Intended for first- or second-year undergraduates, this introduction to discrete mathematics covers the usual topics of such a course, but applies constructivist principles that promote - indeed, require - active participation by the student. Working with the programming language ISETL, whose syntax is close to that of standard mathematical language, the student constructs the concepts in her or his mind as a result of constructing them on the computer in the syntax of ISETL. This dramatically different approach allows students to attempt to discover concepts in a "Socratic" dialog with the computer. The discussion avoids the formal "definition-theorem" approach and promotes active involvement by the reader by its questioning style. An instructor using this text can expect a lively class whose students develop a deep conceptual understanding rather than simply manipulative skills. Topics covered in this book include: the propositional calculus, operations on sets, basic counting methods, predicate calculus, relations, graphs, functions, and mathematical induction.

Beginning with an informal introduction to language equations, this book presents a framework for a general theory for solving systems of equations and relations between languages. Classical language equations, generalized derivatives, Boolean language equations, and implicit equations are presented systematically. An exploration of mixed systems and open problems rounds out the presentation.

Rule-Based Programming is a broad presentation of the rule-based programming method with many example programs showing the strengths of the rule-based approach. The rule-based approach has been used extensively in the development of artificial intelligence systems, such as expert systems and machine learning. This rule-based programming technique has been applied in such diverse fields as medical diagnostic systems, insurance and banking systems, as well as automated design and configuration systems. Rule-based programming is also helpful in bridging the semantic gap between an application and a program, allowing domain specialists to understand programs and participate more closely in their development. Over sixty programs are presented and all programs are available from an ftp site. Many of these programs are presented in several versions allowing the reader to see how realistic programs are elaborated from `back of envelope' models. Metaprogramming is also presented as a technique for bridging the `semantic gap'. Rule-Based Programming will be of interest to programmers, systems analysts and other developers of expert systems as well as to researchers and practitioners in artificial intelligence, computer science professionals and educators.

Not long ago" Dennis Merritt wrote one of the best books that I know of about implementing expert systems in Prolog, and I was very glad he published it in our series. The only problem is there are still some unfortunate people around who do not know Prolog and are not sufficiently prepared either to read Merritt's book, or to use this extremely productive language, be it for knowledge-based work or even for everyday programming. Possibly this last statement may surprise you if you were under the impression that Prolog was an "artificial intelligence language" with very limited application potential. Please believe this editor's statement that quite the opposite is true: for at least four years, I have been using Prolog for every programming task in which I am given the option of choosing the language. Therefore, I 'am indeed happy that Dennis Merritt has written another good book on my language of choice, and that it meets the high standard he set with his prior book, Building Expert Systems in Prolog. All that remains for me to do is to wish you success and enjoyment when taking off on your Adventure in Prolog.

The two-volume set LNCS 6852/6853 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 17th International Euro-Par Conference held in Bordeaux, France, in August/September 2011.The 81 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 271 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on support tools and environments; performance prediction and evaluation; scheduling and load-balancing; high-performance architectures and compilers; parallel and distributed data management; grid, cluster and cloud computing; peer to peer computing; distributed systems and algorithms; parallel and distributed programming; parallel numerical algorithms; multicore and manycore programming; theory and algorithms for parallel computation; high performance networks and mobile ubiquitous computing.

by Luea Cardelli Ever since Strachey's work in the 1960's, polymorphism has been classified into the parametric and overloading varieties. Parametric polymorphism has been the subject of extensive study for over two decades. Overloading, on the other hand, has often been considered too ad hoc to deserve much attention even though it has been, in some form, an ingredient of virtually every programming lan guage (much more so than parametric polymorphism). With the introduction of object-oriented languages, and in particular with multiple-dispatch object-oriented languages, overloading has become less of a programming convenience and more of a fundamental feature in need of proper explanation. This book provides a compelling framework for the study of run-time over loading and of its interactions with subtyping and with parametric polymorphism. The book also describes applications to object-oriented programming. This new framework is motivated by the relatively recent spread of programming languages that are entirely based on run-time overloading; this fact probably explains why this subject was not investigated earlier. Once properly understood, overloading reveals itself relevant also to the study of older and more conventional (single dispatch) object-oriented languages, clarifying delicate issues of covariance and contravariance of method types, and of run-time type analysis. In the final chapters, a synthesis is made between parametric and overloading polymorphism."

