LANCELOT is a software package for solving large-scale nonlinear optimization problems. This book is our attempt to provide a coherent overview of the package and its use. This includes details of how one might present examples to the package, how the algorithm tries to solve these examples and various technical issues which may be useful to implementors of the software. We hope this book will be of use to both researchers and practitioners in nonlinear programming. Although the book is primarily concerned with a specific optimization package, the issues discussed have much wider implications for the design and im plementation of large-scale optimization algorithms. In particular, the book contains a proposal for a standard input format for large-scale optimization problems. This proposal is at the heart of the interface between a user's problem and the LANCE LOT optimization package. Furthermore, a large collection of over five hundred test ex amples has already been written in this format and will shortly be available to those who wish to use them. We would like to thank the many people and organizations who supported us in our enterprise. We first acknowledge the support provided by our employers, namely the the Facultes Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix (Namur, Belgium), Harwell Laboratory (UK), IBM Corporation (USA), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK) and the University of Waterloo (Canada). We are grateful for the support we obtained from NSERC (Canada), NATO and AMOCO (UK)."

Program 3D Games in C++: The #1 Language at Top Game Studios Worldwide C++ remains the key language at many leading game development studios. Since it's used throughout their enormous code bases, studios use it to maintain and improve their games, and look for it constantly when hiring new developers. Game Programming in C++ is a practical, hands-on approach to programming 3D video games in C++. Modeled on Sanjay Madhav's game programming courses at USC, it's fun, easy, practical, hands-on, and complete. Step by step, you'll learn to use C++ in all facets of real-world game programming, including 2D and 3D graphics, physics, AI, audio, user interfaces, and much more. You'll hone real-world skills through practical exercises, and deepen your expertise through start-to-finish projects that grow in complexity as you build your skills. Throughout, Madhav pays special attention to demystifying the math that all professional game developers need to know. Set up your C++ development tools quickly, and get started Implement basic 2D graphics, game updates, vectors, and game physics Build more intelligent games with widely used AI algorithms Implement 3D graphics with OpenGL, shaders, matrices, and transformations Integrate and mix audio, including 3D positional audio Detect collisions of objects in a 3D environment Efficiently respond to player input Build user interfaces, including Head-Up Displays (HUDs) Improve graphics quality with anisotropic filtering and deferred shading Load and save levels and binary game data Whether you're a working developer or a student with prior knowledge of C++ and data structures, Game Programming in C++ will prepare you to solve real problems with C++ in roles throughout the game development lifecycle. You'll master the language that top studios are hiring for-and that's a proven route to success.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2009, held in Budapest, Hungary, September 2009.

The 18 revised full papers presented together with 4 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 40 submissions. The aim of FORMATS is to promote the study of fundamental and practical aspects of timed systems, and to bring together researchers from different disciplines that share interests in the modelling and analysis of timed systems.Typical topics include (but are not limited to): Foundations and Semantics. Theoretical foundations of timed systems and languages; comparison between different models (timed automata, timed Petri nets, hybrid automata, timed process algebra, max-plus algebra, probabilistic models), methods and Tools. Techniques, algorithms, data structures, and software tools for analyzing timed systems and resolving temporal constraints (scheduling, worst-case execution time analysis, optimization, model checking, testing, constraint solving, etc.), applications. Adaptation and specialization of timing technology in application domains in which timing plays an important role (real-time software, hardware circuits, and problems of scheduling in manufacturing and telecommunication).

The MODELS series of conferences is the premier venue for the exchange of - novative technical ideas and experiences focusing on a very important new te- nical discipline: model-driven software and systems engineering. The expansion ofthisdisciplineisadirectconsequenceoftheincreasingsigni?canceandsuccess of model-based methods in practice. Numerous e?orts resulted in the invention of concepts, languagesand tools for the de?nition, analysis, transformation, and veri?cationofdomain-speci?cmodelinglanguagesandgeneral-purposemodeling language standards, as well as their use for software and systems engineering. MODELS 2010, the 13th edition of the conference series, took place in Oslo, Norway, October 3-8, 2010, along with numerous satellite workshops, symposia and tutorials. The conference was fortunate to have three prominent keynote speakers: Ole Lehrmann Madsen (Aarhus University, Denmark), Edward A. Lee (UC Berkeley, USA) and Pamela Zave (AT&T Laboratories, USA). To provide a broader forum for reporting on scienti?c progress as well as on experience stemming from practical applications of model-based methods, the 2010 conference accepted submissions in two distinct tracks: Foundations and Applications. The primary objective of the ?rst track is to present new research results dedicated to advancing the state-of-the-art of the discipline, whereas the second aims to provide a realistic and veri?able picture of the current state-- the-practice of model-based engineering, so that the broader community could be better informed of the capabilities and successes of this relatively young discipline. This volume contains the ?nal version of the papers accepted for presentation at the conference from both tracks.

