At present one of the main obstacles to a broader application of expert systems is the lack of a theory to tell us which problem-solving methods areavailable for a given problem class. Such a theory could lead to significant progress in the following central aims of the expert system technique: - Evaluating the technical feasibility of expert system projects: This depends on whether there is a suitable problem-solving method, and if possible a corresponding tool, for the given problem class. - Simplifying knowledge acquisition and maintenance: The problem-solving methods provide direct assistance as interpretation models in knowledge acquisition. Also, they make possible the development of problem-specific expert system tools with graphical knowledge acquisition components, which can be used even by experts without programming experience. - Making use of expert systems as a knowledge medium: The structured knowledge in expert systems can be used not only for problem solving but also for knowledge communication and tutorial purposes. With such a theory in mind, this book provides a systematic introduction to expert systems. It describes the basic knowledge representations and the present situation with regard tothe identification, realization, and integration of problem-solving methods for the main problem classes of expert systems: classification (diagnostics), construction, and simulation.

Now available in paperback With Beginning C: From Novice to Professional, Fourth Edition, you'll come to understand the fundamentals of the C language and learn how to program. All you need is this book and any one of the widely available free or commercial C or C++ compilers, and you'll soon be writing real C programs. You'll learn C from the first principles, using step-by-step working examples that you'll create and execute yourself. This book will increase your programming expertise by guiding you through the development of fully working C applications that use what you've learned in a practical context. You'll also be able to strike out on your own by trying the exercises included at the end of each chapter. Pick up a copy of this book by renowned author, Ivor Horton, because: It is the only beginning-level book to cover the latest ANSI standard in C Is approachable and aimed squarely at people new to C Emphasizes writing code after the first chapter Includes substantial examples relevant to intermediate users

One service mathematics has rendered the tEL moi, .... si j'avait su comment en revenir. je n'y serais point alle'.' human race. It has put common sense back Jules Verne where it belongs, on the topmost shelf next to the dusty canister labelled 'discarded non sense', The series is divergent; therefore we may be Eric T. Bell able to do something with it. O. Heaviside Mathematics is a tool for thought. A highly necessary tool in a world where both feedback and non linearities abound. Similarly, all kinds of parts of mathematics serve as tools for other parts and for other sciences. Applying a simple rewriting rule to the quote on the right above one finds such statements as: 'One service topology has rendered mathematical physics ...'; 'One service logic has rendered com puter science ...'; 'One service category theory has rendered mathematics, ..'. All arguably true. And all statements obtainable this way form part of the raison d'elre of this series."

This Festschrift published in honor of Vladimir Lifschitz on the occasion of his 65th birthday presents 39 articles by colleagues from all over the world with whom Vladimir Lifschitz had cooperation in various respects. The 39 contributions reflect the breadth and the depth of the work of Vladimir Lifschitz in logic programming, circumscription, default logic, action theory, causal reasoning and answer set programming.

Object-oriented systems have gained a great deal of popularity recently and their application to graphics has been very successful. This book documents a number of recent advances and indicates numerous areas of current research. The purpose of the book is: - to demonstrate the extraordinary practical utility of object-oriented methods in computer graphics (including user interfaces, image synthesis, CAD), - to examine outstanding research issues in the field of object-oriented graphics, and in particular to investi- gate extensions and shortcomings of the methodology when applied to computer graphics. Papers included in the book extend existing object-oriented graphical techniques, such as Smalltalk's "model view controller" or "constraints," introduce the use of complex and persistent objects in graphics, and give approaches to direct manipulation interfaces. The reader is presented with an in-depth treatment of a number of significant existing graphics systems, both for user interfaces and for image synthesis. There are theoretical surveys and chapters pointing to new directions in the broad field of computer graphics. Computer language scientists will find a useful critique of object-oriented language constructs and suggested ways to extend object-oriented theory.

