"The Game of Conservation" is a brilliantly crafted and highly readable examination of nature protection around the world.
Twentieth-century nature conservation treaties often originated as attempts to regulate the pace of killing rather than as attempts to protect animal habitat. Some were prompted by major breakthroughs in firearm techniques, such as the invention of the elephant gun and grenade harpoons, but agricultural development was at least as important as hunting regulations in determining the fate of migratory species. The treaties had many defects, yet they also served the goal of conservation to good effect, often saving key species from complete extermination and sometimes keeping the population numbers at viable levels. It is because of these treaties that Africa is dotted with large national parks, that North America has an extensive network of bird refuges, and that there are any whales left in the oceans. All of these treaties are still in effect today, and all continue to influence nature-protection efforts around the globe.
Drawing on a wide variety of primary and secondary sources, Mark Cioc shows that a handful of treaties--all designed to protect the world's most commercially important migratory species--have largely shaped the contours of global nature conservation over the past century. The scope of the book ranges from the African savannahs and the skies of North America to the frigid waters of the Antarctic.

This book investigates the existing and possible links between the concept of a Carbon Club and the Paris Agreement. In doing so the book defines those criteria that may lead to an effective establishment of a Carbon Club acting within the mandate of the Paris Agreement and identifies the key questions that such an option may help to tackle: Which low-carbon pathways are compatible with the new temperature targets set by the Paris Agreement? Can new entities like the Carbon Club have a decisive role in guaranteeing the alignment of the aggregate mitigating actions with the global objectives identified within the Paris Agreement? What role will be played by market and non-market approaches within the proposed framework? How can economic, social, and environmental sustainability be ensured during the implementation of the Agreement? How can justice and equity be encouraged between the Parties and all the involved actors as required by the Agreement? Which instruments can be designed and adopted to provide the expected degree of transparency for the new system? To respond to these questions the book adopts a holistic approach, able to emphasize the strong interrelations. The book discusses the opportunity to develop a Carbon Club within the Article 6 framework, and provides a feasible roadmap for its means of implementation, rules and governance structure. The final result is a feasible policy proposal that takes into account all the key issues introduced by the questions, and draws a roadmap towards a 'low-carbon Bretton Woods'.

How can we all work together to eliminate the avoidable injustices that plague our health care system and society? Health is determined by far more than a person's choices and behaviors. Social and political conditions, economic forces, physical environments, institutional policies, health care system features, social relationships, risk behaviors, and genetic predispositions all contribute to physical and mental well-being. In America and around the world, many of these factors are derived from a lingering history of unequal opportunities and unjust treatment for people of color and other vulnerable communities. But they aren't the only ones who suffer because of these disparities-everyone is impacted by the factors that degrade health for the least advantaged among us. In Why Are Health Disparities Everyone's Problem? Dr. Lisa Cooper shows how we can work together to eliminate the injustices that plague our health care system and society. The book follows Cooper's journey from her childhood in Liberia, West Africa, to her thirty-year career working first as a clinician and then as a health equity researcher at Johns Hopkins University. Drawing on her experiences, it explores how differences in communication and the quality of relationships affect health outcomes. Through her work as the founder and director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Equity, it details the actions and policies needed to reduce and eliminate the conditions that are harming us all. Cooper reveals with compelling detail how health disparities are crippling our health care system and society, driving up health care costs, leading to adverse health outcomes and ultimately an enormous burden of human suffering. Why Are Health Disparities Everyone's Problem? demonstrates the ways in which everyone's health is interconnected, both within communities and across the globe. Cooper calls for a new kind of herd immunity, when a sufficiently high proportion of people, across race and social class, become immune to harmful social conditions through "vaccination" with solidarity among groups and opportunities created by institutional and societal practices and policies. By acknowledging and acting upon that interconnectedness, she believes everyone can help to create a healthier world. Features * Raises readers' health care inequities literacy through an approachable narrative with specific examples * Introduces the concept of "herd immunity" as it applies to building communal awareness of systemic injustices * Features sections that underscore key takeaways * Includes contributions from the world's leading minds through their research findings and quotations * Guides readers on what can be done at an individual level as a patient, public health professional, and community member * Includes inspiring stories of effective health equity studies and practices around the world, from Ghana's ADHINCRA Project addressing hypertension control to Baltimore's BRIDGE Study for depression in African Americans and the Maryland and Pennsylvania-based RICH LIFE Project for hypertension, diabetes, and other medical conditions Johns Hopkins Wavelengths In classrooms, field stations, and laboratories in Baltimore and around the world, the Bloomberg Distinguished Professors of Johns Hopkins University are opening the boundaries of our understanding of many of the world's most complex challenges. The Johns Hopkins Wavelengths book series brings readers inside their stories, illustrating how their pioneering discoveries benefit people in their neighborhoods and across the globe in artificial intelligence, cancer research, food systems' environmental impacts, health equity, science diplomacy, and other critical arenas of study. Through these compelling narratives, their insights will spark conversations from dorm rooms to dining rooms to boardrooms.

