Get the latest research on the processes underlying the long term effects of psychological and emotional abuse The effects of the emotional abuse of children are not necessarily seen immediately. Evidence shows that this type of maltreatment to be perhaps as damaging as other, more obvious forms of abuse. Childhood Emotional Abuse: Mediating and Moderating Processes Affecting Long-Term Impact provides the latest new data on processes underlying the long term effects of psychological and emotional abuse. This comprehensive book presents cutting edge research that focuses on the who, why, and how of emotional abuse and its negative impact across the life span. This valuable resource combines theory and research in exploring important mediators and moderators of the long term impact of child emotional abuse. Childhood Emotional Abuse: Mediating and Moderating Processes Affecting Long-Term Impact offers insight into exciting new research that highlights emotional abuse impact across biological, intrapersonal, and interpersonal domains. Mediators examined include alterations in the stress response system, cognitive distortions and negative thoughts, maladaptive interpersonal schemes, and disturbances in psychological health which impact spousal relationships. Gender and race are discussed in detail as important moderators. This important book may be an essential first step in finding possible explanations for the persistence of these negative effects. The topics in Childhood Emotional Abuse: Mediating and Moderating Processes Affecting Long-Term Impact include: a comprehensive review of possible neurodevelopmental consequences of childhood emotional abuse biological consequences of abuse and mistreatment the link between childhood emotional abuse and later vulnerability to depression effects of emotional abuse on subsequent interpersonal relationshipsincluding ways of handling conflict and risk for dating abuse the impact of emotional abuse on later marital satisfaction Childhood Emotional Abuse: Mediating and Moderating Processes Affecting Long-Term Impact is a crucial one-of-a-kind reference for researchers studying long term effects of child abuse, and is also useful for psychologists, social workers, and counselors working with child abuse survivors.

It is a text that is useful for academics (and students) researching rape, but also practitioners working in the field (and some of the contributions are from practitioners themselves). The book pulls together some of the key academic names thinking about/writing on rape, giving it real clout and credibility. By dividing the book into three key areas; process and representation, victim vulnerabilities and the criminal justice system, it is wide reaching, comprehensive and evidence-based in its execution (more so than some of its competitors). It leaves the reader with a detailed appreciation of what the challenges facing rape victims, the CJS and wider society are, and offers some sensible ways of tackling these issues/the justice gap at large. Its focus on rape (as opposed to other/all forms of sexual violence) allows the book to drill down into the detail and build a comprehensive picture. It has been brought fully up to date, in light of the vast amount of research that has been published in the last ten years around rape myths, the CJS, law, juries, legal practitioner responses and victim experiences. It has been brought fully up to date, in light of the range of legal and policy changes/reforms over the last decade, and also now includes a focus on the digital. It has been brought fully up to date, in light of national inquiries into sexual offences, exposure of institutional forms of abuse, global movements in response to sex crime (#MeToo), the re-emergence of activism (Black Lives Matter) and the speaking back to gendered power. The new book reflects the global reach of research and thinking about rape, including more international coverage, with material for the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand as well as the UK.

The enlightening collection of new approaches to understanding sexual abuse When sexual abuse occurs, helping those directly affected can be a difficult and convoluted task. The Handbook of Social Work in Child & Adolescent Sexual Abuse is a comprehensive guide that provides the latest information on assessment, management, prevention, and policy. Through insightful and accessible discussions, this collection of essays encompasses the full spectrum of child and adolescent sexual abuse to shed needed light on an affecting issue. This innovative text is the up-to-date source for unique and compassionate ways of supporting and treating survivors. The increased attention given to child sexual abuse in recent years has revealed how little we know about this tragedy. The Handbook of Social Work in Child & Adolescent Sexual Abuse is the practical compendium that covers the already existing information regarding violence against children and delves into practical methods for treating those immediately affected by it. From its historical place in society to contemporary issues of prevention that have only recently come to light, contributors examine essential details in-depth and provide concise, empirical directions for short- and long-term support. Also included is the important and newly-available assessment and treatment information focusing on ethnicity, gender, and comorbid influences as they relate to family member treatment. Among the topics discussed in the Handbook of Social Work in Child & Adolescent Sexual Abuse are: historical views of and responses to sexual abuse risk and protective factors life stage consequences theories of family dysfunction comorbidity and attachment intrafamilial abuse the non-family offender current empirical assessment methods approaches to treatment in children approaches to treatment in adolescents neurological effects of abuse treatment for the non-offending caregiver the role of the internet and other media policy and practice implications the prevalence and consequences of abuse new methods of abuse prevention and child protection the etiology of sexual offending in an attachment framework and much more! The Handbook of Social Work in Child & Adolescent Sexual Abuse is an essential resource for educators, medical practitioners, psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, counselors, family therapists, and students, researchers, and academics in the field of social work.

