Although written fairly early in his career, in 1939, Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions is considered to be one of Jean-Paul Sartre's most important pieces of writing. It not only anticipates but argues many of the ideas to be found in his famous Being and Nothingness. By subjecting the emotion theories of his day to critical analysis, Sartre opened up the world of psychology to new and creative ways of interpreting feelings. Emotions are intentional and strategic ways of coping with difficult situations. We choose to utilize them, we control them, and not the other way around, as has been posited elsewhere. Emotions are not fixed; they have no essence and indeed are subject to rapid fluctuations and about-turns. For its witty approach alone, Sartre's Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions can be enjoyed at length. It is a dazzling journey to one of the more intriguing theories of our time.

Table of Contents

Introduction 1. Assessing a Nuclear Energy Revival: the Drivers 2. Assessing the Nuclear Revival: the Constraints 3. Assessing the 'Revival' 4. The Current Status of Global Nuclear Governance - the Nuclear Safety Regime 5. The Current Status of Global Nuclear Governance - Nuclear Security and Nonproliferation 6. Implications of the Nuclear Revival for Global Governance Conclusion

Bertrand Russell wrote The Analysis of Mind during one of the most turbulent periods of his life. He began it in 1918 whilst in in prison in London for his opposition to the First World War, and completed it in Peking (now Beijing) in 1921, where he had been giving lectures at the National University.

It is a vital book for understanding Russell's philosophy. He argues for a fresh conception of the mind, provided by his eclectic fusion of William James’s 'neutral monism'; the emerging theory of behaviourism, to which Russell was strongly drawn; and his own new causal theory of meaning. As such, The Analysis of Mind built a foundation for the distinctive brand of much of his later philosophical writing. In his customary sharp prose, Russell explores fundamental questions about the mind, including desire and feeling; the vexed relationship between psychological and physical laws; sensations and mental images; memory; belief; and emotions and the will.

This Routledge Classics edition includes an Introduction by Thomas Baldwin.

Table of Contents

Introduction to the Routledge Classics Edition Thomas Baldwin

Preface

1. Recent Criticisms of “Consciousness”

2. Instinct and Habit

3. Desire and Feeling

4. Influence of Past History on Present Occurrences in Living Organisms

5. Psychological and Physical Causal Laws

6. Introspection

7. The Definition of Perception

8. Sensations and Images

9. Memory

10. Words and Meaning

11. General Ideas and Thought

12. Belief

13. Truth and Falsehood

14. Emotions and Will

15.Characteristics of Mental Phenomena.

Index

With a new foreword by Jonathan Lear

'Remarkably lively and enjoyable…It is a very rich book, containing excellent descriptions of a variety of moral theories, and innumerable and often witty observations on topics encountered on the way.' -Times Literary Supplement

Bernard Williams was one of the greatest philosophers of his generation. Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy is not only widely acknowledged to be his most important book, but also hailed a contemporary classic of moral philosophy. Drawing on the ideas of the Greek philosophers, Williams reorients ethics away from a preoccupation with universal moral theories towards ‘truth, truthfulness and the meaning of an individual life’. He explores and reflects upon the most difficult problems in contemporary philosophy and identifies new ideas about central issues such as relativism, objectivity and the possibility of ethical knowledge.

This edition also includes a commentary on the text by A.W.Moore.

At the time of his death in 2003, Bernard Williams was hailed by the Times as 'the outstanding moral philosopher of his age.' He taught at the Universities of Cambridge, Berkeley and Oxford and is the author of many influential books, including Morality; Descartes: The Project of Pure Enquiry (available from Routledge) and Truth and Truthfulness.

Table of Contents

Foreword to The Routledge Classics Edition Preface 1. Socrates’ Question 2.The Archimedian Point 3. Foundations: Well-Being 4. Foundations: Practical Reason 5. Styles of Ethical Theory 6. Theory and Prejudice 7. The Linguistic Turn 8. Knowledge, Science, Convergence 9. Relativism and Reflection 10. Morality. The Peculiar Institution Postcript Commentary on the Text by A. W. Moore Notes Index

First published in 1946, History of Western Philosophy went on to become the best-selling philosophy book of the twentieth century. A dazzlingly ambitious project, it remains unchallenged to this day as the ultimate introduction to Western philosophy.

Providing a sophisticated overview of the ideas that have perplexed people from time immemorial, it is 'long on wit, intelligence and curmudgeonly scepticism', as the New York Times noted, and it is this, coupled with the sheer brilliance of its scholarship, that has made Russell's History of Western Philosophy one of the most important philosophical works of all time.