Although the European Court of Justice ruled in Bosman (1995) that professional sportsmen and sportswomen are free at the end of their contracts, they are still at the mercy of the clubs that employ them. Such pretexts as the "special nature" of sport publicly urged by such European eminences as Tony Blair and Gerhard Schroder have institutionalized the human trafficking of players, depriving them of basic rights guaranteed under all the laws enjoyed by Europeans. They may be well-paid as long as they are in the limelight, but they have no surety. They can be, and are, bought and sold repeatedly, each time returning profits to those who trade in their athletic prowess. In this searing indictment, Professor Blanpain underscores the demonstrable illegality of the current transfer system imposed by the International Federation of Football Associations (FIFA). He describes in detail the complex ramifications of FIFA's rules in the lives of players, clearly revealing how the fundamental rights of players to free movement and freedom of labour are systematically denied. He calls for the courts, from the European Court of Justice on down, to recognize this illegality and act to enforce the Bosman judgement. Professor Blanpain examines all the crucial legal issues involved. These include the following: the classification of sportsmen and sportswomen as "workers"; the nature of the contract between player and club; the legal capacity of minors to enter into an employment contract; the trade in foreign (frequently African and South American) players with no legal rights in Europe; disciplinary rules; training compensation fees; placement and status of players' agents; dispute resolution; and conflicts with competition law. An extensive array of documents, including the FIFA Transfer Regulations and material leading to the March 2001 agreement between FIFA and the European Commission, is included in a series of annexes.

With California's passage of the Save Our State Initiative in 1994, fear of aliens has once again appeared in U.S. legislative history. Since 1790, congressional legislation on federal immigration and naturalization policy has been harsh on Asian immigrants, although less so since 1965. This documentary history covers all major immigration laws passed by Congress since 1790. The volume opens with an overview of the basis on which Congress has restricted Asian immigration. It then includes discussions of particular immigration legislation, showing the significance to Asian Americans and the documents themselves.

With California's passage of the Save Our State Initiative in November 1994, fear of aliens has once again appeared in U.S. legislative history. Since 1790, congressional legislation establishing federal immigration and naturalization policy has been particularly harsh on Asian immigrants. Although Congress has been less hostile to Asian immigration since 1965, there was a renewed effort to limit immigration from Asia as recently as 1989, and the restrictive national mood will undoubtedly find its way into the 1996 elections. Showing the impact of immigration laws on Asian immigrants, this documentary history covers all major immigration laws passed by Congress since 1790.

The volume's opening chapter points to three major theses--that initially Congress restricted and excluded Asian immigration on the basis of its traditional policy of denying citizenship to nonwhite people, that Congress denied Asians entry to the U.S. on the grounds that their culture made them incompatible with Americans, and that Congress passed laws treating each of the Asian ethnic groups as a racialized ethnic group. The volume then includes discussions of particular immigration legislation, showing the significance to Asian Americans and the documents themselves.