The area of computer graphics is characterized by rapid evolution. New techniques in hardware and software developments, e. g., new rendering methods, have led to new ap plications and broader acceptance of graphics in fields such as scientific visualization, multi-media applications, computer aided design, and virtual reality systems. The evolving functionality and the growing complexity of graphics algorithms and sys tems make it more difficult for the application programmer to take full advantage of these systems. Conventional programming methods are no longer suited to manage the increasing complexity, so new programming paradigms and system architectures are re quired. One important step in this direction is the introduction and use of object-oriented methods. Intuition teils us that visible graphical entities are objects, and experience has indeed shown that object-oriented software techniques are quite useful for graphics. The expressiveness of object-oriented languages compared to pure procedurallanguages gives the graphics application programmer much better support when transforming his mental intentions into computer code. Moreover, object-oriented software development is a, weil founded technology, allowing software to be built from reusable and extensible compo nents. This book contains selected, reviewed and thoroughly revised vers ions of papers submit ted to and presented at the Fourth Eurographies Workshops on Object-Oriented Graphics, held on May 9-11, 1994 in Sintra, Portugal."

It is universally accepted today that parallel processing is here to stay but that software for parallel machines is still difficult to develop. However, there is little recognition of the fact that changes in processor architecture can significantly ease the development of software. In the seventies the availability of processors that could address a large name space directly, eliminated the problem of name management at one level and paved the way for the routine development of large programs. Similarly, today, processor architectures that can facilitate cheap synchronization and provide a global address space can simplify compiler development for parallel machines. If the cost of synchronization remains high, the pro gramming of parallel machines will remain significantly less abstract than programming sequential machines. In this monograph Bob Iannucci presents the design and analysis of an architecture that can be a better building block for parallel machines than any von Neumann processor. There is another very interesting motivation behind this work. It is rooted in the long and venerable history of dataflow graphs as a formalism for ex pressing parallel computation. The field has bloomed since 1974, when Dennis and Misunas proposed a truly novel architecture using dataflow graphs as the parallel machine language. The novelty and elegance of dataflow architectures has, however, also kept us from asking the real question: "What can dataflow architectures buy us that von Neumann ar chitectures can't?" In the following I explain in a round about way how Bob and I arrived at this question."

This book deals with the aspects of modeling and solving real-world optimiza- tion problems in a unique combination. It treats systematically the major mod- eling languages and modeling systems used to solve mathematical optimization problems. The book is an offspring ofthe 71 st Meeting of the GOR (Gesellschaft fill Operations Research) Working Group Mathematical Optimization in Real Life which was held under the title Modeling Languages in Mathematical Op- timization during April 23-25, 2003 in the German Physics Society Confer- ence Building in Bad Honnef, Germany. The modeling language providers AIMMS Johannes Bisschop, Paragon Decision Technology B. V, Haarlem, The Netherlands, AMPL Bob Fourer, Northwestern Univ.; David M. Gay, AMPL Optimization LLC. , NJ, GAMS Alexander Meeraus, GAMS Development Corporation, Washington D. C. , Mosel Bob Daniel, Dash Optimization, Blisworth, UK, MPL Bjami Krist jansson, Maximal Software, Arlington, VA, NOP-2 Hermann Schichl, Vienna University, Austria, PCOMP Klaus Schittkowski, Bayreuth University, Germany, and OPL Sofiane Oussedik, ILOG Inc. , Paris, France gave deep insight into their motivations and conceptual design features of their software, highlighted their advantages but also critically discussed their limits. The participants benefited greatly from this symposium which gave a useful overview and orientation on today's modeling languages in optimization. Roughly speaking, a modeling language serves the need to pass data and a mathematical model description to a solver in the same way that people, es- Of course, in pecially mathematicians describe those problems to each other.

