First published in 1954, Human Society in Ethics and Politics is Bertrand Russell’s last full account of his ethical and political positions relating to both politics and religion. Ethics, he argues, are necessary to man because of the conflict between intelligence and impulse – if one were without the other, there would be no place for ethics. Man’s impulses and desires are equally social and solitary. Politics and ethics are the means by which we as a society and as individuals become socially purposeful and moral codes inculcate our rules of action.

Table of Contents

Introduction Preface Part 1: Ethics 1. Sources of Ethical Beliefs and Feelings 2. Moral Codes 3. Morality as a Means 4. Good and Bad 5. Partial and General Goods 6. Moral Obligation 7. Sin 8. Ethical Controversy 9. Is there Ethical Knowledge? 10. Authority in Ethics 11. Production and Distribution 12. Superstitious Ethics 13. Ethical Sanctions Part 2: The Conflict of Passions 14. From Ethics to Politics 15. Politically Important Desires 16. Forethought and Skill 17. Myth and Magic 18. Cohesion and Rivalry 19. Scientific Technique and the Future 20. Will Religious Faith Cure Our Troubles? 21. Conquest? 22. Steps Towards a Stable Peace 23. Prologue or Epilogue Index

The philosopher Michael Dummett was one of the sharpest and most prominent commentators and campaigners for the fair treatment of immigrants and refugees in Britain and Europe. On Immigration and Refugees was the only book he wrote on the topic and among one of the most eloquent and important reflections on the subject to have been published in many years. Exploring the confused and often highly unjust and racist thinking about immigration, Dummett questions the principles and justifications governing state policies, pointing out that they often conflict with the rights of refugees as laid down by the Geneva Convention. With compelling and often moving examples, he points a new way forward for humane thinking and practice about a problem we cannot afford to ignore.

This Routledge Classics edition includes a new Foreword by Sarah Fine.

Table of Contents

Foreword to the Routledge Classics Edition Sarah Fine

Preface

Part 1: Principles

1. Some General Principles

2. The Duties of a State to Refugees

3. The Duties of a State to Immigrants

4. Grounds of Refusal

5. Citizenship

Part 2: History

6. How Immigration was Made a Menace in Britain

7. From Immigrants to Refugees

8. Racism in Other European Countries and Immigration into Them.

Index

In An Inquiry Into Meaning and Truth, Bertrand Russell returns to philosophy after a long period of writing about education, religion and marriage. Investigating how we can be justified in what we know and how we can reconcile knowledge of the physical world with immediate sensory knowledge, Russell sets out to reconcile the various aspects of his thought since his early logicist period—the view that mathematical truths are ultimately logical truths.

Russell's goal is to stress-test empiricism in light of contemporary developments in logic and language or, as Russell himself succinctly puts it, "to combine a general outlook akin to Hume's with the methods that have grown out of modern logic". His quest combines three strands: metaphysical, epistemological and linguistic.

Both a fascinating insight into Russell’s evolving views and the continuity of his thinking over the years, it also foreshadows many future debates which came to occupy centre stage within English-speaking philosophy: debates about realism and anti-realism, the viability of pragmatism as a philosophical theory and the perennial opposition between holism and atomism.

This Routledge Classics edition includes a new Foreword by Pascal Engel, placing Russell's book in helpful philosophical context.

Table of Contents

Foreword to the Routledge Classics Edition Pascal Engel

Preface

Introduction

1. What is a Word?

2. Sentences, Syntax, and Parts of Speech

3. Sentences Describing Experiences

4. The Object-Language

5. Logical Words

6. Proper Names

7. Egocentric Particulars

8. Perception and Knowledge

9. Epistemological Premisses

10. Basic Propositions

11. Factual Premisses

12. An Analysis of Problems Concerning Propositions

13. The Significance of Sentences: A. General. B. Psychological. C. Syntactical

14. Language as an Expression

15. What Sentences "Indicate"

16. Truth and Falsehood, Preliminary Discussion

17. Truth and Experience

18. General Beliefs

19. Extensionality and Atomicity

20. The Law of Excluded Middle

21. Truth and Verification

22. Significance and Verification

23. Warranted Assertibility

24. Analysis

25. Language and Metaphysics.

Index

D. M. Armstrong's A Materialist Theory of the Mind is widely known as one of the most important defences of the view that mental states are nothing but physical states of the brain. A landmark of twentieth-century philosophy of mind, it launched the physicalist revolution in approaches to the mind and has been engaged with, debated and puzzled over ever since its first publication over fifty years ago.