Drawn from research in the manuscript records of the federal judiciary and the court reports of the Florida Supreme Court, this book examines how state and federal judges responded to the enforcement of local, state, and national prohibition in Florida. Upholding these measures often resulted in governmental encroachment on civil liberties; consequently, judges found themselves positioned to determine the scope of the liquor laws. As they balanced the rights of individuals with the power of the state, Florida judges acted independently of public opinion and based their rulings on precedent and citation of authority. To present the fullest picture possible, this text, while focusing on the efforts of the judges to uphold the spirit and the letter of the various liquor laws, it also considers the views of individuals who violated prohibition.

The Violence Against Women Act of 1994 (VAWA) is the most expansive federal legislation addressing intimate violence in the United States to date. Meyer-Emerick uses three theories to examine the legislation: Foucault's theories on how people develop their ideas about their sexuality; Habermas's theories on the legitimacy of the state; and MacKinnon's theories of a gender hierarchy preserved through sexual violence. Through consideration of interviews with policymakers, professionals, and focus groups with citizens, her analysis suggests that state intervention is limited. Additional avenues for combating violence against women is therefore necessary.

These theories were also used to develop questions that were asked of policymakers and local professionals in interviews and with focus groups of survivors, perpetrators, and citizens. The interviews revealed perceptual differences between the thinking of the policymakers and the local professionals. These dissimilarities highlight the practitioners' lack of knowledge about the intent of VAWA, which may impede service delivery to clients. The focus group responses indicated that not only do women have a higher distrust than men but that survivors and perpetrators have opinions that diverge from both local citizens and other participants. This demonstrates a need for change in the system that is supposed to be protecting women from violence. Meyer-Emerick concludes with recommendations for further interventions. Policymakers and local providers of social services will find the work of particular value as will scholars and researchers dealing with domestic violence.

This insightful book explores why implementation of environmental law is too often ineffective in achieving effective environmental governance. It provides careful analysis and innovative proposals to help improve the practical effectiveness of legal instruments for environmental governance. A growing number of organisations including the IUCN, UNEP and the Organisation of American States have voiced concerns that legal instruments that were developed to pursue more convincing environmental governance over the last 40 years are not creating a sufficiently potent system of environmental governance. In response to this challenge, this timely book explores how to bridge the significant implementation gap between the objectives of environmental law and the real-world outcomes of its application. Expert contributors discuss different forms of law, from international conventions down to inter-parties agreements, and non-government codes and standards. The overarching discussion highlights the diverse factors that impact upon implementing environmental law in practice, and considers the limitations and opportunities for constructive innovation in legal governance. This book is a comprehensive reference point for scholars and policy-makers, shedding light on how to achieve significant improvements in the effective application of environmental law. Contributors: R. Bartel, A.K. Butzel, J. de L. De Cendra, D. Craig, M. Doelle, J. Gooch, W. Gumley, C. Holley, T. Howard, A. Kennedy, W. Lahey, A. Lawson, E. Lees, P. Martin, M. Masterton, P. Noble, R.L. Ottinger, O.R. Owina, L. Paddock, J.L. Parker, W. Pianpian, G. Pink, A. Rieu-Clarke, N.A. Robinson, G. Rose, T.L Rucinski, S. Teles Da Silva, R.R. Valova, X. Wang, M.E. Wieder, W. Xi

From Eisenhower to Obama, this book provides a comprehensive analysis of the policies Congress and the president have proposed and passed to protect the environment over time. The U.S. federal government first began to consider legislation to protect the environment and natural resources in 1940s. Since that time, Congress and the president have considered and passed numerous environmental policies-laws that serve to protect the quality of the air we breathe, the water we drink, the natural beauty of the land, and the animals that live both on land and in the water. In Making Environmental Law: The Politics of Protecting the Earth, experienced and accomplished environmental law researcher Nancy E. Marion shows what policies Congress have proposed and passed to protect the environment over time. Each chapter focuses on the members of Congress's response to a different environmental concern, such as ocean dumping, pesticides, and solid waste. With "green" awareness now affecting every aspect of our modern world, this text serves as an invaluable reference for students and researchers who need a deeper historical background on the political aspects of these issues. Tables summarize key legislative acts Index of all bills listed in the text An appendix with a timeline of important dates in the history of environmental law