Object-oriented database systems have been approached with mainly two major intentions in mind, namely to better support new application areas including CAD/CAM, office automation, knowledge engineering, and to overcome the impendance mismatch' between data models and programming languages. This volume gives a comprehensive overwiew of developments in this flourishing area of current database research. Data model and language aspects, interface and database design issues, architectural and implementation questions are covered. Although based on a series of workshops, the contents of this book has been carefully edited to reflect the current state of international research in object oriented database design and implementation.

The topics covered in this text are those usually covered in a full year's course in finite mathematics or mathematics for liberal arts students. They correspond very closely to the topics I have taught at Western New England College to freshmen business and liberal arts students. They include set theory, logic, matrices and determinants, functions and graph ing, basic differential and integral calculus, probability and statistics, and trigonometry. Because this is an introductory text, none of these topics is dealt with in great depth. The idea is to introduce the student to some of the basic concepts in mathematics along with some of their applications. I believe that this text is self-contained and can be used successfully by any college student who has completed at least two years of high school mathematics including one year of algebra. In addition, no previous knowledge of any programming language is necessary. The distinguishing feature of this text is that the student is given the opportunity to learn the mathematical concepts via A Programming Lan guage (APL). APL was developed by Kenneth E. Iverson while he was at Harvard University and was presented in a book by Dr. Iverson entitled A i Programming Language in 1962. He invented APL for educational purpo ses. That is, APL was designed to be a consistent, unambiguous, and powerful notation for communicating mathematical ideas. In 1966, APL became available on a time-sharing system at IBM."

Previous works on industrial robots dealt with "programming" and "programming languages" only in passing; no comparison was made between characteristics of the individual programming lan guages. This book, therefore, gives a detailed account of industrial robot programming and its environment. Mter introducing basic concepts special attention is paid to the language constructs relevant to robot programming. The features of various elements of the languages ex amined are compared. The languages are based on the following concepts: SRL - high-level programming language based on AL with PASCAL elements (University of Karlsruhe, F. R G. ) PASRO - integrated into PASCAL, based on the geometrical data types of SRL (I. I. -BIOMATIC Informatics Institute, Freiburg, F. RG. ) AL - derived from the high-level programming language ALGOL (Stanford University, U. S. A., and University of Karls ruhe, F. RG. ) AML - high-level programming language, influenced by PL/1 (IBM, U. S. A. ) VAL - language specifically developed for robots (Unimation, U. S. A. ) HELP - mixture of high-level language elements and robot l- guage elements and real-time processing (DEA, Italy) SIGLA - a simple machine language (Olivetti, Italy) ROBEX - based on NC programming (Technical College (RWTH), Aachen, F. RG. ) RAIL - high-level programming language for industrial robots with elements for graphic processing (Automatix, U. S. A. ) IRDATA - general software interface between programming and robot controller (Association of German Engineers (VDI), F. R G."

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods, ICFEM 2012, held in Kyoto, Japan, November 2012. The 31 revised full papers together with 3 invited talks presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 85 submissions. The papers address all current issues in formal methods and their applications in software engineering. They are organized in topical sections on concurrency, applications of formal methods to new areas, quantity and probability, formal verification, modeling and development methodology, temporal logics, abstraction and refinement, tools, as well as testing and runtime verification.

Machine Learning a branch of Artificial Intelligence is influencing the society, industry and academia at large. The adaptability of Python programming language to Machine Learning has increased its popularity further. Another technology on the horizon is Internet of Things (IoT). The present book tries to address IoT, Python and Machine Learning along with a small introduction to Image Processing. If you are a novice programmer or have just started exploring IoT or Machine Learning with Python, then this book is for you. Features: Raspberry Pi as IoT is described along with the procedure for installation and configuration. A simple introduction to Python Programming Language along with its popular library packages like NumPy, Pandas, SciPy and Matplotlib are dealt in an exhaustive manner along with relevant examples. Machine Learning along with Python Scikit-Learn library is explained to audience with an emphasis on supervised learning and classification. Image processing on IoT is introduced to the audience who love to apply Machine Learning algorithms to Images The book follows hands-on approach and provide a huge collection of Python programs.