The aim of the FMICS workshop series is to provide a forum for researchers who are interested in the development and application of formal methods in industry. In particular, these workshops are intended to bring together scientists and practitioners who are active in the area of formal methods and interested in exchanging their experiences in the industrial usage of these methods. These workshopsalso striveto promoteresearchand developmentfor the improvement of formal methods and tools for industrial applications. The topics for which contributions to FMICS 2008 were solicited included, but were not restricted to, the following: - Design, speci?cation, code generation and testing based on formal methods - Veri?cation and validation of complex, distributed, real-time systems and embedded systems - Veri?cation and validation methods that address shortcomings of existing methods with respect to their industrial applicability (e. g. , scalability and usability issues) - Tools for the development of formal design descriptions - Case studies and experience reports on industrial applications of formal methods, focusing on lessons learned or identi?cation of new research - rections - Impact of the adoption of formal methods on the development process and associated costs - Application of formal methods in standardization and industrial forums The workshop included six sessions of regular contributions in the areas of model checking, testing, software veri?cation, real-time performance, and ind- trial case studies. There were also three invited presentations, given by Steven Miller,Rance Cleaveland,and Werner Damm, coveringthe applicationof formal methods in the avionics and automotive industries.

John Mylopoulos has made ground-breaking contributions to three areas of computer science: arti?cial intelligence, information systems and software - gineering. His contributions have been celebrated on multiple occasions. First, Misha Missiko? organized a one-day symposium on conceptual modeling on June 17, 2003, inVelden, Austria, tocelebrateJohn's60thbirthday.Second, JohnTsotsos led the organization of a day of celebrations on June 27th, 2009 in Toronto, Canada, on the occasionof John's retirementfrom the Departmentof Computer Science of the University of Toronto. This book grew out of our desire to honor and thank John by presenting him at the Toronto reunion with a volume that re?ects his belief that conceptual modeling is becoming a fundamental skill that will be a necessary tool for all futurecomputerscientists.Thepapersinthis bookarewrittenbyleading?gures in technical areas that intersect with conceptual modeling, as well as by John's closest collaborators.We are pleased to present this collection of papers that we believe are of lasting signi?cance and could also be used to support a course on conceptual modeling. We are extremely grateful to the eminent authors, who have contributed such high-quality material.

Welcome to the proceedings of ECOOP 2009! Thanks to the local organizersfor working hard on arranging the conference - with the hard work they put in, it was a great success. Thanks to Sophia Drossopoulou for her dedicated work as PC Chair in assembling a ?ne scienti?c program including forward-looking keynotes, and for her e?orts to reduce the environmental impact of the PC meeting by replacing a physical meeting with a virtual meeting. I would also like to thank James Noble for taking the time and e?ort to write up last year's banquet speech so that it could be included in this year's proceedings. One of the strong features of ECOOPis the two days of workshopspreceding themainconferencethatallowsintenseinteractionbetweenparticipants.Thanks to all workshop organizers. Lastyear'ssuccessfulsummerschooltutorialswerefollowedupthisyearwith seven interesting tutorials. Thanks to the organizers and speakers. This year's Dahl-Nygaard award honored yet another pioneer in the ?eld, namely, David Ungar for his contributions includingSelf. I appreciate his e?orts in providing us with an excellent award talk. The world is changing and so is ECOOP. Please contemplate my short note on the following pages entitled On Future Trends for ECOOP.