Philosophers have traditionally concentrated on the qualities that make human beings different from other species. In Beast and Man Mary Midgley, one of our foremost intellectuals, stresses continuities. What makes people tick? Largely, she asserts, the same things as animals. She tells us humans are rather more like other animals than we previously allowed ourselves to believe, and reminds us just how primitive we are in comparison to the sophistication of many animals. A veritable classic for our age, Beast and Man has helped change the way we think about ourselves and the world in which we live.

Introduction to Logic is a proven textbook that has been honed through the collaborative efforts of many scholars over the last five decades. Its scrupulous attention to detail and precision in exposition and explanation is matched by the greatest accuracy in all associated detail. In addition, it continues to capture student interest through its personalized human setting and current examples. The 14th Edition of Introduction to Logic, written by Copi, Cohen & McMahon, is dedicated to the many thousands of students and their teachers - at hundreds of universities in the United States and around the world - who have used its fundamental methods and techniques of correct reasoning in their everyday lives.

Table of Contents

Foreward

Preface

Acknowledgments

PART I LOGIC AND LAGUAGE

SECTION A REASONING

Chapter 1 Basic Logical Concepts

Chapter 2 Analyzing Arguments

SECTION B INFORMAL LOGIC

Chapter 3 Language and Definitions

Chapter 4 Fallacies

Part II Deduction

Section A Classical Logic

Chapter 5 Categorical Propositions

Chapter 6 Categorical Syllogisms

Appendix: Deduction of the Fifteen Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism

Chapter 7 Syllogisms in Ordinary Language

Section B Modern Logic

Chapter 8 Symbolic Logic

Chapter 9 Methods of Deduction

Chapter 10 Quantification Theory

Part III Induction

Section A Analogy and Causation

Chapter 11 Analogical Reasoning

Chapter 12 Causal Reasoning

Section B Science and Probability

Chapter 13 Science and Hypothesis

Chapter 14 Probability

Appendix

Solutions to Selected Exercises

Glossary/Index

Never before has there been a greater need for deeper listening and more open communication to cope with the complex problems facing our organizations, businesses and societies. Renowned scientist David Bohm believed there was a better way for humanity to discover meaning and to achieve harmony. He identified creative dialogue, a sharing of assumptions and understanding, as a means by which the individual, and society as a whole, can learn more about themselves and others, and achieve a renewed sense of purpose.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 ON COMMUNICATION; Chapter 2 ON DIALOGUE; Chapter 3 THE NATURE OF COLLECTIVE THOUGHT; Chapter 4 THE PROBLEM AND THE PARADOX; Chapter 5 THE OBSERVER AND THE OBSERVED; Chapter 6 SUSPENSION, THE BODY, AND PROPRIOCEPTION; Chapter 7 Part ICIPATORY THOUGHT AND THE UNLIMITED; BIBLIOGRAPHY; Index;

“To abandon the struggle for private happiness, to expel all eagerness of temporary desire, to burn with passion for eternal things – this is emancipation, and this is the free man's worship.”

—Bertrand Russell

Mysticism and Logic is one of Russell's most celebrated collection of essays. They not only set the tone for analytical philosophy in the English-speaking world but are Russell's first proper foray into the role of public philosopher, one he would occupy for years to come. Both scientific and romantic, Russell explores and unpacks, in his inimitable pellucid prose, some of the thorniest problems and puzzles in philosophy. These include different ways of knowing something, the foundations of mathematics, the ultimate nature of matter and whether, in Russell's view, we should seek a philosophical theory of causation.

Taken together, they show the considerable changes that occurred in Russell's thinking during the years he was producing some of his best philosophy, leading up to World War One. Also included is Russell's renowned essay 'A Free Man's Worship', where he argues that we can construct a deeper form of faith based on the power of reason for those who wish to be free.

This Routledge Classics edition includes a new Foreword by Bernard Linsky.

Table of Contents

Foreword to the Routledge Classics Edition Bernard Linsky

Preface (1917)

Preface (1929)

1. A Free Man's Worship

2. Mysticism and Logic

3. The Place of Science in a Liberal Education

4. The Study of Mathematics

5. Mathematics and the Metaphysicians

6. On Scientific Method in Philosophy

7. The Ultimate Constituents of Matter

8. The Relation of Sense-Data to Physics

9. On the Notion of Cause

10. Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description.