Ranging over a remarkable number of topics, from behaviourism, the will and knowledge to perception, bodily sensation and introspection, Armstrong argues that mental states play a causally intermediate role between stimuli, other mental states and behavioural responses. He uses several illuminating examples to illustrate this, such as the classic case of pain.

This Routledge Classics edition includes a new Foreword by Peter Anstey, placing Armstrong's book in helpful philosophical and historical context.

Table of Contents

Foreword to the Routledge Classics Edition Peter Anstey

Acknowledgements

Preface to the 1993 Edition

Introduction

Part 1: Theories of Mind

1. A Classification of Theories of Mind

2. Dualism

3. The Attribute Theory

4. A Difficulty for any Non-Materialist Theory of Mind

5. Behaviourism

6. The Central-State Theory

Part 2: The Concept of Mind

7. The Will (1)

8. The Will (2)

9. Knowledge and Inference

10. Perception and Belief

11. Perception and Behaviour

12. The Secondary Qualities

13. Mental Images

14. Bodily Sensations

15. Introspection

16. Belief and Thought

Part 3: The Nature of Mind

17. Identification of the Mental with the Physical

Bibliography

Index

With a new foreword by Jonathan Lear

'Remarkably lively and enjoyable…It is a very rich book, containing excellent descriptions of a variety of moral theories, and innumerable and often witty observations on topics encountered on the way.' -Times Literary Supplement

Bernard Williams was one of the greatest philosophers of his generation. Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy is not only widely acknowledged to be his most important book, but also hailed a contemporary classic of moral philosophy. Drawing on the ideas of the Greek philosophers, Williams reorients ethics away from a preoccupation with universal moral theories towards ‘truth, truthfulness and the meaning of an individual life’. He explores and reflects upon the most difficult problems in contemporary philosophy and identifies new ideas about central issues such as relativism, objectivity and the possibility of ethical knowledge.

This edition also includes a commentary on the text by A.W.Moore.

At the time of his death in 2003, Bernard Williams was hailed by the Times as 'the outstanding moral philosopher of his age.' He taught at the Universities of Cambridge, Berkeley and Oxford and is the author of many influential books, including Morality; Descartes: The Project of Pure Enquiry (available from Routledge) and Truth and Truthfulness.

Table of Contents

Foreword to The Routledge Classics Edition Preface 1. Socrates’ Question 2.The Archimedian Point 3. Foundations: Well-Being 4. Foundations: Practical Reason 5. Styles of Ethical Theory 6. Theory and Prejudice 7. The Linguistic Turn 8. Knowledge, Science, Convergence 9. Relativism and Reflection 10. Morality. The Peculiar Institution Postcript Commentary on the Text by A. W. Moore Notes Index

Few books have had as great an impact on intellectual history as Kant's The Moral Law. In its short compass one of the greatest minds in the history of philosophy attempts to identify the fundamental principle 'morality' that governs human action.

Supported by a clear introduction and detailed summary of the argument, this is not only an essential text for students but also the perfect introduction for any reader who wishes to encounter at first hand the mind of one of the finest and most influential thinkers of all time.