In the two and a half years since the frrst edition of this book was published, the field of logic programming has grown rapidly. Consequently, it seemed advisable to try to expand the subject matter covered in the first edition. The new material in the second edition has a strong database flavour, which reflects my own research interests over the last three years. However, despite the fact that the second edition has about 70% more material than the first edition, many worthwhile topic!! are still missing. I can only plead that the field is now too big to expect one author to cover everything. In the second edition, I discuss a larger class of programs than that discussed in the first edition. Related to this, I have also taken the opportunity to try to improve some of the earlier terminology. Firstly, I introduce "program statements", which are formulas of the form A+-W, where the head A is an atom and the body W is an arbitrary formula. A "program" is a finite set of program statements. There are various restrictions of this class. "Normal" programs are ones where the body of each program statement is a conjunction of literals. (The terminology "general", used in the first edition, is obviously now inappropriate).

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems, MODELS 2012, held in Innsbruck, Austria, in September/October 2012. The 50 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 181 submissions. They are organized in topical sections named: metamodels and domain specific modeling; models at runtime; model management; modeling methods and tools, consistency analysis, software product lines; foundations of modeling; static analysis techniques; model testing and simulation; model transformation; model matching, tracing and synchronization; modeling practices and experience; and model analysis.

When I compare the books on expert systems in my library with the production expert systems I know of, I note that there are few good books on building expert systems in Prolog. Of course, the set of actual production systems is a little small for a valid statistical sample, at least at the time and place of this writing - here in Gennany, and in the first days of 1989. But there are at least some systems I have seen running in real life commercial and industrial environments, and not only at trade shows. I can observe the most impressive one in my immediate neighborhood. It is installed in the Telephone Shop of the Gennan Federal PTT near the Munich National Theater, and helps configure telephone systems and small PBXs for mostly private customers. It has a neat, graphical interface, and constructs and prices an individual telephone installation interactively before the very eyes of the customer. The hidden features of the system are even more impressive. It is part of an expert system network with a distributed knowledge base that will grow to about 150 installations in every Telephone Shop throughout Gennany. Each of them can be updated individually overnight via Teletex to present special offers or to adapt the selection process to the hardware supplies currently available at the local ware houses."

The title of this book contains the words ALGORITHMIC LANGUAGE, in the singular. This is meant to convey the idea that it deals not so much with the diversity of program ming languages, but rather with their commonalities. The task of formal program develop It allows classifying ment proved to be the ideal frame for demonstrating this unity. concepts and distinguishing fundamental notions from notational features; and it leads immediately to a systematic disposition. This approach is supported by didactic, practical, and theoretical considerations. The clarity of the structure of a programming language de signed according to the principles of program transformation is remarkable. Of course there are various notations for such a language. The notation used in this book is mainly oriented towards ALGOL 68, but is also strongly influenced by PASCAL - it could equally well have been the other way round. In the appendices there are occa sional references to the styles used in ALGOL, PASCAL, LISP, and elsewhere."

The aim of this book is to present fundamentals of algebraic specifications with respect to the following three aspects: fundamentals in the sense of a carefully motivated introduction to algebraic specifications, which is easy to understand for computer scientists and mathematicians; fundamentals in the sense of mathematical theories which are the basis for precise definitions, constructions, results, and correctness proofs; and fundamentals in the sense of concepts, which are introduced on a conceptual level and formalized in mathematical terms. The book is equally suitableas a text book for graduate courses and as a reference for researchers and system developers.

Although you only have one volume in front of you, writing four volumes and 1600 pages on a single subject needs some form of justification. And then on the other hand, why write even more?! Can't, at least, the preface of something that long be short?! Very well, so let's keep it short. It is my sincere hope that the series "'lEX in Practice" will be useful for your own 'lEX work. But please, before you get started, read the "Notes on ''lEX in Practice' ," because it instructs you how to use this series. You will find these notes on pages xxvii-xxxvi. The fourth and last volume deals with two different subject areas. First of all, there are the so-called output routines which are responsible for putting together the pages as generated by 'lEX. You will be amazed at how many different things can be done with 'lEX's output routines. The second subject area we are dealing with in this volume are tables. About a hundred different tables you can choose from should provide you with a starting point in the selection of tables.