Index

Commissions of experts regularly meet to reply to questions such as: What will be the population of the country, or even of our planet, in ten, fifteen or twenty-five years? In what proportion will production have increased, what modifications will its composition and utilizations have undergone? The attraction of efforts to forecast the future continues. That is a fact. How does it proceed? That is a problem, one on which de Jouvenel focuses on in this book.

The Art of Conjecture clearly explains what the "study of the future" can mean. De Jouvenel emphasizes the logical and political problems of forecasting and discusses methods in economics, sociology, and political science by which the future can be studied. More importantly, he discusses the fallacies to which the "study of the future" is peculiarly likely to give rise. The author argues that it is natural and necessary for the population to have visions of the future. Without this, he states, we would only be able to set one opinion of the future against another. If the origins and meanings of these predictions remained obscure, only the event could decide among the opinions.

If any man can be said to have created the serious "study of the future" in our time, it is Bertrand de Jouvenel. Futuribles, a periodical he created,continues to represent a major turning point in contemporary social science. Jouvenel aimed to show how "the art of conjecture" could inform prudential judgment and allow citizens and statesmen to detect troubles before they arise.

Table of Contents

Introduction 1 On the Nature of the Future 2 A Need of Our Species 3 Terminology Part I Personal Destiny 4 The Project 5 The Conditional 6 The Future as an Object of Knowledge 7 The Principle of Uncertainty Part II Of Predictions 8 Predictions: I 9 Predictions: II 10 Historical Prediction and Scientific Prediction Part III Ways of Conceiving the Future 11 Process and Action 12 The Changing Scene 13 Conjectures and Decisions 14 The Pragmatism of Conjecture and a Few Consequences Part IV Quantitative Predictions 15 On Quantification 16 Short-Term Economic Forecasting 17 Long-Term Economic Forecasting and Its Social Aspects Part V Toward the Surmising Forum 18 The Political Order and Foreseeability 19 The Forecasting of Ideas 20 The Surmising Forum

Hailed as the 'Guru of the New Left' and a leading figure of 1960s counterculture and liberation movements, the philosopher Herbert Marcuse is amongst the most renowned and controversial thinkers of the twentieth century. Eros and Civilization is one of his best-known books and brought him international fame.

Taking his cue from Freud's view that repression of the instincts is a defining characteristic of the human mind, Marcuse fuses Freud's insight with Marx's theories of alienation and oppression. He argues that rather than our instincts turned in on themselves, it is modern capitalism itself that is preventing us from reaching the freedom we can find in a non-repressive society.

A sweeping indictment of modern capitalism and consumerism that remains fresh and insightful, Eros and Civilization is a classic of activist and radical thinking that continues to fire debate and controversy today.

This Routledge Classics edition includes a new Foreword by Douglas Kellner.

Table of Contents

Foreword to the Routledge Classics Edition Douglas Kellner

Preface

Introduction

Part 1: Under the Rule of the Reality Principle

1. The Hidden Trend in Psychoanalysis

2. The Origin of the Repressed Individual (Ontogenesis)

3. The Origin of Repressive Civilization (Phylogenesis)

4. The Dialectic of Civilization

5. Philosophical Interlude

Part 2: Beyond the Reality Principle

6. The Historical Limits of the Established Reality Principle

7. Phantasy and Utopia

8. The Images of Orpheus and Narcissus

9. The Aesthetic Dimension

10. The Transformation of Sexuality into Eros

11. Eros and Thanatos

Epilogue: Critique of Neo-Freudian Revisionism.

Index

Few philosophers have had a more lasting impact on the philosophy of history than Friedrich Hegel. Reason and Revolution is Herbert Marcuse's brilliant interpretation of Hegel's philosophy and the influence it has had on political thought, from the French Revolution to the twentieth century.

In a masterpiece of dialectical thought, Marcuse superbly illuminates the implications of Hegel's philosophy, rescuing it from the taint of reactionary thought that distorted or dismissed it for the early part of the twentieth century. After a masterful survey of the main elements of Hegel's philosophical system, Marcuse argues that it is Hegel the rationalist and progressive who stands in contrast to the irrationalism of Nazism, providing the crucial platform on which Marxist thought would later build and take Hegel's thought in a radical and explosive new direction.

A vital book in the development of critical theory and for understanding the great battle between liberal and reactionary thought, Reason and Revolution remains essential reading today.

This Routledge Classics edition includes a new Foreword by J.M. Bernstein.