Table of Contents

Translator’s Preface, Commentary and Analysis of the Argument, Preface, 1. The approach to moral philosophy, 2. Outline of a metaphysic of morals, 3. Outline of a critique of practical reason, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, Preface, 1. Passage from ordinary rational knowledge of morality to philosophical, 2. Passage from popular moral philosophy to a metaphysic of morals, 3. Passage from a metaphysic of morals to a critique of pure practical reason, Notes, Index

The sheer range of West's interests and insights is staggering and exemplary: he appears equally comfortable talking about literature, ethics, art, jurisprudence, religion, and popular-cultural forms.' - Artforum

Keeping Faith is a rich, moving and deeply personal collection of essays from one of the leading African American intellectuals of our age. Drawing upon the traditions of Western philosophy and modernity, Cornel West critiques structures of power and oppression as they operate within American society and provides a way of thinking about human dignity and difference afresh. Impressive in its scope, West confidently and deftly explores the politics and philosophy of America, the role of the black intellectual, legal theory and the future of liberal thought, and the fate of African Americans. A celebration of the extraordinary lives of ordinary Americans, Keeping Faith is a petition to hope and a call to faith in the redemptive power of the human spirit.

Table of Contents

Preface: The Difficulty of Keeping Faith. Cultural Criticism and Race 1. The New Cultural Politics of Difference 2. Black Critics and the Pitfalls of Canon Formation 3. A Note on Race and Architecture 4. Horace Pippin's Challenge to Art Criticism 5. The Dilemma of the Black Intellectual. Philosophy and Political Engagement 6. Theory, Pragmatisms and Politics 7. Pragmatism and the Sense of the Tragic 8. The Historicist Turn in Philosophy of Religion 9. The Limits of Neopragmatism 10. On Georg Lukacs 11. Fredric Jameson's American Marxism. Law and Culture 12. Reassessing the Critical Legal Studies Movement 13. Critical Legal Studies and a Liberal Critic 14. Charles Taylor and the Critical Legal Studies Movement 15. The Role of Law in Progressive Politics. Explaining Race 16. Race and Social Theory 17. The Paradox of the African American Rebellion Notes Index

‘I have come to think that one of the main causes of trouble in the world is dogmatic and fanatical belief in some doctrine for which there is no adequate evidence.’– Bertrand Russell,Portraits from Memory

Portraits from Memory is one of Bertrand Russell’s most self-reflective and engaging books. Whilst not intended as an autobiography, it is a vivid recollection of some of his celebrated contemporaries, such as George Bernard Shaw, Sidney and Beatrice Webb and D. H. Lawrence. Russell provides some arresting and sometimes amusing insights into writers with whom he corresponded. He was fascinated by Joseph Conrad, with whom he formed a strong emotional bond, writing that his Heart of Darkness was not just a story but an expression of Conrad’s ‘philosophy of life’. There are also some typically pithy Russellian observations; H. G. Wells ‘derived his importance from quantity rather than quality’, whilst after a brief and fraught friendship Russell thought D. H. Lawrence ‘had no real wish to make the world better, but only to indulge in eloquent soliloquy about how bad it was’.

This engaging book also includes some of Russell’s customary razor-sharp essays on a rich array of subjects, from his ardent pacifism, liberal politics and morality to the ethics of education, the skills of good writing and how he came to philosophy as a young man. These include ‘A Plea for Clear Thinking’, ‘A Philosophy for Our Time’ and ‘How I Write’.

Portraits from Memory is Russell at his best and will enthrall those new to Russell as well as those already well-acquainted with his work.

This Routledge Classics edition includes a new foreword by the Russell scholar Nicholas Griffin, editor of The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell.

Table of Contents

Foreword to the Routledge Classics Edition Nicholas Griffin

1. Adaptation: An Autobiographical Epitome

2. Six Autobiographical Talks

3. How to Grow Old

4. Reflections on my Eightieth Birthday

5. Portraits from Memory

6. Lord John Russell

7. John Stuart Mill

8. Mind and Matter

9. The Cult of "Common Usage"

10. Knowledge and Wisdom

11. A Philosophy for Our Time

12. A Plea for Clear Thinking

13. History as an Art

14. How I Write

15. The Road to Happiness

16. Symptoms of Orwell's 1984

17. Why I am Not a Communist

18. Man's Peril

19. Steps Towards Peace.

Index

Described by the philosopher A.J. Ayer as a work 'of great originality and power' Popper's The Logic of Scientific Discovery revolutionized contemporary thinking on science and knowledge. Ideas such as his now legendary doctrine of 'falsificationism' electrified the scientific community, influencing even working scientists. The book also had a profound effect on post war philosophy. First published in English in 1959, this astonishing work ranks alongside The Open Society and Its Enemies as one of Popper's most enduring and famous books and contains insights and arguments that demand to be read to this day.