Dijkstra once wrote that computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes. Despite the many incredible advances in c- puter science from times that predate practical mechanical computing, there is still a myriad of fundamental questions in understanding the interface between computers and the rest of the world. Why is it still hard to mechanize many tasks that seem to be fundamentally routine, even as we see ever-increasing - pacity for raw mechanical computing? The disciplined study of domain-speci?c languages (DSLs) is an emerging area in computer science, and is one which has the potential to revolutionize the ?eld, and bring us closer to answering this question. DSLs are formalisms that have four general characteristics. - They relate to a well-de?ned domain of discourse, be it controlling tra?c lights or space ships. - They have well-de?ned notation, such as the ones that exist for prescribing music, dance routines, or strategy in a football game. - The informal or intuitive meaning of the notation is clear. This can easily be overlooked, especially since intuitive meaning can be expressed by many di?erent notations that may be received very di?erently by users. - The formal meaning is clear and mechanizable, as is, hopefully, the case for the instructions we give to our bank or to a merchant online.

The book emphasizes the design of full-fledged, fully normalizing lambda calculus
machinery, as opposed to the just weakly normalizing machines.

Although the self-adaptability of systems has been studied in a wide range of disciplines, from biology to robotics, only recently has the software engineering community recognized its key role in enabling the development of future software systems that are able to self-adapt to changes that may occur in the system, its requirements, or the environment in which it is deployed.

The 12 carefully reviewed papers included in this state-of-the-art survey originate from the International Seminar on Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems, held in Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, in January 2008. They examine the current state-of-the-art in the field, describing a wide range of approaches coming from different strands of software engineering, and present future challenges facing this ever-resurgent and challenging field of research. Also included in this book is an invited roadmap paper on the research challenges facing self-adaptive systems within the area of software engineering, based on discussions at the Dagstuhl Seminar and put together by several of its participants. The papers have been divided into topical sections on architecture-based self-adaptation, context-aware and model-driven self-adaptation, and self-healing. These are preceded by three research roadmap papers.

These proceedings contain a selection of refereed papers presented at or - lated to the Annual Workshop of the TYPES project (EU coordination action 510996), which was held during March 26-29, 2008 in Turin, Italy. The topic of this workshop, and of all previous workshops of the same project, was f- mal reasoning and computer programming based on type theory: languages and computerized tools for reasoning, and applications in several domains such as analysis of programming languages, certi?ed software, mobile code, formali- tion of mathematics, mathematics education. The workshop was attended by more than 100 researchers and included more than 40 presentations. We also had three invited lectures, from A. Asperti (University of Bologna), G. Dowek (LIX, Ecole polytechnique, France) and J. W. Klop (Vrije Universiteit, A- terdam, The Netherlands). From 27 submitted papers, 19 were selected after a reviewing process. Each submitted paper was reviewed by three referees; the ?nal decisions were made by the editors. This workshop is the last of a series of meetings of the TYPES working group funded by the European Union (IST project 29001, ESPRIT Working Group 21900, ESPRIT BRA 6435).

Embedded systems take over complex control and data processing tasks in diverse application ?elds such as automotive, avionics, consumer products, and telec- munications. They are the primary driver for improving overall system safety, ef?ciency, and comfort. The demand for further improvement in these aspects can only be satis?ed by designing embedded systems of increasing complexity, which in turn necessitates the development of new system design methodologies based on speci?cation, design, and veri?cation languages. The objective of the book at hand is to provide researchers and designers with an overview of current research trends, results, and application experiences in c- puter languages for embedded systems. The book builds upon the most relevant contributions to the 2008 conference Forum on Design Languages (FDL), the p- mier international conference specializing in this ?eld. These contributions have been selected based on the results of reviews provided by leading experts from - search and industry. In many cases, the authors have improved their original work by adding breadth, depth, or explanation.