Get the latest research on the processes underlying the long term effects of psychological and emotional abuse The effects of the emotional abuse of children are not necessarily seen immediately. Evidence shows that this type of maltreatment to be perhaps as damaging as other, more obvious forms of abuse. Childhood Emotional Abuse: Mediating and Moderating Processes Affecting Long-Term Impact provides the latest new data on processes underlying the long term effects of psychological and emotional abuse. This comprehensive book presents cutting edge research that focuses on the who, why, and how of emotional abuse and its negative impact across the life span. This valuable resource combines theory and research in exploring important mediators and moderators of the long term impact of child emotional abuse. Childhood Emotional Abuse: Mediating and Moderating Processes Affecting Long-Term Impact offers insight into exciting new research that highlights emotional abuse impact across biological, intrapersonal, and interpersonal domains. Mediators examined include alterations in the stress response system, cognitive distortions and negative thoughts, maladaptive interpersonal schemes, and disturbances in psychological health which impact spousal relationships. Gender and race are discussed in detail as important moderators. This important book may be an essential first step in finding possible explanations for the persistence of these negative effects. The topics in Childhood Emotional Abuse: Mediating and Moderating Processes Affecting Long-Term Impact include: a comprehensive review of possible neurodevelopmental consequences of childhood emotional abuse biological consequences of abuse and mistreatment the link between childhood emotional abuse and later vulnerability to depression effects of emotional abuse on subsequent interpersonal relationshipsincluding ways of handling conflict and risk for dating abuse the impact of emotional abuse on later marital satisfaction Childhood Emotional Abuse: Mediating and Moderating Processes Affecting Long-Term Impact is a crucial one-of-a-kind reference for researchers studying long term effects of child abuse, and is also useful for psychologists, social workers, and counselors working with child abuse survivors.

* There is an abundance of 101-leve Kink Aware materials in the market, but this book uniquely takes this content to the next level and recognizes the ways in which specific power exchange dynamics can be beneficial in addressing various mental health concerns through either client self-care or clinician treatment planning. * Kink awareness and practice is a hot topic and more practitioners are looking for information on it. * Embraces both an anthropological lens as well as a sex positive approach to mental health. * Useful for both professionals and as recommended reading to students.

Cassie was only thirteen when her mother died of a degenerative illness, leaving her vulnerable to sexual predators in the Halifax area who had been grooming her since the age of eleven. She fell through the net of the care system and reached out for friendship, only to be consumed by an escalating spiral of abuse. This harrowing and truly shocking story captures in vivid detail how gangs of men were able to ply a child with drink and drugs, then rape her and pass her around their associates with no one seemingly able to step in and prevent it. Cassie was lost in a world of appalling degradation for years before a local policeman and caring social worker became instrumental in helping her to escape and rebuild her life. In 2016, the largest case of child sexual exploitation ever brought to trial at that time in the UK resulted in the conviction of 17 men. Since Cassie's abusers were jailed, child safeguarding policies have improved so that vulnerable children like Cassie should never again fall through the net and become prey.

A FINANCIAL TIMES, NEW STATESMAN, DAILY TELEGRAPH, METRO AND ELLE BOOK OF THE YEAR

On 5 October 2017, the New York Times published an article by Jodi Kantor and Megan Twohey that helped change the world.

Hollywood was talking as never before. Kantor and Twohey outmanoeuvred Harvey Weinstein, his team of defenders and private investigators, convincing some of the most famous women in the world - and some unknown ones - to go on the record. Three years later, it helped lead to his conviction.

This is how they did it.