Table of Contents

Foreword to the Routledge Classics Edition Jay Bernstein

Part 1: The Foundations of Hegel’s Philosophy

Introduction

1. Hegel’s Early Theological Writings (1790–1800)

2. Towards the System of Philosophy (1800–1802)

3. Hegel’s First System (1802–1806)

4. The Phenomenology of Mind (1807)

5. The Science of Logic (1812–16)

6. The Political Philosophy (1816–1821)

7. The Philosophy of History

Part 2: The Rise of Social Theory

Introduction

8. The Foundations of the Dialectical Theory of Society

9. The Foundations of Positivism and the Rise of Sociology

Conclusion: The End of Hegelianism.

Index

Iris Murdoch once observed: 'philosophy is often a matter of finding occasions on which to say the obvious'. What was obvious to Murdoch, and to all those who read her work, is that Good transcends everything - even God. Throughout her distinguished and prolific writing career, she explored questions of good and bad, myth and morality. The framework for Murdoch's questions - and her own conclusions - can be found in the Sovereignty of Good. The Boston Review hailed these essays as 'her most influential pieces of philosophy'.

Logic: The Basics is an accessible introduction to several core areas of logic. The first part of the book features a self-contained introduction to the standard topics in classical logic, such as:

· mathematical preliminaries

· propositional logic

· quantified logic (first monadic, then polyadic)

· English and standard ‘symbolic translations’

· tableau procedures.

Alongside comprehensive coverage of the standard topics, this thoroughly revised second edition also introduces several philosophically important nonclassical logics, free logics, and modal logics, and gives the reader an idea of how they can take their knowledge further. With its wealth of exercises (solutions available in the encyclopedic online supplement), Logic: The Basics is a useful textbook for courses ranging from the introductory level to the early graduate level, and also as a reference for students and researchers in philosophical logic.

