Die klassische Magistralrezeptur hat eine lange Tradition und stutzt sich vorwiegend auf Empirie. In der Praxis sind nahezu 50% der durch Dermatologen verordneten Externa Magistralrezepturen. Es ist unumganglich, dass die Magistralrezeptur dem gegenwartigen Stand des wissenschaftlichen Fortschrittes angepasst wird. Obsolete Wirkstoffe mussen vermieden werden. Die Galenik soll optimalisiert werden. Ahnlich wie bei Spezialitaten soll sich der verordnende Arzt darauf verlassen konnen, dass bei empfohlenen Magistralrezepturen die pharmakologische Wirkung des Wirkstoffes in der Grundlage gesichert oder zumindest sehr wahrscheinlich ist. Externagrundlagen fur bestimmte Indikationen sollen gezielt unter wissenschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten zusammengestellt werden. Hauptanliegen des Buches sind gezielte therapeutische Empfehlungen unter diesen Gesichtspunkten."

In recent years, a dedicated effort has been made to understand the immune dysfunction that is associated with major psychiatric disorders. The expanding knowledge of the immune system as a major homeostatic system has been very helpful in indicating new potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets to reduce the burden of psychiatric disorders. Indeed, immune cells, their secreted molecules, and cell signalling events are highly promising. Yet, the literature on immunology of psychiatric disorders is still dispersed, and only a few attempts have been made to consolidate the current knowledge in this expanding area. This book assembles and presents the available data on the immune/inflammatory dysfunction in psychiatric disorders, indicating the potential of immune mechanisms as either biomarkers or therapeutic targets, as well as discussing the challenges ahead of incorporating this knowledge into clinical practice. An international team of senior experts in the field review all psychiatric disorders in order to provide an integrated, in-depth understanding of the role of immune changes in psychiatric diseases for mental health clinicians as well as for researchers in immunology, psychiatry, neurology, and pharmacology.

As the medicinal plant industry blooms into a billion dollar business, it reaches beyond collection, propagation, harvesting and sale of crude vegetal drugs into product formulation, packaging and dispensing of sophisticated phyto-pharmaceuticals and herbal preparations. The scientific study of these medicines and the systematic uplifting of the industry to preserve the ancient and serve the modern, is now a global challenge. The Medicinal Plant Industry puts together the various facets of this multi-disciplinary industry and its global interest. It discusses the dire need for developing countries to acquire technologies and techniques for programmed cultivation of medicinal plants. It addresses a wide variety of topics including the old philosophies, modern impact of traditional medicines, and methods of assessing the spontaneous flora for industrial utilization. It covers aspects of cultivation and climatic variations, biological assessment and formulation, process technologies, phytochemical research and information sources. The book reviews highly developed traditional medicine in China and India, and covers experiences in Africa and other continents.

In this compendium the clinical and pharmacological properties of Ginkgo biloba, a standardized drug and the subject of increasing worldwide interest, are closely portrayed. Results of studies are presented here which illustrate the influence of Ginkgo on haemodynamic and rheologic parameters, metabolism and neurotransmitters. In addition to papers reporting on experimental research, data are also presented which provide firm interdisciplinary evidence for its successful therapeutic application, above all in the following indication areas: cerebral insufficiency with accompanying symptoms of dizziness, tinnitus, headache and memory loss, lability of mood and anxious states, and peripheral arterial disease.

Prescribing for children is problematic. Children are not small adults in terms of their physiology, and they cannot be subjects in clinical trials. This makes prescribing for them something of an art and a daunting one at that for trainees. Will Carroll (co-editor of the Illustrated Textbook of Paediatrics amongst other titles for paediatrics trainees) with a team of fellow paediatricians and a hospital pharmacist have sought to demystify prescribing for children. The team has identified what from their experience are the most common drugs prescribed to children and have addressed each one, adding detail about how each medicine works. Each chapter follows the ABCDE structure covering Absorption, Biological effects, Clearance, Dosing and side Effects in children. This book is a succinct, portable reference, modelled closely on Hitchings et al.: The Top 100 Drugs. Written in conjunction with a hospital pharmacist for drug expertise. User-friendly double-page-spread approach. Each drug entry preceded by clinical pharmacology information with consistent headings: Why and when; Absorption; Biology. Each drug presented in consistent categories: Clearance; Dosing; Administration; Side effects and interactions; Monitoring and Cost.