Descartes has often been called the 'father of modern philosophy'. His attempts to find foundations for knowledge, and to reconcile the existence of the soul with the emerging science of his time, are among the most influential and widely studied in the history of philosophy. This is a classic and challenging introduction to Descartes by one of the most distinguished modern philosophers. Bernard Williams not only analyzes Descartes' project of founding knowledge on certainty, but uncovers the philosophical motives for his search. With acute insight, he demonstrates how Descartes' Meditations are not merely a description but the very enactment of philosophical thought and discovery. Williams covers all of the key areas of Descartes' thought, including God, the will, the possibility of knowledge, and the mind and its place in nature. He also makes profound contributions to the theory of knowledge, metaphysics and philosophy generally.

With a new foreword by John Cottingham.

Table of Contents

Foreword. Preface. 1.Descartes 2. The Project 3. Cogito and Sum 4. The Real Distinction 5.God 6. Error and the Will 7. Knowledge is Possible 8. Physical Objects 9. Science and Experiment 10. Mind and Its Place in Nature Appendix 1. Epistemological Concepts Appendix 2. What the Pure Enquirer Knows Appendix 3. Dreaming. Index

The key to human nature that Marx found in wealth and Freud in sex, Bertrand Russell finds in power. Power, he argues, is man's ultimate goal, and is, in its many guises, the single most important element in the development of any society. Writting in the late 1930s when Europe was being torn apart by extremist ideologies and the world was on the brink of war, Russell set out to found a 'new science' to make sense of the traumatic events of the day and explain those that would follow.

The result was Power, a remarkable book that Russell regarded as one of the most important of his long career. Countering the totalitarian desire to dominate, Russell shows how political enlightenment and human understanding can lead to peace - his book is a passionate call for independence of mind and a celebration of the instinctive joy of human life.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 THE IMPULSE TO POWER; Chapter 2 LEADERS AND FOLLOWERS; Chapter 3 THE FORMS OF POWER; Chapter 4 PRIESTLY POWER; Chapter 5 KINGLY POWER; Chapter 6 NAKED POWER; Chapter 7 REVOLUTIONARY POWER; Chapter 8 ECONOMIC POWER; Chapter 9 POWER OVER OPINION; Chapter 10 CREEDS AS SOURCES OF POWER; Chapter 11 THE BIOLOGY OF ORGANISATIONS; Chapter 12 POWERS AND FORMS OF GOVERNMENTS; Chapter 13 ORGANISATIONS AND THE INDIVIDUAL; Chapter 14 COMPETITION; Chapter 15 POWER AND MORAL CODES; Chapter 16 POWER PHILOSOPHIES; Chapter 17 THE ETHICS OF POWER; Chapter 18 THE TAMING OF POWER INDEX;

Intolerance and bigotry lie at the heart of all human suffering. So claims Bertrand Russell at the outset of In Praise of Idleness, a collection of essays in which he espouses the virtues of cool reflection and free enquiry; a voice of calm in a world of maddening unreason. From a devastating critique of the ancestry of fascism to a vehement defence of 'useless' knowledge, with consideration given to everything from insect pests to the human soul, this is a tour de force that only Bertrand Russell could perform.

