes on to address improving the monetary financial organization. Bureaucracy and philosophy are analyzed, along with reform in the banking industry and banking in other countries. The book concludes with issues of international creditors and debtors. This work is full of useful information for the general economist, political scientist, and layman on the complex issue of monetary reform and the positive role cooperation theory can play in this vital process.

This is a comprehensive, critical introduction to the sociology of money, covering many topics, from the origins of money to its function today. Though our coins, bank notes and electronic tokens do function as means of exchange, money is in fact a social, intangible institution. This book shows that money does indeed rule the world. Exploring the unlikely origins of money in early societies and amidst the first civilizations, the book moves onto inherent liaison with finance, including the logic of financial markets. Turning to the contemporary politics of money, monetary experiments and reform initiatives such as Bitcoin and positive money, it finally reveals the essentially monetary constitution of modern society itself. Through criticizing the simplistic exchange paradigm of standard economics and rational choice theory, it demonstrates instead that money matters because it embodies social relations.

This innovative book uses mainstream theoretical analysis to explain the successes and failures of monetary reforms. Andreas Freytag argues that there is a systematic economic relationship between the success of a reform, the degree of monetary commitment and the institutional setting in a particular country. The book begins with a theoretical discussion of this relationship, and a formalisation of the theory of monetary reform. It goes on to offer an empirical assessment of the theory, using cross-section methods and case studies, before finally presenting economic policy options for countries facing monetary problems. Success and Failure in Monetary Reform will be of unique interest to economists and central banks. Scholars and students of monetary economics all over the world, in particular in developing countries, will also find this book invaluable.

Classical Economics, Keynes and Money casts new light on an approach to economic theory and policy that combines the modern classical theory of prices and income distribution with a Keynesian analysis of money and finance. Structured in four parts, the work considers issues within classical economics, monetary economics, Keynesian and post-Keynesian Economics, rationality and economic methodology. These themes are all central to the work of Carlo Panico, and the chapters both reflect on and build on his key contributions to the field. This collection is of interest to advanced students and researchers in the history of economic thought, monetary theory, financial economics and heterodox economics.

In his book, Cole points out that a simple monetarist model can explain Latin Amercian inflation, although it cannot by itself provide an explanation in terms of the ultimate causes of inflation. This is the basis of the structuralist critique, which attempts to provide an explanation in a deeper, overall sense. The author concludes that while the monetarist model deals with empirical testing and data, the structuralist approach highlights the human element and country-specific circumstances that cannot really be measured. In addition, an analysis of the recent Bolivian hyperinflation is given.

This authoritative book analyses the recent problems associated with the UK's monetary system and suggests a long-term solution to control bank lending in the future. It draws on extensive historical material, discussions with former senior officials and politicians, and the perceptive insights of Gordon Pepper, an advisor to Margaret Thatcher when the foundations of monetary control were being laid, to revisit and re-examine the monetarist experiment of the 1980s. The authors argue that, in spite of the instinct of the Prime Minister, the authorities never attempted to control the supply of money in the 1980s and only paid lip service to controlling the demand for money. Extraordinary behaviour of bank lending was a significant cause of the Barber boom in the mid-1970s, of the Lawson boom of the 1980s and of the depth of the recession in the early 1990s. They assert that varying interest rates is an ineffective tool to manage lending and controversially propose that the only enduring solution is to control the banks' reserves. The authors forcefully argue that should the UK not become a member of the European Single Currency the debate surrounding monetary base control will need to be reopened. By reassessing a significant era in British economic policy and suggesting a strategy for the future, this book will be of great interest to economic historians, monetary and political economists, policymakers and investment advisers.

This book is an authoritative collection of the most important published articles on key issues in securities markets including market design, the sources of the bid ask spread, and the short term movement of prices. The articles trace the development of this relatively new field of market microstructure while at the same time reflecting the latest ideas. At a time when securities markets are undergoing dramatic change, this two volume set provides important guidance to students, users and regulators of securities markets.