The papers in this volume are the invited lectures at the Second Workshop on Amine Oxidases held at the Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 2 to 4 August 1986. It was a great pleasure for the organizers to see, in Uppsala, so many old and new friends, all brought together by our common interest in the fascinating field of Amine Oxidases. The Workshop was the successor of a long row of successful predecessors to start with the 1972 meeting in Cagliari, Sardinia, and recently preceded by the first meeting of Workshop design, held in Cambridge 1984. Several of the previous meetings have been dedicated to distinguished senior research workers within the field. To start this Workshop a memorial lecture was given. This lecture, given by Prof. T. P. Singer, was dedicated to the late Prof. K. Kamijo, who was one of the pioneers of what is now worldwide interest in Amine Oxidases and who organized the superb meeting in Hakone 1981. To the great honour of all the participants the family of the late Prof. Kamijo visited the Workshop. Abstracts of all the presentations have been published as a Supplement of Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica (Copenhagen).

The microelectrode technique is today the most widely used method in electrophy- siology. Microelectrodes offer a unique approach to measurements of electrical pa- rameters and ion activities of single cells. Several important breakthroughs in trans- port physiology have arisen from microelectrode studies. Undoubtedly, there is a progressively wide-spread use of conventional and ion-selective microelectrodes. Due to their particular dimension and properties micro electrodes are exclusive- ly applied to measurements on living matter. This must have many consequences to my thoughts on experiments with microelectrodes. In this book, my concern is fo- cussing on the description of an intracellular method that should lead to reliable in- formation on cellular parameters. The methodical basis for any meaningful applica- tion is treated extensively. However, technical perfection and accurate results are not the only concern when working on animals and human beings. Rather, my thoughts are governed by the intellectual and moral mastery of the experimental ap- proach on living subjects. A measurement with microelectrodes usually necessitates the sacrifice of an ani- mal. This is an immense fact, and means that the knowledge gained by the experi- ment must justify the death of a living subject.

Taking medication is a common occurrence for many people, whether it is to soothe an aching head, regulate blood sugars, or to treat life threatening conditions. In the UK alone, over 900 million prescriptions are dispensed every year. Overseeing all of this are pharmacists: experts in medicines and their use. Pharmaceutical Chemistry provides a wide-ranging overview of organic chemistry as applied to the study and practice of pharmacy. Drugs are simply chemicals, so to fully understand their manufacture, formulation, and the way they work in our bodies, a knowledge of organic compounds and their reactions is essential. By reading this book, students will begin to understand how a drug molecule is made; the process that turns it into a medicine; the role the pharmacist has when dispensing that medicine; and what happens in the body when it is taken. Most importantly, the text shows how each of these aspects are integrated, helping you to see the bigger picture. Pharmaceutical Chemistry is available for students and institutions to purchase in a variety of formats, and is supported by online resources. The ebook offers a mobile experience and convenient access: www.oxfordtextbooks.co.uk/ebooks. The online resources include: For students: - Self-assessment questions to help the reader to check and reinforce understanding of the material introduced in each chapter - Bonus material to accompany chapters 3, 7 and 11 - Answers to self-check questions from the book For registered adopters of the book: - Figures from the book, available to download.

"The chemical laboratory is actually not a dangerous place to work in, but it demands a reasonable prudence on the part of the experimenters and instructers, to keep it a safe place. Emphasis must be positive, indicating the proper, correct and safe procedure to be followed in all laboratory operations or when confron ted with an emergency situation. Too heavy stress upon the horrors associated with laboratory accidents or graphic descriptions of gory injuries or nasty fires should be avoided. Frightened, timid students are more likely to have accidents than the confident laboratory man who works with due regard to safety. " This statement, written by 1. R. Young (1) in 1971, in The Journal of Chemical Education, applies not only to students working in the chemical laboratory but can be extended to all scientists and technicians working with hazardous products, and in particular with chemical carcinogens. The hazards of handling toxic or dangerous chem icals have been well documented. Besides safety notices and articles in the scientific literature, a large number of books have been dedicated to this subject, among which can be cited Safety and Accident Prevention in Chemical Operations (2), Handbook of Laboratory Safety (3), Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory (4), 1 Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards (5), Safety in Working with Chemicals (6) and Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories (7).