Founded in 1981, the Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal is one of the first student-edited entertainment law journals in the United States. Over the course of the years, it has grown to be one of the most widely-subscribed journals in the field. To celebrate the 20th anniversary of the Journal, this volume collects some of the most widely-cited articles published in the past 20 years, as well as distinguished intellectual property lectures sponsored by the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University. Contributors to this volume include leading commentators in the field of intellectual property, art, and communications law, as well as eminent jurists and former government officials from the U.S. Copyright Office and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

This new book reviews the legal, ethical, risk management and safety issues facing today's radiological science professional. It discusses theories and their day-to-day application, guiding good decision making. Case studies and scenarios clearly illustrate concepts. Sample forms at the end of the text help readers prepare and draft forms, charts, procedures, and policies.Covers a full range of issues - decision making, malpractice, patients' rights, civil liability, record keeping, communication, education, and much more. Clarifies the importance of risk management and the need for developing a quality safety program to protect the patient, the practitioner, and the facility.Considers the practical applications of the Code of Ethics. Answers key questions about employment law.Presents specific plans for setting up education and evaluation programs. Includes sample forms for assessing competency. Provides an overview of the legal system and how it affects imaging and therapy.Offers two complete chapters that explain what and how to document. Includes sample forms for documentation and consent. Readers can simply review and adapt to their own health care settings.Features contributions by professionals with special expertise in law, risk management and education.

Because labour and social security issues have arisen in many disparate ways since the inception of the European Communities, there has been no consistent classification of European law in this area. This book attempts to rectify that situation, presenting as complete a codification as possible of this body of law, with texts of the most important documents and direct reference to print and online sources of all relevant conventions, regulations, directives, decisions, recommendations and agreements. The codification encompasses European Union texts on labour and social security, as well as pertinent Council of Europe documents.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the development of educational policies and legislation in China, particularly following the introduction of Reform and Opening Up in 1978. The scope of this book: (1) provides the theoretical basis and framework of educational policies; (2) explains key educational laws and legislation; and (3) introduces readers to policies for educational internationalization, private education, lifelong learning and teacher education. The book is intended for researchers, teachers and graduate students in the field of comparative education, educational policy and legislation, educational management. Readers will find essential information on the most important educational laws and legislation, as well as the recent characteristics of and trends in educational policies in China.

The scope and frequency of catastrophes, natural or man-made, are mounting. In 2008, more than 240,500 fatalities were counted, due to 311 natural catastrophes and man-made disasters. These numbers are unprecedented. It is to be expected that a mounting number of victims will look for financial compensation in the aftermath of future catastrophes. As the author of this ground-breaking book points out, there are as many sets of compensation mechanisms as there are countries. In a prodigious move to remedy this situation, she examines whether it is possible to find a combination of compensation mechanisms (i.e., a compensation model) that provides the most comprehensive and efficient financial solution for the victims of a natural catastrophe, a large-scale terrorist attack, and/or a man-made disaster - and, if so, what such a program would look like. In the process she deals exhaustively with such elements as the following: -the type of victims that disasters can cause; -safety regulation versus liability law; -insurability of catastrophes; -compensation funds; -capital market instruments; -types of government intervention; -defining terrorism for the purpose of compensation; and -preventive incentives as an element of efficient compensation. Because economic efficiency is an unavoidable factor in the compensation of catastrophe victims, the author relies primarily on a law and economics perspective in order to find an efficient and comprehensive model that is workable in practice and that takes into account the legal and cultural situation in the various countries. Once she has developed this model, she compares it with actual programs in Belgium, France, the Netherlands, and the United States of America - countries carefully chosen to represent a reasonably full variety of possible solutions. This comparison of real world solutions allows her to explain why each is inefficient and to define real and necessary conditions for policy change. This book shows that amelioration of the current compensation solutions for disaster victims is indeed a possibility. In a heated yet often poorly informed debate, it offers clarity and insights regarding the financial compensation for victims of catastrophes which, in addition to raising academic interest, are certain to help build a framework for future policymakers and lawmakers faced with shaping compensation programs for catastrophe victims.