Table of Contents

1. In Praise of Idleness 2. 'Useless' Knowledge 3. Architecture and Social Questions 4. The Modern Midas 5. The Ancestry of Fascism 6. Scylla and Charybdis, or Communism and Fascism 7. The Case for Socialism 8. Western Civilisation 9. On Youthful Cynicism 10. Modern Homogeneity 11. Men versus Insects 12. Education and Discipline 13. Stoicism and Mental Health 14. On Comets 15. What is the Soul?

'The - Tractatus is one of the fundamental texts of twentieth-century philosophy - short, bold, cryptic, and remarkable in its power to stir the imagination of philosophers and non-philosophers alike.'

'Beautifully strange ... an icy, gnomic, compact work of mystical logic.' - Steven Poole, Guardian

'Among the productions of the twentieth century the Tractatus continues to stand out for its beauty and its power.' - A.J. Ayer

'Mr Wittgenstein, in his preface, tells us that his book is not a textbook, and that its object will be attained if there is one person who reads it with understanding and to whom it affords pleasure. We think there are many persons who will read it with understanding and enjoy it. The treatise is clear and lucid. The author is continually arresting us with new and striking thoughts, and he closes on a note of mystical exaltation.' - Times Literary Supplement

'Quite as exciting as we had been led to suppose it to be.' - New Statesman

'Pears and McGuinness can claim our gratitude not for doing merely this (a better translation) but for doing it with such a near approach to perfection.' - Mind

Bertrand Russell's writings on logic, metaphysics, philosophy of language and epistemology are among the most influential of the twentieth century. Logic and Knowledge presents Russell's very best and most important work on these topics in a single volume, which by placing philosophical logic at its core was of monumental importance in shaping the path of analytical philosophy.

It includes classics such as 'On Denoting', one of the founding pieces of philosophy of the twentieth century as well as chapters on logical atomism, a term coined by Russell himself to describe his view that the world consists in a plurality of independent entities, which by coming together form facts.

Along with other essays on fundamental philosophical problems including the logic of relations, universals and particulars, and propositions, Logic and Knowledge shows why Russell remains one of the most important philosophers of the last century.

This Routledge Classics edition includes a new Foreword by Graham Stevens.

Table of Contents

Foreword to the Routledge Classics Edition Graham Stevens

Preface

Acknowledgements

1. On Denoting

2. Mathematical Logic as Based on the Theory of Types

3. On the Relations of Universals and Particulars

4. On the Nature of Acquaintance

5. The Philosophy of Logical Atomism

6. On Propositions: what they are and how they mean

7. Logical Atomism

8. On Order in Time

9. Logical Positivism.

Appendix: The Logic of Relations

Index

Jean-Paul Sartre was one of the most important philosophical and political thinkers of the twentieth century. His writings had a potency that was irresistible to the intellectual scene that swept post-war Europe, and have left a vital inheritance to contemporary thought. The central tenet of the Existentialist movement which he helped to found, whereby God is replaced by an ethical self, proved hugely attractive to a generation that had seen the horrors of Nazism, and provoked a revolution in post-war thought and literature. In What is Literature? Sartre the novelist and Sartre the philosopher combine to address the phenomenon of literature, exploring why we read, and why we write.

Table of Contents

Introduction, Foreword 1 What is Writing? 2 Why Write? 3 For Whom Does One Write? 4 Situation of the Writer in 1947 Notes Appendix: Writing For One’s Age

Written in political exile during the Second World War and first published in 1945, Karl Popper's The Open Society and Its Enemies is one of the most influential books of the twentieth century. Hailed by Bertrand Russell as a 'vigorous and profound defence of democracy', its now legendary attack on the philosophies of Plato, Hegel and Marx exposed the dangers inherent in centrally planned political systems. Popper's highly accessible style, his erudite and lucid explanations of the thought of great philosophers and the recent resurgence of totalitarian regimes around the world are just three of the reasons for the enduring popularity ofThe Open Society and Its Enemies, and for why it demands to be read both today and in years to come.

This is the first of two volumes of The Open Society and Its Enemies.