Despite mounting references to the "transgenerational transmission of violence," we still lack a compelling understanding of the linkage between the interpersonal violence of early life and the criminal violence of adulthood. In Prologue to Violence, Abby Stein draws on the gripping narratives of 65 incarcerated subjects and extensive material from law enforcement files to remedy this lacuna in both the forensic and psychodynamic literature. In the process, she calls into question prevailing beliefs about criminal character and motivation. For Stein the early trauma to which adult criminals are subjected remains unformulated and, as such, unavailable for reflection. Contrary to common belief, these criminals, especially sex murderers, do not commit their crimes in a rational or fully conscious way. They are not driven by deviant fantasy, their psychopathy is not inborn, and they rarely commit acts of violence "without conscience." Stein's interdisciplinary analysis of her data infuses contemporary relational psychoanalysis with the insights of neuroscience, traumatology, criminology, and cognitive and narrative psychology. A powerful challenge to offender treatment programs to address the shaping impact of childhood trauma rather than merely to "correct" the cognitions of violent offenders, Prologue to Violence will be equally compelling to researchers and academics investigating child abuse and adult violence. Its mental health readership will be broad and deep, ranging beyond clinicians who work with offender populations to all therapists who wrestle with experiences of dissociation and aggressive enactment in everyday life.

Amid the welter of clinical studies, memoirs, and other death-defying tales of eating disorders, we remain unclear about the relationships among trauma, anorexia, and bulimia, and about the psychological pathways to recovery. Creating Bodies offers the gripping story of healing and transformation detailed in one woman's diaries. Hannah wrote 18 diaries between the ages of 14 and 32. In the excerpts reprinted herein, we watch Hannah navigate violent adolescent friendships, descend into anorexia and bulimia, marry an abusive man, struggle to recover memories of sexual abuse, and finally to heal. And we learn of her interaction with Katie Gentile, who analyzed her diaries and met with Hannah to discuss the latter's own understanding of the diaries and of the diary analysis.
Through a close study of both the content and structure of Hannah's diaries, Gentile shows how unspeakable, embodied remnants of sexual trauma become symbolized and how, within this process, Hannah's bulimia functioned as both an act of self destruction and a lifesaving form of resistance. Anchored in relational psychoanalysis and critical feminist theory, Creating Bodies provides a uniquely longitudinal account of the development of, and ultimate recovery from, an eating disorder fueled by childhood sexual abuse. An invaluable contribution to the literature on adolescent and adult eating disorders, it is also a thoughtful meditation on how the act of writing deepens issues of relationality and, over time, promotes cure. Psychoanalysts will be intrigued by the rich process issues embedded in prose journals, notes, and letters - both close to and distinct from clinical process issues - that Gentile uses to understandHannah's projects of self-destruction and reconstruction.

A comprehensive look at the many types of male and female sex offenders who victimize children, adolescents, and adults Comprehensive Mental Health Practice with Sex Offenders and Their Families presents practitioners, professionals, and policymakers with effective, user-friendly practice methods for working with all types of sex offenders. Each chapter provides an overview of a specific category of sex offender and presents case examples and sample treatment plans with short- and long-term goals and objectives. This unique book also includes the latest assessment and intervention methods, family and relapse prevention efforts, and cultural issues that affect service delivery. Comprehensive Mental Health Practice with Sex Offenders and Their Families examines the etiology, prevalence, and behavioral consequences of eight different sex offender typologies to provide you with a much broader focus than you'll find in other sex offender books currently on the market. The book explores gender issues, demographics, offense characteristics, family characteristics, and assessment issues in dealing with both male and female sex offenders who use psychological and physical means to victimize children, adolescents, and adults. The end result is effective as a reference for health and mental health practitioners, as a resource for program implementation and outcome evaluation for policymakers and researchers, and as a classroom aid for the next generation of social workers and health and mental health providers. Comprehensive Mental Health Practice with Sex Offenders and Their Families examines: child sex offendersinappropriate, developmentally precocious, and aggressive sexual behavior among children adolescent sex offenderscriminal sexual acts committed by juveniles adult male sex offendersthe average male sexual molester will victimize hundreds of children in his lifetime women who sexually abuse childrenchallenging the stereotypes about motherhood and female-child relationships professional perpetratorsclerics, teachers, tutors, athletic coaches intellectually and developmentally challenged sex offenderssexually abusive acts committed by people with intellectual disabilities (ID) violent sex offendersphysical and psychological injuries suffered during sexual violation comorbid psychopathology in child, adolescent, and adult sexual offendersanti-social, narcissistic, and sadistic behaviors, learning problems, neuropsychological impairments, and more Comprehensive Mental Health Practice with Sex Offenders and Their Families is an essential resource for anyone working with diverse groups of sex offenders.