Table of Contents

I BACKGROUND IDEAS

1 Consequences

1.1 Relations of support

1.2 Logical consequence: the basic recipe

1.3 Valid arguments and truth

1.4 Summary, looking ahead, and reading

2 Models, Modeled, and Modeling

2.1 Models

2.2 Models in science

2.3 Logic as modeling

2.4 A note on notation, metalanguages, etc.

2.5 Summary, looking ahead, and reading

3 Language, Form, and Logical Theories

3.1 Language and formal languages

3.2 Languages: syntax and semantics

3.3 Atoms, connectives, and molecules

3.4 Connectives and form

3.5 Validity and form

3.6 Logical theories: rivalry

3.7 Summary, looking ahead, and reading

4 Set-theoretic Tools

4.1 Sets

4.2 Ordered sets: pairs and n-tuples

4.3 Relations

4.4 Functions

4.5 Sets as tools

4.6 Summary and looking ahead

II THE BASIC CLASSICAL THEORY

5 Basic Classical Syntax and Semantics

5.1 Cases: complete and consistent

5.2 Classical ‘truth conditions’

5.3 Basic classical consequence

5.4 Motivation: precision

5.5 Formal picture

5.6 Defined connectives

5.7 Some notable valid forms

5.8 Summary and looking ahead

6 Basic Classical Tableaux

6.1 What are tableaux?

6.2 Tableaux for the Basic Classical Theory

6.3 Summary and looking ahead

7 Basic Classical Translations

7.1 Atoms, Punctuation, and Connectives

7.2 Syntax, altogether

7.3 Semantics

7.4 Consequence

7.5 Summary and Looking Ahead

III FIRST-ORDER CLASSICAL THEORY

8 Atomic Innards: Unary

8.1 Atomic innards: names and predicates

8.2 Truth and falsity conditions for atomics

8.3 Cases, domains, and interpretation functions

8.4 Classicality

8.5 A formal picture

8.6 Summary and looking ahead

9 Everything and Something

9.1 Validity involving quantifiers

9.2 Quantifiers: an informal sketch

9.3 Truth and falsity conditions

9.4 A formal picture

9.5 Summary and looking ahead.

10 First-Order Language with Any-Arity Innards

10.1 Truth and falsity conditions for atomics

10.2 Cases, domains, and interpretation functions

10.3 Classicality

10.4 A formal picture

10.5 Summary and looking ahead

11 Identity

11.1 Logical expressions, forms, sentential forms

11.2 Validity involving identity

11.3 Identity: informal sketch

11.4 Truth conditions: informal sketch

11.5 Formal picture

11.6 Summary and looking ahead

12 Tableaux for First-Order Logic with Identity

12.1 A Few Reminders

12.2 Tableaux for Polyadic First-Order Logic

12.3 Summary and looking ahead

13 First-Order Translations

13.1 Basic Classical Theory with Innards

13.2 First-Order Classical Theory

13.3 Polyadic Innards

13.4 Examples in the polyadic language

13.5 Adding Identity

13.6 Summary and Looking Ahead

IV NONCLASSICAL THEORIES

14 Alternative Logical Theories

14.1 Apparent unsettledness

14.2 Apparent overdeterminacy

14.3 Options

14.4 Cases

14.5 Truth and falsity conditions

14.6 Logical Consequence

14.7 Summary, looking ahead, and reading

15 Nonclassical Sentential Logics

15.1 Syntax

15.2 Semantics, Broadly

15.3 Defined connectives

15.4 Some notable forms

15.5 Summary and looking ahead

16 Nonclassical First-order Theories

16.1 An Informal Gloss

16.2 A formal picture

16.3 Summary and looking ahead

17 Nonclassical Tableaux

17.1 Closure Conditions

17.2 Tableaux for Nonclassical First-Order Logics

17.3 Summary and looking ahead

18 Nonclassical Translations

18.1 Syntax and Semantics

18.2 Consequence

18.3 Summary and looking ahead

V FREEDOM, NECESSITY AND BEYOND

19 Speaking Freely

19.1 Speaking of non-existent ‘things’

19.2 Existential import

19.3 Freeing our terms, expanding our domains

19.4 Truth conditions: an informal sketch

19.5 Formal picture

19.6 Summary and looking ahead

20 Possibilities

20.1 Possibility and necessity

20.2 Towards truth and falsity conditions

20.3 Cases and consequence

20.4 Formal picture

20.5 Remark on going beyond possibility

20.6 Summary and looking ahead

21 Free and Modal Tableaux

21.1 Free Tableaux

21.2 Modal Tableaux

21.3 Summary and looking ahead

22 Glimpsing Different Logical Roads

22.1 Other conditionals

22.2 Other negations

22.3 Other alethic modalities: actuality

22.4 Same connectives, different truth conditions

22.5 Another road to difference: consequence

22.6 Summary and looking behind and ahead

References

Sir Peter Strawson (1919–2006) was one of the leading British philosophers of his generation and an influential figure in a golden age for British philosophy between 1950 and 1970.

Individuals, his most important book, is a modern philosophical classic. Bold in scope and ambition, it presents Strawson’s now famous argument for descriptive metaphysics and his repudiation of revisionary metaphysics. Rather than setting out to replace our overall view of the world, in the manner of the great 'revisionary' philosophers of the past, Strawson sets himself the seemingly (but not actually) more modest task of simply describing it. The aim is nothing less than to lay bare the most basic structure of our thought—the most general features of the way in which we think about particular things. A landmark book in the philosophical world and above all analytical philosophy, it remains of vital importance today.

This Routledge Classics edition includes a substantial new Foreword by Michelle Montague, setting out some of Strawson's key themes and arguments. Also included is Strawson's essay 'Individuals'. Published thirty-five years after the book itself and until now not widely available, it sees Strawson summarizing and reflecting on some of the key arguments presented in his book of the same name.

Table of Contents

Foreword to the Routledge Classics Edition Michelle Montague

Preface

Introduction

Part 1: Particulars

1. Bodies

2. Sounds

3. Persons

4. Monads

Part 2: Logical Subjects

5. Subject and Predicate (1): Two Criteria

6. Subject and Predicate (2): Logical Subjects and Particular Objects

7. Language without Particulars

8. Logical Subjects and Existence

Conclusion

Appendix: Individuals

Index

In the 1960s a radical concept emerged from the great French thinker Jacques Derrida. Read the book that changed the way we think; read Writing and Difference, the classic introduction.

Table of Contents

Translator’s Introduction 1 Force and Signification 2 Cogito and the History of Madness 3 Edmond Jabès and the Question of the Book 4 Violence and Metaphysics: An Essay on the Thought of Emmanuel Levinas 5 ‘Genesis and Structure’ and Phenomenology 6 La parole soufflée 7 Freud and the Scene of Writing 8 The Theater of Cruelty and the Closure of Representation 9 From Restricted to General Economy: A Hegelianism without Reserve 10 Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences 11 Ellipsis. Notes; Sources

Environmental disasters, from wildfires and vanishing species to flooding and drought, have increased dramatically in recent years and debates about the environment are rarely far from the headlines. There is growing awareness that these disasters are connected – indeed, that in the fabric of nature everything is interconnected. However, until the publication of Freya Mathews' The Ecological Self, there had been remarkably few attempts to provide a conceptual foundation for such interconnectedness that brought together philosophy and science.