Table of Contents

Introduction The Spell of Plato. The Myth of Origin and Destiny 1. Historicism and the Myth of Destiny 2. Heraclitus 3.Plato's Theory of Forms or Ideas Plato's Descriptive Sociology 4.Change and Rest 5 Nature and Convention Plato's Political Programme 6.Totalitarian Justice 7.The Principle of Leadership 8.The Philosopher King 9.Aestheticism, Perfectionism, Utopianism The Background of Plato's Attack 10.The Open Society and its Enemies Notes _ _ _

Bertrand Russell is considered to be one of the most significant educational innovators of his time. In this influential and controversial work, Russell calls for an education that would liberate the child from unthinking obedience to parental and religious authority. He argues that if the basis of all education is knowledge wielded by love then society can be transformed. One of Bertrand Russell’s most definitive works, the remarkable ideas and arguments in On Education are just as insightful and applicable today as they were on first publication in 1926.

Table of Contents

Introduction Part 1: Educational Ideals 1. Postulates of Modern Educational Theory 2. The Aims of Education Part 2: Education of Character 3. The First Year 4. Fear. 5. Play and Fancy 6. Constructiveness 7. Selfishness and Property 8. Truthfulness 9. Punishment 10. Importance of Other Children 11. Affection and Sympathy 11. Sex Education 13. The Nursery School Part 3: Intellectual Education 14. General Principles 15. The School Curriculum Before Fourteen 16. Last School Years 17. Day Schools and Boarding Schools 18. The University 19. Conclusion Index

Written by one of the twentieth century’s most significant thinkers, Freedom and Organization, is considered to be Bertrand Russell’s major work on political history. It traces the main causes of political change during a period of one hundred years, which he argues were predominantly influenced by three major elements – economic technique, political theory and certain significant individuals. In the witty, approachable style that has made Bertrand Russell’s works so revered, he explores in detail the major forces and events that shaped the nineteenth century.

Table of Contents

Preface Part 1: The Principle of Legitimacy 1. Napoleon’s Successors 2. The Congress of Vienna 3. The Holy Alliance 4. The Twilight of Metternich SPart 2: The March of Mind Section A: The Social Background 5. The Aristocracy 6. Country Life 7. Industrial Life Section B: The Philosophical Radicals 8. Malthus 9. Bentham 10. James Mill 11. Ricardo 12. The Benthamite Doctrine 13. Democracy in England 14. Free Trade Section C: Socialism 15. Owen and Early British Socialism 16. Early Trade Unionism 17. Marx and Engels 18. Dialectical Materialism 19. The Theory of Surplus Value 20. The Politics of Marxism Part 3: Democracy and Plutocracy in America Section A: Democracy in America 21. Jeffersonian Democracy 22. The Settlement of the West 23. Jacksonian Democracy 24. Slavery and Disunion 25. Lincoln and National Unity Section B: Competition and Monopoly in America 26. Competitive Capatalism 27. The Approach to Monopoly Part 4: Nationalism and Imperialism 28. The Principle of Nationality 29. Bismarck and German Unity 30. Imperialism 31. The Arbiters of Europe Conclusion Bibliography Index

Few philosophers have had a more profound influence on the course of modern philosophy than Bertrand Russell. The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell is a comprehensive anthology of Russell’s most definitive essays written between 1903 and 1959. First published in 1961, this remarkable collection is a testament to a philosopher whom many consider to be one of the most influential thinkers of the twentieth century. This is an essential introduction to the brilliance of Bertrand Russell.