The nitrates have remarkable clinical effects that have stood the test of time in the management of ischemic heart disease. What is unusual about this class of com pounds is that, after many years of clinical use, we are still exploring new avenues as to the vascular mechanisms of their effect, their applications in treating other clini cal conditions, and the development of products with more favorable pharmacoki netic properties. This volume represents the proceedings of a symposium held June 14-16, 1984, in Montreux. The papers were selected to explore the current state of knowledge re garding the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and clinical efficacy of ni trates. Particular attention has been given to newer studies utilizing the 5-mononi trate metabolite of isosorbide dinitrate, a drug whose pharmacokinetic properties may make it an important new agent in the treatment of angina and congestive heart failure. One of the benefits of an international meeting of experts sharing their views on an internationally used group of drugs is that differences in concepts and clinical practice become apparent and can be discussed. The Montreux forum made it clear that clinicians in North and South America and Europe have diverging views on how the nitrates should be used."

Trichloroethylene (TRI), administered orally at high doses for 18 months has been shown to increase the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in B6C3F 1 mice but not Osborne-Mendel rats (NCI, 1976). The interpretation of these studies has been confounded due to the presence of epoxide stabilizers in the TRI. However more recent studies have demonstrated that pure TRI also causes hepatocellular carcinoma in B6C3F mice (NTP, 1983) and Aldedey Park (Swiss) mice (Elcombe 1 and Pratt, unpublished data). Furthermore, no increase in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was observed in Fisher 344 rats administered pure TRI (NTP, 1983). TRI has been extensively examined for mutagenic potential, but many studies were bedeviled by the presence of mutagenic epoxide stabilizers. However, in general, TRI has been found to be only 'marginally' mutagenic or non-mutagenic (Greim et ai., 1975; Simmon et ai., 1977; Bronzetti et ai., 1978; Waskell, 1978; Bartsch et ai., 1979; Slacik-Erben et ai., 1980). Covalent binding of trichloroethylene or its metabolites to protein, RNA and DNA has been illustrated in vitro (Van Duuren and Banerjee, 1976; Bolt et ai., 1977; Bolt and Filser, 1977; Uehleke and Poplawski-Tabarelli, 1977; Banerjee and Van Dauren, 1978). However, in vivo, only extremely low (indistinguishable from protein binding) or zero binding of TRI metabolites to DNA has been reported (Parchman and Magee, 1982; Stott et ai., 1982).

The International Life Sciences Institute (lLSI) is a scientific foundation wh ich addresses critical health and safety issues of national and international concern. ILSI promotes international cooperation by pro viding the mechanism for scientists from government, industry and universities to work together on cooperative programs to generate and disseminate scientific data. The members and trustees of the Institute believe that questions regarding health and safety are best resolved when scientists can ex amine and discuss issues, as an independent body, se arate from the political pressures of individual countries and the economic concerns of individual companies. Frequently, meaningful assessment of the risk of a test substance is hindered by the inherent inconsistencies in the system. The development and refinement of methods and systems to evaluate the safety of chemicals have evolved in a rapid and largely unplanned fashion. Attempts to improve the system have largely been directed toward broad general concerns, with little attention being given to specific problems or issues. A failure to resolve these problems has frequently resulted in increased testing costs and complications in the assessment and extrapolation of the results. Publicity surrounding toxicologic issues has created chronic public apprehension about the ability of science and government to deal effectively with these problems. In response to these difficulties, ILSI has assembled highly qualified and renowned scientists from research institutes, universities, government and industry, with relevant scientific knowledge and expertise regarding the issues that complicate risk assessment procedures."