This volume contains the papers presented at NLDB 2009, the 14th Inter- tional Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems held June 24-26, 2009, at the University of the Saarland and the German - search Center for Arti?cial Intelligence in Saarbruc ken, Germany. In addition to reviewed submissions, the program also included contributions to the doctoral symposiumheldduring NLDB2009aswellastwoinvitedtalks.Thesetalksc- ered some of the currently hot topics in the use of natural languagefor accessing information systems. Wereceived51submissionsasregularpapersforthemainconference,2extra submissions as posters, and 3 short papers for the doctoral symposium. Each paper for the main conference was assigned four reviewers, taking into account preferences expressed by the ProgramCommittee members as much as possible. Within the review deadline, we received at least three reviews for almost all submissions. After the review deadline, the Conference Organizing Committee members and the Program Committee Chair acted as meta-reviewers. This task included studying the reviews and the papers, speci?cally those whose assessment made them borderline cases, and discussing con?icting opinions and their impact on theassessmentofindividualpapers.Finally,themeta-reviewerswroteadditional reviews for the few papers which received less than three reviews, as well as for papers which received reviews with considerably con?icting assessments.

Thisvolumecontainsaselectionofthepaperspresentedatthe19thInternational SymposiumonLogic-BasedProgramSynthesisandTransformation(LOPSTR 2009)heldSeptember 9-11,2009in Coimbra,Portugal. Informationaboutthe conference can be found at http://www. cs. kuleuven. be/conference/ lopstr09+. PreviousLOPSTRsymposiawereheldinValencia(2008),Lyngby (2007),Venice(2006and1999),London(2005and2000),Verona(2004),U- sala(2003),Madrid(2002),Paphos(2001),Manchester(1998,1992,and1991), Leuven(1997),Stockholm(1996),Arnhem(1995),Pisa(1994),andLouvain-la- Neuve(1993). The aim of the LOPSTR series is to stimulate and promote international researchandcollaborationonlogic-basedprogramdevelopment. LOPSTRt- ditionally solicits papers in the areas of speci?cation, synthesis, veri?cation, transformation,analysis,optimization,composition,security,reuse,applications andtools,component-basedsoftwaredevelopment,softwarearchitectures,age- basedsoftwaredevelopment,andprogramre?nement. LOPSTRhasareputation forbeingalively,friendlyforumforpresentinganddiscussingworkinprogress. Formalproceedingsareproducedonlyafterthesymposiumsothatauthorscan incorporateanyfeedbackinthepublishedpapers. IwouldliketothankallthosewhosubmittedcontributionstoLOPSTRinthe categoriesoffullpapersandextendedabstracts. Eachsubmissionwasreviewed byatleastthreeProgramCommitteemembers. Thecommitteedecidedtoaccept threefullpapersforimmediateinclusioninthe?nalproceedings,andtenpapers wereacceptedafterrevisionandanotherroundofreviewing. Inadditiontothe accepted papers, the program also included an invited talk by Germ' an Vidal (TechnicalUniversityofValencia). IamgratefultotheProgramCommitteememberswhoworkedhardtop- duce high-qualityreviewsforthe submitted papersin atight schedule, aswell as all the external reviewers involved in the paper selection. I also would like to thank Andrei Voronkov for his excellent EasyChair system that automates manyofthetasksinvolvedinchairingaconference. LOPSTR2009wasco-locatedwithPPDP2009andCSL2009. Manythanks tothelocalorganizersoftheseevents,inparticular,toAnaAlmeida,theLOP- STR2009LocalOrganizationChair. January2010 DannyDeSchreye Conference Organization Program Chair DannyDeSchreye DepartmentofComputerScience KatholiekeUniversiteitLeuven B-3001Heverlee,Belgium Email:danny. deschreye@cs. kuleuven. be Local Organization Chair AnaAlmeida DepartamentodeMatematica FaculdadedeCienciaseTecnologia UniversidadedeCoimbra Coimbra,Portugal Email:amca@mat. uc. pt Program Committee SlimAbdennadher GermanUniversityCairo,Egypt Mar'?aAlpuenteFrasnedoTechnicalUniversityofValencia,Spain RobertoBagnara UniversityofParma,Italy DannyDeSchreye K. U. Leuven,Belgium(Chair) JohnGallagher RoskildeUniversity,Denmark RobertGluc .. k UniversityofCopenhagen,Denmark MichaelHanus UniversityofKiel,Germany ReinhardKahle UniversidadeNovadeLisboa,Portugal AndyKing UniversityofKent,UK MichaelLeuschel UniversityofDu ..sseldorf,Germany FabioMartinelli IstitutodiInformaticaeTelematicaPisa,Italy Fred Mesnard Universit'edeLaR' eunion,France MarioOrnaghi Universita 'degliStudidiMilano,Italy Germ' anPuebla TechnicalUniversityofMadrid,Spain SabinaRossi Universit' aCa'FoscaridiVenezia,Italy JosepSilva TechnicalUniversityofValencia,Spain PeterSchneider-Kamp UniversityofSouthernDenmark,Denmark TomSchrijvers K. U. Leuven,Belgium PetrStepanek CharlesUniversityPrague,CzechRepublic WimVanhoof UniversityofNamur,Belgium VIII Organization Organizing Committee AnaAlmeida PedroQuaresma ReinhardKahle External Reviewers JesperLouisAndersen FedericoBergenti UlrichBerger CarlFriedrichBolz PedroCabalar GabrieleCosta Francois , Degrave MarcDenecker CamilloFiorentini SebastianFischer EmilioJesusGallegoArias MichaelGelfond PepeIborra HaythemIsmail LeanidKrautsevich JoaoLeite GiftNuka EtiennePayet PaoloPilozzi FrankRaiser JuanRodriguez-Hortala ' CesarSanchez AntonSetzer MajaTonnesen PeterVanWeert DeanVoets GianluigiZavattaro Table of Contents Towards Scalable Partial Evaluation of Declarative Programs (Invited Talk) ...