Dramatic changes in the foreign exchange and money markets have considerably altered the way international business will be conducted in the new millennium. The advent of the Euro, the enormous growth of the swaps market, and the daily increase in the development of derivative instruments are at the forefront of this evolution. If you're an investor, corporate finance officer, or anyone seeking to gain the essential edge in the world's major financial markets, resources for sound, accessible, and timely information are more important than ever. This updated, totally revised, and expanded edition of finance expert Julian Walmsley's popular classic is the one book you'll need. Practical and easy-to-understand, this unique reference provides guidance on every important market around the world, including closely related money markets such as the commercial paper and Eurocommercial paper markets, national money markets, interest rate options markets, and numerous related instruments. You will also find state-of-the-art sections on:
* The Euro
* Swaps-the instrument with the fastest growing market of all time
* Money market calculations
* Foreign exchange calculations
* Derivatives
* Risk issues

From currency option markets to the "third generation" hedging products that combine forwards and options, The Foreign Exchange and Money Markets Guide, Second Edition, unites volumes of information in one single source-and demystifies the seemingly complex concepts facing investors today. Julian Walmsley is Managing Director of Askeaton Associates Ltd. and a Visiting Research Fellow at the International Securities Market Association Centre for Securities Research at the University of Reading, England. Previously, he was Chief Investment Officer for Mitsubishi Finance International and also Senior Investment Officer for Oil Insurance in Bermuda. He spent many years working with Barclays Bank's foreign exchange operations and their interest rate and currency swaps group in London and New York, and was a director in charge of swaps at the London subsidiary of National Bank of North Carolina (NCNB). His other books include New Financial Instruments and The Foreign Exchange Handbook (both published by Wiley), and Global Investing: Eurobonds and Alternatives. Mr. Walmsley earned his MA in economics at Cambridge University.

THE CLASSIC GUIDEBOOK COMPLETELY REVISED AND UPDATED FOR THE NEW MILLENNIUM

Written by a well-known financial author and respected authority on international investing, trading, and risk management, this updated, totally revised, and expanded second edition of The Foreign Exchange and Money Markets Guide provides essential, easy-to-understand coverage of the considerable developments that have drastically reshaped the way international business will be conducted in the new millennium. From state-of-the-art sections on the dawn of the Euro, the rapidly growing swaps market, and the daily increase in derivative instruments, to money market and foreign exchange calculations and risk issues, this invaluable classic includes the most timely, accessible, and dependable information on every important market around the world. Here is the quintessential resource for institutional investors, bankers, pension fund managers, or anyone seeking to gain that crucial edge in the world's major financial markets.

This important collection of previously published articles and papers, together with an original introduction by the editor, provides both a comprehensive overview of the subject and a more detailed examination of the issues. Topics covered include: the objectives and effectiveness of foreign exchange intervention; the portfolio-balance and expectations channel; new approaches to foreign exchange intervention; technical analysis, private information and game-theoretic models.

Radical change seems to be the only panacea for inefficient economies. This work takes a look at the financial system and its function in socialist central planning economies. It provides an explanation of the partial reforms in socialist economies from the 1950s to 1988. With Yugoslavia as the example, the work discusses financial and monetary reforms and adjustments in socialist economies. An explanation of monetary reform includes the changes in the role of financial intermediation and monetary policy goals, target and instruments, and methodological questions. General conclusions about recent monetary reforms in socialist economies completes the discussion. Scholars, students, and those interested in comparative, developmental, international, and historical economics will find this a valuable resource and interesting reading. It is an especially useful book at the graduate and seminar level.

This book reveals the surprising role that credit, money created ex nihilo by financiers, played in raising the British government's war loans between 1793 and 1815. Using often overlooked contemporary objections to the National Debt a startling paradox is revealed as it is shown how the government's ostensible creditors had, in fact, very little "real" money to lend and were instead often reliant for their own solvency upon the very government they were lending to. By following the careers of unsuccessful loan-contractors, who went bankrupt lending to the government, to the triumphant career of the House of Rothschild; who successfully "exported" the British system of war-financing abroad with the coming of peace, the symbiotic relationship that existed between the British government and their ostensible creditors is revealed. Also highlighted is the power granted to the (technically bankrupt) Bank of England over credit and the money supply, an unprecedented and highly influential development that filled many contemporaries with horror. This is a tale of bankruptcy, stock market manipulation, bribery and institutional corruption that continues to exert its influence today and will be of interest to anyone interested in government financing, debt and the origins of modern finance.

The existence of fiat currencies has long been cited as one of the major contributing factors to the challenges facing contemporary economies, and the current monetary system is not only a key source of exorable increases in interest rates but also a principal cause of inflation and decline in the value of money in many countries. The editors argue that an Islamic monetary system, with its specific money concepts, interest-free financial institutions, and monetary policy embedded in real growth, provides a solution to this conundrum. Contributions from many world-renowned experts consider a wide array of topics, ranging from the theoretical concepts of money and banking in conventional and Islamic economics to the historical journey of money from precious metals to plastic money and digital currency today. The book outlines the problems that sprout from interest-based banking and multiple debt structures. It then mirrors the Islamic concepts of money as well as idiosyncrasies of its monetary policy. Supported with meticulous research and empirical evidence, the book demonstrates the efficacy of Islamic monetary system in delivering real growth along with equitable distribution of wealth and prosperity in the economy. It additionally acquaints the readers with juristic debates about money and monetary policy. This is essential reading for both students and researchers in Islamic economics, banking, and finance, expertly promoting a fair and just economic system that emerges as a result of interest-free banking and monetary policy based on Islamic principles.