In this acclaimed book, Mathews skilfully weaves together a thought-provoking metaphysics of the environment. She connects the ideas of the seventeenth-century philosopher Spinoza with twentieth-century systems theory and Einstein’s physics to argue that the atomistic cosmology inherited from Newton gave credence to a picture of the universe as fragmented, rather than as whole. Furthermore, it is such faulty thinking that presents human beings as similarly disconnected and individualistic, with the dire consequence that they regard nature as of purely instrumental rather than intrinsic value. She concludes by arguing for an ethics of ecological interdependence and for a basic egalitarianism among living species.

A compelling and fascinating account of how we must change our thinking about the environment, The Ecological Self is a classic of ecological and environmental thinking.

This Routledge Classics edition includes a substantial new Introduction by the author.

Table of Contents

Introduction to the Routledge Classics Edition

1. Atomism and its Ideological Implications

2. Geometrodynamics: A Monistic Metaphysic

3. System and Substance: Alternative Principles of Individuation

4. Value in Nature and Meaning in Life.

Notes

Bibliography

Index

Every theory of imagination must satisfy two requirements. It must account for the spontaneous discrimination that the mind makes between its images and its perceptions, and it must explain the role that the image plays in the operation of thought. Whatever form it has taken, the classical conception of the image could not fulfil these two essential tasks.' —Jean-Paul Sartre

Jean-Paul Sartre's L’Imagination was published in 1936 when he was thirty years old. The Imagination is Sartre’s first full philosophical work, presenting some of the basic arguments concerning phenomenology, consciousness, and intentionality that were to mark his philosophy as a whole and be so influential in the course of twentieth-century philosophy.

Sartre begins by criticising philosophical theories of the imagination, particularly those of Descartes, Leibniz, and Hume, before establishing his central thesis. Imagination does not involve the perception of ‘mental images’ in any literal sense, Sartre argues, yet reveals some of the fundamental capacities of consciousness. He then reviews psychological theories of the imagination, including a fascinating discussion of the work of Henri Bergson.

Sartre argues that the ‘classical conception’ is fundamentally flawed because it begins by conceiving of the imagination as being like perception and then seeks, in vain, to re-establish the difference between the two. Sartre concludes with an important chapter on Husserl’s theory of the imagination which, despite sharing the flaws of earlier approaches, signals a new phenomenological way forward in understanding the imagination.

The Imagination is essential reading for anyone interested in the philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre, phenomenology, and the history of twentieth-century philosophy. The translation has been revised throughout for this Routledge Classics edition. There is also a revised Translators’ Introduction and a new Foreword, both by Kenneth Williford and David Rudrauf. Also included is Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s important review of L’Imagination upon its publication in French in 1936.

Translated by Kenneth Williford and David Rudrauf.

Table of Contents

Foreword to the Routledge Classics Edition Kenneth Williford and David Rudrauf

Translators' Introduction to the Routledge Classics Edition Kenneth Williford and David Rudrauf

Introduction

1. The Great Metaphysical Systems

2. The Problem of the Image and the Effort of Psychologists to Find a Positive Method

3. The Contradictions of the Classical Conception

4. Husserl

Conclusion.

Review of L'Imagination by Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1936)

Bibliography

Index

'Mary Midgely is a philosopher with what many have come to admire, and some to fear, as one of the sharpest critical pens in the West.' - Steven Rose, author of the Conscious Brain

'Mary Midgley may be the most frightening philosopher in the country: the one before whom it is least pleasant to appear a fool.' - The Guardian

'I have now read the book twice, not because it is difficult (on the contrary it reads with the ease and elegance of Bertrand Russell), but because it is so stimulating.' - Brian Masters, The Spectator

'Mrs Midgley has set out to delineate not so much the nature as the sources of wickedness. Though she calls the book a philosophical essay, it is more a contribution to psychology. The book is clearly written, with a refreshing absence of technical jargon, and each chapter is followed by a useful summary of its principal arguments.' - A.J. Ayer, The Listener

The Analysis of Matter is the product of thirty years of thinking by one of the twentieth century's best-known philosophers. An inquiry into the philosophical foundations of physics, it was written against the background of stunning new developments in physics earlier in the century, above all relativity, as well as the excitement around quantum theory, which was just being developed.

Concerned to place physics on a stable footing at a time of great theoretical change, Russell argues that the concept of matter itself can be replaced by a logical construction whose basic foundations are events. He is careful to point out that this does not prove that matter does not exist, but it does show that physicists can get on with their work without assuming that matter does exist. Russell argues that fundamental bits of ''matter'', such as electrons and protons, are simply groups of events connected in a certain way and their properties are all that are required for physics.