What factors contribute to the making of a youthful sexual offender? This book is designed to assist professionals working with youth who sexually offend. A distinguished panel of experts discusses the latest research and provides theory, techniques, and practical guidelines for the assessment and treatment of this challenging population. Identifying and Treating Youth Who Sexually Offend: Current Approaches, Techniques, and Research lays an essential foundation with a theoretical overview that frames the subject in a clear, easy-to-follow style. This section includes: a comprehensive overview of the controversies, definitions, and salient characteristics of youth who sexually offend that that provides an understanding of the factors believed to be related to sex offending among youth as well as an up-to-date review of current theory an examination of an etiological model that is frequently applied to adult sex offenders is it applicable for use with youthful offenders?The second section of Identifying and Treating Youth Who Sexually Offend tackles the challenges professionals face when conducting assessments of sexually abusive youth.This section is designed to help the clinicians of today and tomorrow become better equipped to handle the daunting task of assessment from choosing assessment tools to decreasing denial with specific interviewing techniques.Readers will learn: how to distinguish subtypes among this population with a research review and comparative descriptions of clinical and empirical typologies as well as discussion of the Trauma Outcome Process model and practical examples for clinicians how to predict the rate of re-offense among youth who sexually offend, with a review of five risk assessment methods and four scales plus directions for using them includes the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol (JSOAP), the Protective Factors Scale (PFS), and the Estimate of Risk of Adolescent Sex Offender Recidivism (ERASOR) the nuts and bolts of the interviewing and clinical assessment phase of treatment a look at effective interviewing strategies, the process of change, and the stages of change model the importance of family therapy in the treatment of these youth ways to include parents in relapse prevention planning and ways to handle treatment providers' misconceptions and concerns about including family therapy in this type of treatment cognitive-behavioral treatment models for use in outpatient settings with treatment strategies directed toward various individual or family clinical targets, including psychological dysfunctions, sexual deviance, adolescent development and adaptive skills, and parent/family relationships an integrated (holistic) experiential approach to treatment, complete with sample exercises and a discussion of the pros and cons of many current treatment modalities a multi-family group therapy (MFGT) approach with a look at this powerful intervention mode's advantages, including economic benefits, family-to-family support and mentoring, community-based resourcefulness, and accelerated catalyzing of emotions, and directions for how to establish a MFGT format for treatment current practices in residential treatment for adolescent sex offenders policies, testing and assessment procedures, therapeutic approaches used, number of males and females in treatment, etc.The final section of Identifying and Treating Youth Who Sexually Offend explores what happens to youth who sexually offend after they leave treatment.This includes: a survey of the literature on recidivism an evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment of 644 juvenile sex offenders through the meta-analysis of 10 studies with encouraging results a look at the life experiences of a samp

Schell and Lanteigne provide a clear, objective, responsible, and readable analysis of the facts of stalking crimes against people in the workplace -- and a practical guide to protecting the organization against them. The authors have taken as their purpose the task of helping to reduce the potential for workplace and personal tragedies. They not only make people aware of the stalking cycle and the stages commonly found in stalking incidents, but they give ways to prevent the cycle from escalating into disaster. Their goal is to help organizations develop policies and strategies to identify and suppress stalking before it's too late. Their book is unique in several ways: it expands on other presentations of the topic; it goes into detail about how stalking victims act and react and why they deny that stalking is happening to them, and it provides clinical insights into the ways stalkers think and behave -- and why.

Schell and Lanteigne differentiate sexual harrassment incidents from stalking. Their theme: If there is a stalking problem, it needs to be identified and corrected early. They detail various interventions proposed by experts in forensic psychiatry, law enforcement and security, and human resource management. With numerous case histories of real-life stalking incidents and responses from victims and their organizations' management, the authors make clear what can go wrong with an inappropriate intervention, and what individuals, businesses, and organizations can do to turn a psychologically devastating and potentially life threatening situation around. Their red flag indicators help readers to understand that a stalking crime may be happening to them. The authors also give readers and their supervisors the resources they need to deal with it. The result is an important contribution to the literature on a growing, extremely dangerous crime in today's organizations, and an essential resource for executives and managers who are compelled to cope with it.