Die pharmazeutische Industrie weist gegenuber anderen Branchen einige Besonderheiten auf, die in der allgemeinen Industriebetriebslehre nicht ausreichend berucksichtigt werden. Das vorliegende Buch befasst sich daher mit den speziellen volkswirtschaftlichen und betriebswirtschaftlichen Aspekten der pharmazeutischen Industrie. Neueinsteigern in diese Branche bietet es einen umfassenden Uberblick, gestandene Praktiker konnen sich uber Spezialaspekte und neuere Ansatze informieren. Beitrage von Autoren aus Wissenschaft, Unternehmen und Beratungspraxis."

After a compound and its various effects - or, as the case may be, any particular one of these - have been discovered there is still a long way ahead until it is available for use in daily practice as a finished product. Before reaching the doctor, the substance is examined by chemists, pharmacologists and pharmacists - just to mention a few of the most important stages in a whole research sequence. Before the drug is finally made available on the market, the findings resulting from animal experiments must be confirmed in clinical studies. The expectations involved in its development must be met, and sufficient evidence has to be established as to the drug's effects and side effects, indications and contraindications, and the questions of safe use and appropriate dosage. Only then may the drug be registered and introduced to the market. In this respect Metipranolol eye drops, which have recently been launched on the market, formed no exception and had likewise to go through all these various stages. A series of investigators at many different centers participated in this procedure, and at the invitation of the manufacturers, Messrs. Dr. Gerhard Mann, they assembled for discussions at a symposium held in Berlin in January 1983, and reported on the substance and their experiences with it.

In October 1982, a small international symposium was held at the Gesellschaft fUr Strahlen- und Umweltforschung mbH (GSF) in Munich as a satellite meeting of the IX International Conference on Analytical Cytology. The symposium focussed on cytometric approaches to biological dosimetry, and was, to the best of our knowledge, the first meeting on this subject ever held. There was strong encouragement from the 75 attendees and from others to publish a proceedings of the symposium. Hence this book, containing 30 of the 36 presentations, has been assembled. Dosimetry, the accurate and systematic determination of doses, usually refers to grams of substance administered or rads of ionization or some such measure of exposure of a patient, a victim or an experimental system. The term also can be used to describe the quantity of an ultimate, active agent as delivered to the appropriate target material within a biological system. Thus, for mutagens, one can speak of DNA dosimetry, meaning the number of adducts produced in the DNA of target cells such as bone-mar row stem cells or spermatogonia."

The International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) is a scientific foundation which addresses critical health and safety issues of national and international concern. ILSI promotes international cooperation by providing the mechanism for sci entists from government, industry and universities to work together on co operative programs to generate and disseminate scientific data. The members and trustees of the Institute believe that questions regarding health and safety are best resolved when scientists can examine and discuss issues, as an in dependent body, separate from the political pressures of individual countries and the economic concerns of individual companies. Frequently, meaningful assessment of the risk of a test substance is hindered by the inherent inconsistencies in the system. The development and refinement of methods and systems to evalute the safety of chemicals have evolved in a rapid and largely unplanned fashion. Attempts to improve the system have largely been directed toward broad general concerns, with little attention being given to specific problems or issues. A failure to resolve these problems has frequently resulted in increased testing costs and complications in the assessment and extrapolation of the results. In response to these difficulties, ILSI has assembled highly qualified and renowned scientists from research institutes, universities, government and in dustry, with relevant scientific knowledge and expertise regarding the issues that complicate risk assessment procedures."