The new C++11 standard allows programmers to express ideas more clearly, simply, and directly, and to write faster, more efficient code. Bjarne Stroustrup, the designer and original implementer of C++, has reorganized, extended, and completely rewritten his definitive reference and tutorial for programmers who want to use C++ most effectively. The C++ Programming Language, Fourth Edition, delivers meticulous, richly explained, and integrated coverage of the entire language-its facilities, abstraction mechanisms, standard libraries, and key design techniques. Throughout, Stroustrup presents concise, pure C++11 examples, which have been carefully crafted to clarify both usage and program design. To promote deeper understanding, the author provides extensive cross-references, both within the book and to the ISO standard.New C++11 coverage includes * Support for concurrency * Regular expressions, resource management pointers, random numbers, and improved containers * General and uniform initialization, simplified for-statements, move semantics, and Unicode support * Lambdas, general constant expressions, control over class defaults, variadic templates, template aliases, and user-defined literals * Compatibility issues Topics addressed in this comprehensive book include * Basic facilities: type, object, scope, storage, computation fundamentals, and more * Modularity, as supported by namespaces, source files, and exception handling * C++ abstraction, including classes, class hierarchies, and templates in support of a synthesis of traditional programming, object-oriented programming, and generic programming * Standard Library: containers, algorithms, iterators, utilities, strings, stream I/O, locales, numerics, and more * The C++ basic memory model, in depth This fourth edition makes C++11 thoroughly accessible to programmers moving from C++98 or other languages, while introducing insights and techniques that even cutting-edge C++11 programmers will find indispensable.This is a hardcover version of the Fourth Edition. Content in this hardcover and the paperback version is identical. This book features an enhanced, layflat binding, which allows the book to stay open more easily when placed on a flat surface. This special binding method-noticeable by a small space inside the spine-also increases durability.

This Festschrift volume, published in honor of Carolyn Talcott on the occasion of her 70th birthday, contains a collection of papers presented at a symposium held in Menlo Park, California, USA, in November 2011. Carolyn Talcott is a leading researcher and mentor of international renown among computer scientists. She has made key contributions to a number of areas of computer science including: semantics and verification of progamming languages; foundations of actor-based systems; middleware, meta-architectures, and systems; Maude and rewriting logic; and computational biology. The 21 papers presented are organized in topical sections named: Essays on Carolyn Talcott; actors and programming languages; cyberphysical systems; middleware and meta-architectures; formal methods and reasoning tools; and computational biology.

This Festschrift volume, published in honor of Symeon Bozapalidis on the occasion of his retirement after more than 35 years of teaching activity, focuses on the subjects taught by Symeon, namely: algebra, linear algebra, mathematical logic, number theory, automata theory, tree languages and series, algebraic semantics, and fuzzy languages. Since 1982 -- at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki -- Symeon's main interests have been closely connected with the algebraic foundations in computer science. In particular, he contributed to the development of the theory of tree languages and series, the axiomatization of graphs, picture theory, and fuzzy languages. The volume contains 15 invited papers, written by colleagues, friends, and students of Symeon. All of the papers were carefully refereed and are connected to his research topics. Most of the papers were presented at the Workshop on Algebraic Foundations in Computer Science, held in Thessaloniki, Greece, during November 7--8, 2011.