Thisvolumecontainsthepapersofthe20thInternationalConferenceonRewr- ing Techniques and Applications (RTA 2009), which was held from June 29 to July 1, 2009, in Bras' ?lia, Brazil as part of the 5th International Conference on Rewriting, Deduction, and Programming (RDP 2009) together with the Int- national Conference on Typed Lambda Calculi and Applications (TLCA 2009), the International School on Rewriting (ISR 2009), the 4th Workshop on Logical and Semantic Frameworks with Applications (LSFA 2009), the 10th Inter- tional Workshop on Rule-Based Programming (RULE 2009), the 8th Inter- tional Workshop on Functional and (Constraint) Logic Programming (WFLP 2009), the 9th International Workshop on Reduction Strategies in Rewriting and Programming (WRS 2009), and the annual meeting of the IFIP Working Group 1.6 on term rewriting. RTA is the major forum for the presentation of research on all aspects of rewriting.PreviousRTAconferenceswereheldinDijon(1985),Bordeaux(1987), Chapel Hill (1989), Como (1991), Montreal (1993), Kaiserslautern (1995), R- gers (1996), Sitges (1997), Tsukuba (1998), Trento (1999), Norwich (2000), Utrecht(2001),Copenhagen(2002),Valencia(2003),Aachen(2004),Nara(2005), Seattle (2006), Paris (2007), and Hagenberg (2008).

The nature of conceptual thinking constitutes a central topic in a variety of scienti?c disciplines. Since 1993, the International Conference on Conceptual Structures (ICCS) has served as a platform that brings together researchersand practioners in information and computer sciences as well as social science to explore novel ways of representing and analyzing conceptual knowledge. Ori- nally centered around research on knowledge representation and reasoning with conceptual graphs, over the years ICCS has broadened its scope to include in- vations from a wider range of theories and related practices, among them other forms of graph-based formalisms like RDF or existential graphs, formal concept analysis, Semantic Web technologies, ontologies, concept mapping and more. Today, ICCS draws inspiration from areas as diverse as arti?cial intelligence, knowledge representation and reasoning, applied mathematics and lattice t- ory, computational linguistics, conceptual modeling and design, diagrammatic reasoning and logic, intelligent systems and knowledge management. In addition to vivid conferences, the vibrancy of the ?eld is documented by two recently published books (Hitzler, Scha ..rfe (Eds): Conceptual Structures in Practice and Chein, Mugnier: Graph-based Knowledge Representation: C- putational Foundations of Conceptual Graphs) as well as by an ISO standard ("Common Logic", ISO/ IEC 24707) which orginated in this community.