Psychosis and the Traumatised Self explores what it is like to experience psychosis for individuals with histories of childhood physical and sexual abuse. The book additionally explores how meaning expressed in psychosis might originate from the effects of abuse, but also long-term life difficulties, motivations, memories, social history, and struggles to narrate and understand. One chapter focuses on refugees who suffered trauma as adults and later became psychotic. Another chapter examines how trauma leads to the destruction of certainty and trust, thereby opening a pathway to persecutory ideas. Drawing on a developmental model of trauma, it is proposed that dissociated parts of the self that developed during childhood contribute to psychosis in adults when undergoing difficulties and stress. Presented with case illustrations, the book will be useful for those who work in the area of psychosis and abuse to understand the experiences of individuals, and how we might develop appropriate therapy and care.

This innovative text offers a simple but comprehensive framework for couple assessment that integrates research and information on couples from a wide range of models. Using the 7 Cs as a basis for guiding assessment, chapters move through key areas of couple functioning including communication, conflict resolution, culture, commitment, caring and sex, contract, and character. An additional chapter on children also offers insights into assessment of couples who parent. Offering a broad and accessible framework that can be applied to a variety of theoretical perspectives, the book highlights how the 7 Cs can be used to inform both assessment and treatment of couples. Numerous case examples are interwoven throughout the text to demonstrate how therapists may utilize this approach to work with a diverse client base. Written in an accessible style, Assessment in Couple Therapy is an essential tool for students of marriage and family therapy and beginning therapists, as well as seasoned mental health professionals working with couples in a range of settings.

The international feminist contributors to this book look through the lens of poststructuralism at how child sexual abuse is differently represented and understood in the populist, academic, clinical, media and legal contexts. Reworking earlier feminist analyses, they show how child sexual abuse is not just about gender and power but also about class, race and sexuality. The first, theoretical section of the book critiques normative theories of the 'effects' of abuse, explores the impact and consequences of feminist interventions and critically examines the potential usefulness of a feminist post-stucturalist approach. In the second part, these understandings are applied to specific arenas of practice with the aim of providing a framework for critical intervention and alternative and better ways of working with child sexual abuse.

Psychotherapy: An Erotic Relationship challenges the traditional belief that transference and countertransference are merely forms of resistance that jeopardize the therapeutic process. David Mann shows how the erotic feelings and fantasies experienced by clients and therapists can be used to bring about a positive transformation. Combining extensive and lively clinical examples with theoretical insights and new research on infants, David Mann suggests that the development of the erotic derives from interactions between the parent and child and is seldom absent from the therapist-patient relationship. However, while the erotic always contains elements of past relationships, it also expresses hope for a different outcome in the present and future. Individual chapters explore the function of the erotic within the unconscious: erotic pre-Oedipal and Oedipal material; homoeroticism in therapy; sexual intercourse as a metaphor for psychological change; the primal scene in the transference, and the difficulties of working with perversions. The book is as relevant now as it was when originally published. This Classic Edition contains a new introduction by David Mann, summarizing his current ideas since this book was first published in 1997. It brings the therapy setting alive, offering clinicians both an accessible and deeper understanding of the interaction between erotic transference and countertransference; it also gives an explicit picture of how these aspects of therapy can be used to enhance the therapeutic process. It remains an essential resource for psychoanalysts, psychotherapists and counsellors, their clients and anybody with an interest in Eros, desire, or mental health issues.

Trauma practitioners and educators: are you ready to meet the challenges of the aftermath of terrorist attacks?Trauma Practice in the Wake of September 11, 2001 will show you how frontline trauma practitioners responded to the crisis of the terrorist attacks. In keeping with Haworth's mission to provide practitioners and educators with timely information on the assessment and treatment of trauma, this essential book responds to the traumatic impact of the events of September 11th, 2001 and their implications for trauma practice. In Trauma Practice in the Wake of September 11, 2001, you'll hear from the leaders of the Green Cross--one of the most prominent organizations providing psychological disaster response services--on their experience in the World Trade Center disaster, and read about the treatment of a client who was in the first WTC bombing in 1993. You'll also find revealing interviews with an Israeli psychologist and a Palestinian psychiatrist who focus on the impact of terrorism on their citizens. Trauma Practice in the Wake of September 11, 2001 is your key to state-of-the-art information on: the psychology of terrorism the traumatic impact of terrorism on those directly affected the traumatic impact of terrorism on the general population ways to help children, adolescents, and adults cope with the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on America how to deal with "compassion fatigue" (emotional depletion among helping professionals working with traumatized populations) traumatologists'response to rescue workers and victims in New York City The catastrophic events of September 11th have and will continue to raise special challenges for those of us in the field of trauma practice. By publishing this book and the ones to follow, we hope to assist trauma practitioners and educators in effectively meeting these continuing challenges.