This Routledge Classics edition includes the 1992 Introduction by John G. Slater.

Table of Contents

Introduction to the Routledge Classics edition John G. Slater

Preface

1. The Nature of the Problem

Part 1: The Logical Analysis of Physics

2. Pre-Relativity Physics

3. Electrons and Protons

4. The Theory of Quanta

5. The Special Theory of Relativity

6. The General Theory of Relativity

7. The Method of Tensors

8. Geodesics

9. Invariants and Their Physical Interpretation

10. Weyl’s Theory

11. The Principle of Differential Laws

12. Measurement

13. Matter and Space

14. The Abstractness of Physics

Part 2: Physics and Perception

15. From Primitive Perception to Common Sense

16. From Common Sense to Physics

17. What is an Empirical Science

18. Our Knowledge of Particular Matters of Fact

19. Data, Inferences, Hypotheses, and Theories

20. The Causal Theory of Perception

21. Perception and Objectivity

22. The Belief in General Laws

23. Substance

24. Importance of Structure in Scientific Inference

25. Perception From the Standpoint of Physics

26. Non-Mental Analogues to Perception

Part 3: The Structure of the Physical World

27. Particulars and Events

28. The Construction of Points

29. Space-Time Order

30. Causal Lines

31. Extrinsic Causal Laws

32. Physical and Perceptual Space-Time

33. Periodicity and Qualitative Series

34. Types of Physical Occurrences

35. Causality and Interval

36. The Genesis of Space-Time

37. Physics and Neutral Monism

38. Summary and Conclusion.

Index

With a new foreword by Dermot Moran

‘the work here presented seeks to found a new science – though, indeed, the whole course of philosophical development since Descartes has been preparing the way for it – a science covering a new field of experience, exclusively its own, that of "Transcendental Subjectivity"’ - Edmund Husserl, from the author’s preface to the English Edition

Widely regarded as the principal founder of phenomenology, one of the most important movements in twentieth century philosophy, Edmund Husserl’s Ideas is one of his most important works and a classic of twentieth century thought. This Routledge Classics edition of the original translation by W.R. Boyce Gibson includes the introduction to the English edition written by Husserl himself in 1931.

Husserl’s early thought conceived of phenomenology – the general study of what appears to conscious experience – in a relatively narrow way, mainly in relation to problems in logic and the theory of knowledge. The publication of Ideas in 1913 witnessed a significant and controversial widening of Husserl’s thought, changing the course of phenomenology decisively. Husserl argued that phenomenology was the study of the very nature of what it is to think, "the science of the essence of consciousness" itself.

Husserl’s arguments ignited a heated debate regarding the nature of consciousness and experience that has endured throughout the twentieth and continues in the present day. No understanding of twentieth century philosophy is complete without some understanding of Husserl, and his work influenced some of the great philosophers of the twentieth century, such as Martin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre.

Table of Contents

Foreword to the Routledge Classics Edition Author's Preface to the English Edition Translator's Preface Introduction Part 1: The Nature and Knowledge of Essential Being 1. Fact and Essence 2. Naturalistic Misconstructions Part 2: The Fundamental Phenomenological Outlook 1. The Thesis if the Natural Standpoint and its Suspension 2. Consciousness and Natural Reality 3. The Region of Pure Consciousness 4. The Phenomenological Reductions Part 3: Procedure of Pure Phenomenology in Respect of Methods and Problems 1. Preliminary Considerations of Method 2. General Structures of Pure Consciousness 3. Noesis and Noema 4. Theory of the Noetic-Noematic Structures: Elaboration of the Problems Part 4: Reason and Reality (Wirklichkeit) 1. Noematic Meaning and Relation to the Object 2. Phenomenology of Reason 3. Grades of Generality in the Ordering of the Problems of the Theoretic Reason Analytical Index Index to Proper Names

When Ernest Gellner was his early thirties, he took it upon himself to challenge the prevailing philosophical orthodoxy of the day, Linguistic Philosophy. Finding a powerful ally in Bertrand Russell, who provided the foreword for this book, Gellner embarked on the project that was to put him on the intellectual map.

The first determined attempt to state the premises and operational rules of the movement, Words and Things remains philosophy's most devastating attack on a conventional wisdom to this day.