Since the early seventies concepts of specification have become central in the whole area of computer science. Especially algebraic specification techniques for abstract data types and software systems have gained considerable importance in recent years. They have not only played a central role in the theory of data type specification, but meanwhile have had a remarkable influence on programming language design, system architectures, arid software tools and environments. The fundamentals of algebraic specification lay a basis for teaching, research, and development in all those fields of computer science where algebraic techniques are the subject or are used with advantage on a conceptual level. Such a basis, however, we do not regard to be a synopsis of all the different approaches and achievements but rather a consistently developed theory. Such a theory should mainly emphasize elaboration of basic concepts from one point of view and, in a rigorous way, reach the state of the art in the field. We understand fundamentals in this context as: 1. Fundamentals in the sense of a carefully motivated introduction to algebraic specification, which is understandable for computer scientists and mathematicians. 2. Fundamentals in the sense of mathematical theories which are the basis for precise definitions, constructions, results, and correctness proofs. 3. Fundamentals in the sense of concepts from computer science, which are introduced on a conceptual level and formalized in mathematical terms.

Visual languages have long been lit pursuitofeffective communication 00 tween human and machine. Today, they are suecessfully employed for e: nd user progmmming, modeliog, rapid prototypmg, and design activities by people ofmany disciplines including arehitects, artists, children, engi neers, and scientists. Furthermore. with rapid advances ofthe Internet and Web technology, human human communication through the Web or eleo tronie mobile deviees is becoming more and moreprevalent This manuscript provides a comprehensive introduetion to diagmmmatiooI visual programming languages and the technologyofautomatie genemtion ofsnch languages. It covers a broad rangeofcontents from the underlying theoryofgraph grammars to the applications in various domains. Thecon tents were ex: l: l: aeted from the papers that my Ph. D. students and I have published in the last 10 years. and are updated and organized in a coherent fashion. The manuseript gives an in. -depth treatmentof all the topic areas. Pointers to related work and further readings are also faeilitated at the end ofeverychapterexeeptChapter 9. Rather than describing how to program visually, the manuscript discusses what are visual programming languages, and how sooh languages and their underlying foundations can be usefully applied to other fields incomputer science that need graphs as the p: rimary meansofrepresentation. Assuming the basic knowledge of computer programming and compiler co: nstruetion, the manuscript can be used as a textbook for senior orgradu ate computer science classes on visual languages, or a reference book for programming language classes, practitioners, and researchers inthe related field. The manuscript cannot be completed without the helps of many people.

GPSS-FORTRAN is a simulator for the simulation of discrete, continuous, and combined models. Provides a reference for GPSS-FORTRAN Version 3 and illustrates the use of the lan- guage by numerous examples.

The growing demand for systems of ever-increasing complexity and precision has stimulated the need for higher level concepts, tools, and techniques in every area of Computer Science. Some of these areas, in particular Artificial Intelligence, Databases, and Programming Lan guages, are attempting to meet this demand by defining a new, more abstract level of system description. We call this new level conceptual in recognition of its basic conceptual nature. In Artificial Intelligence, the problem of designing an expert system is seen primarily as a problem of building a knowledge base that repre sents knowledge about an enterprise. Consequently, Knowledge Repre sentation is viewed as a central issue in Artificial Intelligence research. Database design methodologies developed during the last five years are almost unanimous in offering semantic data models in terms of which the designer directly and naturally models an enterprise before proceed ing to a detailed logical and physical database design. In Programming Languages, different forms of abstraction which allow implementation independent specifications of data, functions, and control have been a major research theme for a decade. To emphasize the common goals of these three research efforts, we call this new activity conceptual modelling."

The microcomputer has put a vast amount of computational power in the hands of the practicing chemical engineer. However, a microcomputer is of little use unless there are programs available to solve chemical engineer ing problems; In this book, I have put together a collection of BASIC pro grams that w~ll help the practicing engineer be more productive and able to solve complex problems that are normally handled on mainframe com puters. The plant engineer will find the book particularly useful. The plant en gineer is calle~ upon to investigate problems that range from simple trouble shooting to tQe detailed design of complex chemical plants. The larger proj ects are usually add-on jobs to the regular duties of keeping a chemical plant running. In t~day's business climate, answers to problems must be obtained quickly and ~ccurately. The computer is capable of testing hypothesis, thereby allo~ing engineers to evaluate alternative solutions to problems quickly and provide answers to management's questions that invariably shift like the sand~ in a desert.