Sharpen your coding skills by exploring established computer science problems! Classic Computer Science Problems in Java challenges you with time-tested scenarios and algorithms. You'll work through a series of exercises based in computer science fundamentals that are designed to improve your software development abilities, improve your understanding of artificial intelligence, and even prepare you to ace an interview. Classic Computer Science Problems in Java will teach you techniques to solve common-but-tricky programming issues. You'll explore foundational coding methods, fundamental algorithms, and artificial intelligence topics, all through code-centric Java tutorials and computer science exercises. As you work through examples in search, clustering, graphs, and more, you'll remember important things you've forgotten and discover classic solutions to your "new" problems! Key Features * Recursion, memorization, bit manipulation * Search algorithms * Constraint-satisfaction problems * Graph algorithms * K-means clustering For intermediate Java programmers. About the technology In any computer science classroom you'll find a set of tried-and-true algorithms, techniques, and coding exercises. These techniques have stood the test of time as some of the best ways to solve problems when writing code, and expanding your Java skill set with these classic computer science methods will make you a better Java programmer. David Kopec is an assistant professor of computer science and innovation at Champlain College in Burlington, Vermont. He is the author of Dart for Absolute Beginners (Apress, 2014), Classic Computer Science Problems in Swift (Manning, 2018), and Classic Computer Science Problems in Python (Manning, 2019).

The LNCS journal Transactions on Computational Science reflects recent developments in the field of Computational Science, conceiving the field not as a mere ancillary science but rather as an innovative approach supporting many other scientific disciplines. The journal focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of computational science in parallel and distributed environments, encompassing the facilitating theoretical foundations and the applications of large-scale computations and massive data processing. It addresses researchers and practitioners in areas ranging from aerospace to biochemistry, from electronics to geosciences, from mathematics to software architecture, presenting verifiable computational methods, findings and solutions and enabling industrial users to apply techniques of leading-edge, large-scale, high performance computational methods.

The fifth volume of the Transactions on Computational Science journal, edited by Yingxu Wang and Keith C.C. Chan, is devoted to the subject of cognitive knowledge representation. This field of study focuses on the internal knowledge representation mechanisms of the brain and how these can be applied to computer science and engineering. The issue includes the latest research results in internal knowledge representation at the logical, functional, physiological, and biological levels and describes their impacts on computing, artificial intelligence, and computational intelligence.

This volume contains the papers presented at the International GI/ITG C- ference on "Measurement, Modelling and Evaluation of Computing Systems" and "Dependability and Fault Tolerance," held during March 15-17, 2010 in Essen, Germany, hosted by the University of Duisburg-Essen. The Technical Committees of MMBand DFT coverallaspects ofperformanceand dependab- ityevaluationofsystemsincludingnetworks, computerarchitectures, distributed systems, software, fault-tolerant and secure systems. In 2010, both committees joined forces in a common conference MMB & DFT 2010. This current conf- ence was the 15th in a series of biannual conferences, initially started in 1981, with previous editions in Aachen, Dresden, Nuremberg and Dortmund. MMB & DFT 2010 received 42 submissions (37 regular papers and 5 tool descriptions) by authors from 15 di?erent countries. Each regular paper was reviewed by at least three (and up to ?ve) Program Committee members and external reviewers; tool papers were reviewed by two reviewers. In total we - ceived 158 reviews and the ProgramCommittee decided to accept 19 full papers and 5 tool papers. TheprogramwascompletedbytwoinvitedtalksandwewerehappythatPhil Koopman from Carnegie Mellon University and Paul Kuhn ] from the University of Stuttgart accepted to give an invited talk at the conference."

This volume presents the set of papers accompanying the lectures of the 9th International School on Formal Methods for the Design of Computer, Com- nication and Software Systems (SFM). Thisseriesofschoolsaddressestheuseofformalmethodsincomputerscience asaprominentapproachtotherigorousdesignofcomputer, communication, and software systems. The main aim of the SFM series is to o?er a good spectrum of current research in foundations as well as applications of formal methods, which can be of help for graduate students and young researchers who intend to approach the ?eld. SFM 2009 was devoted to formal methods for Web services and covered s- eral aspects including choreography, orchestration, description techniques, - teraction, synthesis, composition, session types, contracts, veri?cation, security, and performance. This volume comprises eight articles. Bruni's paper overviews some of the most recently proposed abstractions in the setting of process calculi tailored to the well-disciplined handling of issues such as long-running interactions, orch- tration, and unexpected events. Van der Aalst, Mooij, Stahl, and Wolf provide some foundational notions related to service interaction and address in a Petri net setting challenges like how to expose a service, how to replace and re?ne services, and how to generate service adapters. The paper by Marconi and - store presents a survey of existing approaches to the synthesis of Web service compositions, a di?cult and error-pronetask that requires automated solutions.