Table of Contents

Foreword by Bertrand Russell Introduction: The Saltmines of Salzburg or Wittgensteinianism Reconsidered in Historical Context I Of Linguistic Philosophy 1 Introductory 2 First Approaches 3 A Theory of Philosophy 4 A Theory of the World and of Language 5 A Theory of Mind II Of Language 1 The Theory of Language Expanded 2 Language Games 3 The Four Pillars 4 The Argument from Paradigm Cases 5 From Fact to Norm 6 The Contrast Theory of Meaning 7 General Comments on the Three Fallacies 8 The Cult of the Fox 9 Everything is Unlike Everything Else 10 The Best of all Possible Languages III Of Philosophy 1 Activity not Doctrine 2 The Imperturbable Universe 3 Flashback 4 Logical Atomism 5 Logical Positivism 6 Logical Constructions 7 Common Sense 8 Transition 9 Appearance and Reality, or Monsieur Jourdain’s Revolt IV Of the World 1 The Secret of the Universe 2 Naturalism 3 A Special Kind of Naturalism 4 The Bait and the Trap 5 The Turn of the Screw 6 Triple Star 7 De Luxe V Of Knowledge VI Structure and Strategy Explanation of the Diagram and Instructions for Use VII Assessment VIII Implications IX Sociology X Conclusion

Discover for yourself the pleasures of philosophy! Written both for the seasoned student of philosophy as well as the general reader, the renowned writer Roger Scruton provides a survey of modern philosophy. Always engaging, Scruton takes us on a fascinating tour of the subject, from founding father Descartes to the most important and famous philosopher of the twentieth century, Ludwig Wittgenstein. He identifies all the principal figures and outlines the main intellectual preoccupations that have informed western philosophy. Painting a portrait of modern philosophy that is vivid and animated, Scruton introduces us to some of the greatest philosophical problems invented in this period and pursued ever since. Including material on recent debates, A Short History of Modern Philosophy is already established as the classic introduction. Read it and find out why.

`A graceful, refreshing and enlightening book, applied philosophy that is relevant, timely and metaphysical in the best sense.' - New York Times Book Review

'Midgley is one of the most acute and penetrating voices in current moral philosophy. Her great gift is clarity, both of thought and, especially, of expression. To follow her reasoning is like watching a ballet dancer walking in the street: there is a litheness, a gracefulness, an ease of articulation, which attest to years of learning lightly worn.' - John Banville, Irish Times

The philosopher Michael Dummett was one of the sharpest and most prominent commentators and campaigners for the fair treatment of immigrants and refugees in Britain and Europe. On Immigration and Refugees was the only book he wrote on the topic and among one of the most eloquent and important reflections on the subject to have been published in many years. Exploring the confused and often highly unjust and racist thinking about immigration, Dummett questions the principles and justifications governing state policies, pointing out that they often conflict with the rights of refugees as laid down by the Geneva Convention. With compelling and often moving examples, he points a new way forward for humane thinking and practice about a problem we cannot afford to ignore.

This Routledge Classics edition includes a new Foreword by Sarah Fine.

Table of Contents

Foreword to the Routledge Classics Edition Sarah Fine

Preface

Part 1: Principles

1. Some General Principles

2. The Duties of a State to Refugees

3. The Duties of a State to Immigrants

4. Grounds of Refusal

5. Citizenship

Part 2: History

6. How Immigration was Made a Menace in Britain

7. From Immigrants to Refugees

8. Racism in Other European Countries and Immigration into Them.

Index

Bertrand Russell's writings on logic, metaphysics, philosophy of language and epistemology are among the most influential of the twentieth century. Logic and Knowledge presents Russell's very best and most important work on these topics in a single volume, which by placing philosophical logic at its core was of monumental importance in shaping the path of analytical philosophy.

It includes classics such as 'On Denoting', one of the founding pieces of philosophy of the twentieth century as well as chapters on logical atomism, a term coined by Russell himself to describe his view that the world consists in a plurality of independent entities, which by coming together form facts.

Along with other essays on fundamental philosophical problems including the logic of relations, universals and particulars, and propositions, Logic and Knowledge shows why Russell remains one of the most important philosophers of the last century.

This Routledge Classics edition includes a new Foreword by Graham Stevens.

Table of Contents

Foreword to the Routledge Classics Edition Graham Stevens

Preface

Acknowledgements

1. On Denoting

2. Mathematical Logic as Based on the Theory of Types

3. On the Relations of Universals and Particulars

4. On the Nature of Acquaintance

5. The Philosophy of Logical Atomism

6. On Propositions: what they are and how they mean

7. Logical Atomism

8. On Order in Time

9. Logical Positivism.

Appendix: The Logic of Relations

Index