Table of Contents

introduction by john g. slater, preface by bertrand russell, introduction by the editors, epigrammatic insights from the pen of russell, chronological list of russell’s principal works, chronology of the life of bertrand russell, acknowledgements, some thoughts about bertrand russell, PART I Autobiographical Asides, PART II The Nobel Prize Winning Man of Letters (Essayist and Short Story Writer), PART III The Philosopher of Language, PART IV The Logician and Philosopher of Mathematics, PART V The Epistemologist, PART VI The Metaphysician, PART VII The Historian of Philosophy, PART VIII The Psychologist, PART IX The Moral Philosopher, PART X The Philosopher of Education, PART XI The Philosopher of Politics, PART XII The Philosopher in the Field of Economics, PART XIII The Philosopher of History, PART XIV The Philosopher of Culture: East and West, PART XV The Philosopher of Religion, PART XVI The Philosopher and Expositor of Science, PART XVII The Analyst of International Affairs, index

The Explanation of Behaviour was the first book written by the renowned philosopher Charles Taylor. A vitally important work of philosophical anthropology, it is a devastating criticism of the theory of behaviourism, a powerful explanatory approach in psychology and philosophy when Taylor's book was first published. However, Taylor has far more to offer than a simple critique of behaviourism. He argues that in order to properly understand human beings, we must grasp that they are embodied, minded creatures with purposes, plans and goals, something entirely lacking in reductionist, scientific explanations of human behaviour.

Taylor’s book is also prescient in according a central place to non-human animals, which like human beings are subject to needs, desires and emotions. However, because human beings have the unique ability to interpret and reflect on their own actions and purposes and declare them to others, Taylor argues that human experience differs to that of other animals. Furthermore, the fact that human beings are often directed by their purposes has a fundamental bearing on how we understand the social and moral world.

Taylor’s classic work is essential reading for those in philosophy and psychology as well as related areas such as sociology and religion.

This Routledge Classics edition includes a new Preface by the author and a new Foreword by Alva Noë, setting the book in philosophical and historical context.

Table of Contents

Foreword to the Routledge Classics Edition Alva Noë

Preface to the Routledge Classics Edition Charles Taylor

Part 1: Explanation by Purpose

1. Purpose and Teleology

2. Action and Desire

3. Intentionality

4. The Data Language

5. The Problem of Verification

Part 2: Theory and Fact

6. The Determinants of Learning

7. What Is Learned?

8. Spatial Orientation

9. The Direction of Behaviour

10. The Ends of Behaviour

11. Conclusion

Index

Bertrand Russell wrote The Analysis of Mind during one of the most turbulent periods of his life. He began it in 1918 whilst in in prison in London for his opposition to the First World War, and completed it in Peking (now Beijing) in 1921, where he had been giving lectures at the National University.

It is a vital book for understanding Russell's philosophy. He argues for a fresh conception of the mind, provided by his eclectic fusion of William James’s 'neutral monism'; the emerging theory of behaviourism, to which Russell was strongly drawn; and his own new causal theory of meaning. As such, The Analysis of Mind built a foundation for the distinctive brand of much of his later philosophical writing. In his customary sharp prose, Russell explores fundamental questions about the mind, including desire and feeling; the vexed relationship between psychological and physical laws; sensations and mental images; memory; belief; and emotions and the will.

This Routledge Classics edition includes an Introduction by Thomas Baldwin.

Table of Contents

Introduction to the Routledge Classics Edition Thomas Baldwin

Preface

1. Recent Criticisms of “Consciousness”

2. Instinct and Habit

3. Desire and Feeling

4. Influence of Past History on Present Occurrences in Living Organisms

5. Psychological and Physical Causal Laws

6. Introspection

7. The Definition of Perception

8. Sensations and Images

9. Memory

10. Words and Meaning

11. General Ideas and Thought

12. Belief

13. Truth and Falsehood

14. Emotions and Will

15.Characteristics of Mental Phenomena.

Index

With a new introduction by the author. It is a book of superb spirit and style, more entertaining than a work of philosophy has any right to be.’ – Times Literary Supplement. Throughout our lives we are making moral choices. Some decisions simply direct our everyday comings and goings; others affect our individual destinies. How do we make those choices? Where does our sense of right and wrong come from, and how can we make more informed decisions? In clear, entertaining prose Mary Midgley takes us to the heart of the matter: the human experience that is central to all decision-making. First published: 1983.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 The Human Heart and Other Organs; Chapter 2 Freedom and Heredity; Chapter 3 Creation and Originality; Chapter 4 G. E. Moore on the Ideal; Chapter 5 Trying Out One's New Sword; Chapter 6 The Objection to Systematic Humbug; Chapter 7 Is ‘Moral’ A Dirty Word?; Chapter 8 The Game Game; Chapter 9 The Notion of Instinct;