During the last three decades several different styles of semantics for program ming languages have been developed. This book compares two of them: the operational and the denotational approach. On the basis of several exam ples we show how to define operational and denotational semantic models for programming languages. Furthermore, we introduce a general technique for comparing various semantic models for a given language. We focus on different degrees of nondeterminism in programming lan guages. Nondeterminism arises naturally in concurrent languages. It is also an important concept in specification languages. In the examples discussed, the degree of non determinism ranges from a choice between two alternatives to a choice between a collection of alternatives indexed by a closed interval of the real numbers. The former arises in a language with nondeterministic choices. A real time language with dense choices gives rise to the latter. We also consider the nondeterministic random assignment and parallel composition, both couched in a simple language. Besides non determinism our four example languages contain some form of recursion, a key ingredient of programming languages."

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second International Conference on Interactive Theorem proving, ITP 2011, held in Berg en Dal, The Netherlands, in August 2011.
The 25 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 50 submissions. Among the topics covered are counterexample generation, verification, validation, term rewriting, theorem proving, computability theory, translations from one formalism to another, and cooperation between tools. Several verification case studies were presented, with applications to computational geometry, unification, real analysis, etc.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference
proceedings of the 22nd International Symposium on Implementation and
Applications of Functional Languages, IFL 2010, held in Alphen aan den
Rijn, The Netherlands, in September 2010.

The 13 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and were
selected from 31 submissions. The IFL symposia bring together
researchers and practitioners that are actively engaged in the
implementation and the use of functional and function based programming
languages. Every year IFL provides a venue for the presentation and
discussion of new ideas and concepts, of work in progress, and of
publication-ripe results.

This book constitutes revised selected papers of the 7th International Workshop on Formal Aspects of Component Software, FACS 2010, held in Guimaraes, Portugal, in October 2010. The 13 full papers and 4 short papers presented together with 1 panel discussion and 2 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 37 submissions. The workshop seeks to develop a better understanding on how formal methods can or should be used for component-based software development to succeed.

This book is the second volume in a series entitled The Modula-2 Software Component Library. Charles Lins' collection of reusable standard software components could be the basis for every programmer's software project in Modula-2. Components that are implementations of commonly used data structures are presented, along with a description of their functionality and efficiency. Moreover, the books provide the background necessary to tailor these components to the specific needs of any Modula-2 environment. For every Modula-2 programmer, this series of books could prove as useful and indispensable as the original language reference by Niklaus Wirth. This second volume introduces software modules for lists, queues, and deques.

This book constitutes the refereed conference proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Functional and Constraint Logic Programming, WFLP 2011, held in Odense, Denmark, in July 2011 as Part of the 13th International Symposium on Principles and Practice of Declarative Programming (PPDP 2011), the 22st International Symposium on Logic-Based Program Synthesis and Transformation (LOPSTR 2011), and the 4th International Workshop on Approaches and Applications of Inductive Programming (AAIP 2011). From the 10 papers submitted, 9 were accepted for presentation the proceeding. The papers cover current research in all areas of functional and logic programming as well as the integration of constraint logic and object-oriented programming, and term rewriting.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the Second IFIP TC 2 Central and East-European Conference on Software Engineering Techniques, CEE-SET 2008, held in Brno, Czech Republic, in October 2008. The 20 revised full papers presented together with a keynote speech were carefully reviewed and selected from 69 initial submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on requirements specification, design, modeling, software product lines, code generation, project management, and quality.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Computational Logic in Multi-Agent Systems, CLIMA XII, held in Barcelona, Spain, in July 2011.
The 22 papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 43 submissions. The purpose of the CLIMA workshops is to provide a forum for discussing techniques, based on computational logic, for representing, programming and reasoning about agents and multi-agent systems in a formal way. This volume features five thematic special sessions: secrets and trust, knowledge and beliefs, logics for games and social choice, cooperation, logic and languages, and norms and normative multi-agent systems.