Learning to program isn't just learning the details of a programming language: to become a good programmer you have to become expert at debugging, testing, writing clear code and generally unsticking yourself when you get stuck, while to do well in a programming course you have to learn to score highly in coursework and exams. Featuring tips, stories and explanations of key terms, this book teaches these skills explicitly. Examples in Python, Java and Haskell are included, helping you to gain transferable programming skills whichever language you are learning. Intended for students in Higher or Further Education studying early programming courses, it will help you succeed in, and get the most out of, your course, and support you in developing the software engineering habits that lead to good programs.

Since 2002, FoLLI awards an annual prize for an outstanding dissertation in the fields of Logic, Language, and Information. This book is based on the Ph.D. thesis of Gabriele Puppis, who was the winner of the E.W. Beth dissertation award for 2007. Puppis' thesis focuses on Logic and Computation and, more specifically, on automata-based decidability techniques for time granularity and on a new method for deciding Monadic Second Order theories of trees. The results presented represent a significant step towards a better understanding of the changes in granularity levels that humans make so easily in cognition of time, space, and other phenomena, whereas their logical and computational structure poses difficult conceptual and computational challenges.

This book teaches the principles of natural language processing and covers linguistics issues. It also details the language-processing functions involved, including part-of-speech tagging using rules and stochastic techniques. A key feature of the book is the author's hands-on approach throughout, with extensive exercises, sample code in Prolog and Perl, and a detailed introduction to Prolog. The book is suitable for researchers and students of natural language processing and computational linguistics.

This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the 17th International Conference on Applications of Declarative Programming and Knowledge M- agement INAP 2007 and the 21st Workshop on Logic Programming WLP 2007, which were held jointly in Wu ]rzburg, Germany, during October 4-6, 2007. Declarative programming is anadvancedparadigmforthe modelingandso- ing of complex problems. This speci?cation method has become more and more attractiveoverthelastyears, e.g., inthedomainsofdatabases, fortheprocessing of natural language, for the modeling and processing of combinatorial problems, and for establishing knowledge-based systems for the Web. The INAP conferences provide a forum for intensive discussions of appli- tions of important technologies around logic programming, constraint problem solving, and closely related advanced software. They comprehensively cover the impactof programmablelogic solversin the Internetsociety, its underlying te- nologies, and leading-edge applications in industry, commerce, government, and societal services. The WorkshopsonLogicProgrammingarethe annualmeeting of the Society for Logic Programming (GLP e.V.). They bring together researchers interested in logic programming, constraint programming, and related areas like databases and arti?cial intelligence. Previous workshops have been held in Germany, A- tria and Switzerland. The topics of the selected papers of this year's joint conference concentrated on three currently important ?elds: constraint programming and constraint solving, databases and data mining, and declarative programming with logic languages. Duringthelastcoupleofyearsalotofresearchhasbeenconductedonthe- ageof declarativeprogrammingfor databases and data mining. Reasoning about knowledgewrappedinrules, databases, ortheWeballowsonetoexploreintere- ing hidden knowledge.Declarativetechniques for the transformation, deduction, induction, visualization, or querying of knowledge, or data mining techniques for exploring knowledge have the advantage of high transparency and better maintainability compared to procedural approaches.

th FM 2009, the 16 International Symposium on Formal Methods, marked the 10th an- versary of the First World Congress on Formal Methods that was held in 1999 in Toulouse, France. We wished to celebrate this by advertising and organizing FM 2009 as the Second World Congress in the FM series, aiming to once again bring together the formal methods communities from all over the world. The statistics displayed in the table on the next page include the number of countries represented by the Programme Committee members, as well as of the authors of submitted and accepted papers. Novel this year was a special track on tools and industrial applications. Subm- sions of papers on these topics were especially encouraged, but not given any special treatment. (It was just as hard to get a special track paper accepted as any other paper.) What we did promote, however, was a discussion of how originality, contri- tion, and soundness should be judged for these papers. The following questions were used by our Programme Committee.