"Rheumatic Disease" is the second monograph in a new series on management and treatment in major clinical subspecialties and patient groups. Further volumes will be published over the next few years. Each book is complete in its own right. The whole series, however, has been prepared to fill a gap, perceived by the publisher, myself and the volume authors, between standard text books of medicine and therapeutics and research reviews, sympo sia' and original articles in specialist fields. Each volume aims to provide a concise, up to date account of treatment in its subject area with particular reference to drug therapy. Wherever pos sible, authorship has been undertaken by practising clinicians who themselves have training and experience in clinical pharma cology. The volumes are intended to be guides to treatment, to assist in the choice of drug and other treatment and to provide easy references to drug interactions and adverse reactions. The aims of the series should be upheld by this volume on "Rheumatic Disease." The book has been prepared in Glasgow and Newcastle. The authors, Drs. Hilary Capell, Terry Daymond and Carson Dick, are not only respected clinicians and rheumato logists but have wide clinical and research experience in the clinical pharmacology of antirheumatic drugs and therapeutic management of connective tissue disease and other areas of rheumatology. This volume combines practical pragmatic man agement with new concepts in drug treatment."

Drugs may cause disease, or they may aggravate the morbidity of the condition for which they are prescribed, and certain patients may for one or other reason be particularly liable to drug injury. The inextricable relationships between the toxic profiles of drugs, the natural history of the diseases for which they are given, and the adverse drug effects that may develop in the course of such diseases are of considerable interest. It is the study of these rather neglected aspects of pharmacology and therapeutics which has formed the basis of this book. An explanation is required of the approach and the style which have been followed. The monograph does not purport to be comprehensive. Only important drug groups which are commonly used in practice are considered. Emphasis has been placed on achieving maximum benefit and safety of the appropriate drugs in the management of common illnesses. When treatment fails, either ab initio or subsequent to an initial response, the risk-benefit relationship of drugs inevitably alters. For this reason the main factors responsible for treatment failure have been considered, with special attention to the possible contribution of or implications for drug therapy in such a situation. Finally, proposals have been put forward for improving the diagnosis and reporting of adverse drug effects. In order to be practical and, as far as possible, constructive it has been necessary for me to "take a position" on numerous issues.

Many chemotherapeutic agents introduced for use in humans are carcinogenic in laboratory animals (Conklin et al. 1965; Shimkin et al. 1966; Griswold et al. 1968; Harris 1976). However, initially their beneficial effect in disseminated cancer was of such short duration that the inevitable death of the patient from his primary disease precluded any clinical manifestation of the carcinogenic potential. During the last decade, chemotherapy has radically changed the outlook for many patients with cancer. Combinations of drugs, administered as the primary treatment, have resulted in high rates of cure in patients with disseminated malignancies, such as stage IV Hodgkin's disease or childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. In other disseminated forms of neoplasia, induction of a remission, a substantial palliation and a prolongation of survival have been achieved. In many instances of localised disease, where surgery with or without radiotherapy are the primary form of treatment, anticancer drugs have been used with success as adjuvant therapy for distant microscopic disease. With these spectacular achievements, secondary malignancies, in particular acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), has become of major concern. Incidence Acute leukemia is the most frequent form of secondary neoplasia in patients treated for cancer (Penn 1981). In one large series, 5. 9% of all ANLL could be attributed to previous chemotherapy (Kapadia et al. 1980).

Nervous system is in the most cases a likely target for the untoward effects of chemicals. The harmful consequences affect primarily the individual but may also considerably strain the whole society. The consumption of ethanol is a glaring example (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 1978). As ethanol, many organic liquids have similar immediate effects on the nervous system. The rapidity of the response suggests the involvement of the neuronal communication. The nervous system is also vulnerable to the depletion of oxygen, another common cause for the rapid deterioration of the brain function. It is quite impossible to list all the effects produced by the very large number of the individual chemicals. It would be more fruitful to try to understand the characteristics of the nervous system and the biochemical toxic mechanisms in the evaluation of the neurotoxicity of chemicals. Transfer of Xenobiotics in the Brain The adult central nervous system displays a functional barrier toward the blood-borne chemicals so that water-soluble compounds with an approximate molecular weight above 100 are largely prevented from directly entering the brain (Bradbury 1979). The functional barrier has morphological features typical to it and has a very close association of adjacent capillary cells separated by clefts of 12 A wide (Jacobs 1978). The nervous system capillaries are enveloped by glial cell tongues, and these pericytes contain contractile elements (Le Beux and Willemot 1978a, b) so that the capillaries can be constricted.