The two-volume set LNCS 6852/6853 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 17th International Euro-Par Conference held in Bordeaux, France, in August/September 2011. The 81 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 271 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on support tools and environments; performance prediction and evaluation; scheduling and load-balancing; high-performance architectures and compilers; parallel and distributed data management; grid, cluster and cloud computing; peer to peer computing; distributed systems and algorithms; parallel and distributed programming; parallel numerical algorithms; multicore and manycore programming; theory and algorithms for parallel computation; high performance networks and mobile ubiquitous computing.

The book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Software Composition, SC 2011, held in Zurich, Switzerland, in June/July 2011, co-located with TOOLS 2011 Federated Conferences. The 10 revised full papers and 2 short papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 32 initial submissions for inclusion in the book. The papers reflect all current research in software composition and are organized in topical sections on composition and interfaces, aspects and features, and applications.

Object-oriented database systems have been approached with mainly two major intentions in mind, namely to better support new application areas including CAD/CAM, office automation, knowledge engineering, and to overcome the impendance mismatch' between data models and programming languages. This volume gives a comprehensive overwiew of developments in this flourishing area of current database research. Data model and language aspects, interface and database design issues, architectural and implementation questions are covered. Although based on a series of workshops, the contents of this book has been carefully edited to reflect the current state of international research in object oriented database design and implementation.

Describes how to design object-oriented code and accompanying algorithms that can be reverse engineered for greater flexibility in future code maintenance and alteration.

Provides essential object-oriented concepts and programming methods for software engineers and researchers.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computer Aided Verification, CAV 2011, held in Snowbird, UT, USA, in July 2011.

The 35 revised full papers presented together with 20 tool papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 161 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on the following workshops: 4th International Workshop on Numerical Software Verification (NSV 2011), 10th International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Methods in Verifications (PDMC 2011), 4th International Workshop on Exploiting Concurrency Efficiently and Correctly (EC2 2011), Frontiers in Analog Circuit Synthesis and Verification (FAC 2011), International Workshop on Satisfiability Modulo Theories, including SMTCOMP (SMT 2011), 18th International SPIN Workshop on Model Checking of Software (SPIN 2011), Formal Methods for Robotics and Automation (FM-R 2011), and Practical Synthesis for Concurrent Systems (PSY 2011).

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 18th International SPIN workshop on Model Checking Software, SPIN 2011, held in Snowbird, UT, USA, in July 2011. The 10 revised full papers presented together with 2 tool demonstration papers and 1 invited contribution were carefully reviewed and selected from 29 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on abstractions and state-space reductions; search strategies; PROMELA encodings and extensions; and applications of model checking.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th International Conference, ICMT 2011, held in Zurich, Switzerland in June 2011. The 14 revised full papers were carefully revised and selected from 51 submissions. The scope of the contributions ranges from theoretical and methodological topics to implementation issues and applications. Topics addressed are such as transformation paradigms and languages, transformation algorithms and strategies, implementation and tools, as well as applications and case studies.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-workshop proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Declarative Agent Languages and Technologies, DALT 2010, held in Toronto, Canada, on May 10, 2010, as a satellite workshop of the 9th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, AAMAS 2010. The 7 revised full papers presented together with 4 invited lectures were carefully selected during two rounds of reviewing and improvement from 24 initial submissions. DALT aims to make formal methods and declarative technologies and approaches available to and understood by a broader segment of the multi-agent research community; the papers are organized in topical sections on BDI rational agents, communication, coordination and negotiation, as well as social aspects and control systems.