The dramatic growth of international capital flow has provided unprecedented opportunities and risks in emerging markets. This book is the result of a conference exploring this phenomenon, sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. The issues explored include direct versus portfolio investment; exchange rates and economic growth; and optimal exchange rate policy for stabilizing inflation in developing countries. It concludes with a panel discussion on central bank coordination in the midst of exchange rate instability.

Walter Bagehot noticed once that "John Bull can stand many things, but he cannot stand two per cent." Well, for several years, he has had to stand interest rates well below that, in some countries even below zero. However, despite this sacrifice, the economic recovery from the Great Recession has been disappointingly weak. This book's aim is to answer this question. The central thesis of the book is that the standard understanding of the monetary transmission mechanism is flawed. That understanding adopts erroneous assumptions-such as, that low interest rates always stimulate economic growth by boosting the credit supply, investment, and consumption-and does not fully take into account several unintended channels of monetary policy, such as risk-taking, high level of debt, or zombification of the economy. In other words, the effectiveness of monetary policy is limited during economic downturns accompanied by the debt overhang and the balance sheet recession, and generates negative effects, which can make the policy counterproductive. The author provides a thorough analysis of the issues related to the interest rates in the conduct of monetary policy, such as the risk-taking channel of monetary policy, the portfolio-balance channel and the wealth effect, zombie firms in the economy, the misallocation of resources, as well as the neutral interest rate targeting and the difference between the neutral and natural interest rate and the negative interest rate policy. The book is written in an accessible and engaging manner and will be a valuable resource for scholars of monetary economics as well as readers interested in (unconventional) monetary policy.

State-owned enterprises (SOEs) combine economic activities resulting from their position on the market with non-economic functions determined by the state owner. In many of the world's major economies, SOEs play an important role, and in some, such as China, India, Russia and Brazil, they are outright dominant. At the same time, the existence of SOEs is largely ignored by economic theory and the current figures on SOEs on a global scale available in the literature are questionable in terms of their methodological validity and thus they do not allow for a proper cross-country analysis. This book fills this research gap. It focuses on the scope and importance of SOEs in a broad group of the largest economies, primarily on a variety of quantitative estimates. It contains the results of an extensive and unique empirical study of 37 of the world's largest economies over the period from 2009 to 2018. The findings showed that the average share of SOEs - measured by operating revenues and total assets - in the group of the largest 100 enterprises (Top 100) of a given country is nearly 30%, while in the Top 20 group it is even slightly higher. The authors present an econometric analysis showing the relationship between the scope of SOEs and the various economic and non-economic characteristics of the studied set of countries. The book also contains an in-depth discussion of selected key issues, such as the functions of SOEs in various types of economies, the role of SOEs in capital markets and the phenomenon of SOEs with foreign capital. This work is addressed to both academic economists, dealing with macroeconomics and economic policy, as well as researchers and analysts from various international organizations and think-tanks.

The authors predict that the impact will be far-reaching, leading to a more liquid, mature and efficient capital market. The structure of capital markets in Europe and the behaviour of actors in these markets will be fundamentally affected, leading to a more integrated market. For monetary union to achieve its real objective, policy makers will need to address a wide variety of outstanding issues, in particular the taxation of savings income, accounting standards, capital market regulation and financial supervision.
The start of monetary union on 1 January 1999 launched a process of radical change in the structure of capital markets in Europe. Whereas previously, Europe had been fragmented into many diverse national markets, a single Euro capital market is now emerging.
This book focuses on the long-term impact that the introduction of the euro will have on European capital markets and spells out implications for the financial sector and the wider economy. It discusses what further steps need to be taken to achieve a fully integrated market.
In particular, the book examines:
* The institutional and regulatory framework for European capital markets
* The structure of European capital markets on the eve of EMU
* The regional differences and the contrasts with the US capital market
* The central role played by banks in European capital markets and the likelihood that a more market-based system may emerge
* The implications of EMU for organised securities markets
* The consequences for governance and policy, and more in particular for the taxation of savings income, securities market regulation and financial supervision