In Bodies That Matter, renowned theorist and philosopher Judith Butler argues that theories of gender need to return to the most material dimension of sex and sexuality: the body. Butler offers a brilliant reworking of the body, examining how the power of heterosexual hegemony forms the "matter" of bodies, sex, and gender. Butler argues that power operates to constrain sex from the start, delimiting what counts as a viable sex. She clarifies the notion of "performativity" introduced in Gender Trouble and via bold readings of Plato, Irigaray, Lacan, and Freud explores the meaning of a citational politics. She also draws on documentary and literature with compelling interpretations of the film Paris is Burning, Nella Larsen's Passing, and short stories by Willa Cather.

Table of Contents

Preface Acknowledgements Part 1: 1. Bodies that Matter 2. The Lesbian Phallus and the Morphological Imaginary 3. Phantasmatic Identification and the Assumption of Sex 4. Gender is Burning: Questions of Appropriation and Subversion Part 2: 5. 'Dangerous Crossing': Willa Cather's Masculine Names 6. Queering, Passing: Nella Larsen Rewrites Psychoanalysis 7. Arguing with the Real 8. Critically Queer. Notes. Index

Sir Peter Strawson (1919–2006) was one of the leading British philosophers of his generation and an influential figure in a golden age for British philosophy between 1950 and 1970.

Individuals, his most important book, is a modern philosophical classic. Bold in scope and ambition, it presents Strawson’s now famous argument for descriptive metaphysics and his repudiation of revisionary metaphysics. Rather than setting out to replace our overall view of the world, in the manner of the great 'revisionary' philosophers of the past, Strawson sets himself the seemingly (but not actually) more modest task of simply describing it. The aim is nothing less than to lay bare the most basic structure of our thought—the most general features of the way in which we think about particular things. A landmark book in the philosophical world and above all analytical philosophy, it remains of vital importance today.

This Routledge Classics edition includes a substantial new Foreword by Michelle Montague, setting out some of Strawson's key themes and arguments. Also included is Strawson's essay 'Individuals'. Published thirty-five years after the book itself and until now not widely available, it sees Strawson summarizing and reflecting on some of the key arguments presented in his book of the same name.

Table of Contents

Foreword to the Routledge Classics Edition Michelle Montague

Preface

Introduction

Part 1: Particulars

1. Bodies

2. Sounds

3. Persons

4. Monads

Part 2: Logical Subjects

5. Subject and Predicate (1): Two Criteria

6. Subject and Predicate (2): Logical Subjects and Particular Objects

7. Language without Particulars

8. Logical Subjects and Existence

Conclusion

Appendix: Individuals

Index

According to Bertrand Russell, science is knowledge; that which seeks general laws connecting a number of particular facts. It is, he argues, far superior to art, where much of the knowledge is intangible and assumed. In The Scientific Outlook, Russell delivers one of his most important works, exploring the nature and scope of scientific knowledge, the increased power over nature that science affords and the changes in the lives of human beings that result from new forms of science. Insightful and accessible, this impressive work sees Russell at his very best.

Table of Contents

Preface by David Papineau; Introduction Part 1: Scientific Knowledge 1. Examples of Scientific Method 2. Characteristics of Scientific Method 3. Limitations of Scientific Method 4. Scientific Metaphysics 5. Science and Religion Part 2: Scientific Technique 6. Beginnings of Scientific Technique 7. Technique in Inanimate Nature 8. Technique in Biology 9. Technique in Physiology 10. Technique in Psychology 11. Technique in Society Part 3: The Scientific Society 12. Artificially Created Societies 13. The Individual and the Whole 14. Scientific Government 15. Education in a Scientific Society 16. Scientific Reproduction 17. Science and Values Index