This innovative text offers a simple but comprehensive framework for couple assessment that integrates research and information on couples from a wide range of models. Using the 7 Cs as a basis for guiding assessment, chapters move through key areas of couple functioning including communication, conflict resolution, culture, commitment, caring and sex, contract, and character. An additional chapter on children also offers insights into assessment of couples who parent. Offering a broad and accessible framework that can be applied to a variety of theoretical perspectives, the book highlights how the 7 Cs can be used to inform both assessment and treatment of couples. Numerous case examples are interwoven throughout the text to demonstrate how therapists may utilize this approach to work with a diverse client base. Written in an accessible style, Assessment in Couple Therapy is an essential tool for students of marriage and family therapy and beginning therapists, as well as seasoned mental health professionals working with couples in a range of settings.

The first book to address the challenges and opportunities for women, especially from underrepresented communities, in wildlife professions. Women in Wildlife Science is dedicated to the work of promoting equity, diversity, and inclusion in wildlife conservation and management. Editors Carol L. Chambers and Kerry L. Nicholson collaborate with a diverse team of authors to analyze the status and celebrate the achievements of women in wildlife science. They share proven models and propose new methods to increase the inclusion of women in wildlife professions based on an intersectional framework. Centering perspectives from LGBTQ+ people, women of color, and members of other marginalized communities, this is a groundbreaking and vitally important resource. Covering academic and professional spheres, Women in Wildlife Science draws on enlightening personal stories and peer-reviewed scientific literature unavailable anywhere else to explain the challenges women face in the field of wildlife conservation and management. The contributors tackle pivotal issues, from recruitment into academic programs to hiring practices and ways to support career advancement in federal, state, local, tribal, and private sectors. Each chapter includes practical advice and original exercises constructed to help administrators, educators, managers, allies, and mentors move intentions into action. This pragmatic guide will help to ensure a more diverse, just, and equitable future for a workforce dedicated to preserving wildlife and the whole of the natural world.

This book explores the burgeoning interest in alternative and innovative justice responses to sexual violence both within and outside the legal system. It explores the limits of criminal law for achieving 'rape justice' and highlights possibilities for expanding how we think about justice in the aftermath of sexual violence.

First published in 1987. From the 1870's to the 1920's, feminists actively campaigned against men's sexual abuse of women. This collection brings together the major articles which fuelled the feminist campaigns and helped to bring about significant reforms.

Sexual crime, past and present, is rarely far from the headlines. How these crimes are punished, policed and understood has changed considerably over the last century. From hormone injections to cognitive behavioural therapy, medical and psychological approaches to sexual offenders have proliferated. This book sets out the history of such theories and treatments in England. Beginning in the early 20th century, it traces the evolution of medical interest in the mental state of those convicted of sexual crime. As part of a broader interest in individualised responses to crime as a means to rehabilitation, doctors offered new explanations for some sexual crimes, proposed new solutions, and attempted to deliver new cures. From indecent exposure to homosexuality between men, from sadistic violence to thefts of underwear from washing lines, the interpretation and treatment of some sexual offences was thought to be complex. Of less medical interest, though, were offences against children, prostitution, and rape. Using a range of material, including medical and criminological texts, trial proceedings, government reports, newspapers, and autobiographies and memoirs, Janet Weston offers powerful insights into changing medico-legal practices and attitudes towards sex and health. She highlights the importance of prison doctors and rehabilitative programmes within prisons, psychoanalytically-minded private practitioners, and the interactions between medical and legal systems as medical theories were put into practice. She also reveals the extent and legacy of medical thought, as well as the limitations of a medical approach to sexual crime.