The spectacular success of electronic commerce in recent years has seen an explosion in the availability of information and entertainment products on the Internet. This distribution of `content' is expected to continue as one of the major sources of growth on the Internet in the years ahead, raising concerns over the protection of content owners' rights. While the complex copyright problems of the Internet have generated plenty of literature and legislative initiatives, many important issues still remain unresolved. Rights holders in the online marketplace thus remain vulnerable to digital piracy and other forms of unauthorised use. Concerns over the effectiveness of the copyright system in a digital environment have inspired content providers to look for alternative protection regimes or strategies. These alternatives, such as the protection afforded by contract law and information technology, comprise important elements of the Electronic Copyright Management System (ECMS), a fully automated system of secure distribution, rights management, monitoring and payment of copyright-protected content currently being developed. Perhaps the largest multidisciplinary study conducted on ECMS to date is the IMPRIMATUR project, which was subsidised by the European Commission's Esprit Programme, and for which the Institute for Information Law of the University of Amsterdam (IViR) produced a series of legal studies. This volume collects six fully revised and updated studies relating to copyright and electronic commerce which have resulted from the IViR's research. As well as examining the legal issues crucial to the development of electronic copyright management systems, the contributions address issues with wider implications for the law of copyright in general. Other aspects of information law are also considered, such as defamation, data protection, privacy and freedom of expression and information, as are general questions of contract and tort law.

Van Calster, Vandenberghe and Reins have led an impressive group of specialists from around the world to deliver the definitive book on climate change mitigation. Mitigation law for all sectors (energy, industry, transport, buildings, waste, land use, forestry), as well as all relevant mitigation instruments (carbon trading, finance, litigation) are discussed in great detail and with an eye on all relevant countries and regions in the world, such as the EU, the United States, China and the other BRICS countries. This book is a valuable source of information on mitigation law and will be the starting point for any future research and decision-making on climate change mitigation.' - Jonathan Verschuuren, Tilburg University, the NetherlandsGovernments around the world have been trying to find ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions for decades. This detailed Handbook considers the spectrum of legal and market-based instruments as well as strategies and policies adopted around the world and suggests more effective, comprehensive and responsive ways of managing climate change mitigation. As well as taking stock of the current and proposed legal instruments, the book looks at the wider policy and economic aspects of coping with climate change. It provides a comparative overview of key issues across Europe, the United States, Asia-Pacific and the BRICS countries, and discusses domestic, regional and international law and governance. With perspectives from academia, government and private practice, the expert contributors analyse key sectors such as energy, transport, buildings, industry, land use and waste. Important issues such as carbon trading, financing and litigation are also addressed. The book demonstrates the variety of approaches taken and their challenges with a view of fostering more effective and pragmatic ways of managing climate change mitigation. This timely book will be an authoritative resource for scholars of climate change law and policy, whilst also providing a rigorous overview for upper-level students. Policymakers will gain insights from the comparative perspectives, and practitioners will appreciate the broad range of practical issues addressed. Contributors: M. Alessi, J. Allmon, H. Van Asselt, D. Belis, L. Berzanskis, S. Bogojevic, D. Conway, C. Egenhofer, J.B. Eisen, B. Evans, N. Fujiwara, M.B. Gerrard, K. Hussey, M. Iguchi, S. Kakade, C.K. Siebert, E. Knight, A. Korppoo, J. Li, J. Lin, H. Masondo, M. Mehling, K. Hannon Michel, A. Monroe, H. Nakamura, J. Nunez Ferrer, A.S. Olesen, U. Outka, S.-L. Penttinen, F. Rambau, L. Reins, L. Ristino, A. Rohatgi, R. Seroa da Motta, I. Skinner, N. Srivastava, K. Talus, T.S.A. Loi, C.Tung, K. Upston-Hooper, G. Van Calster, W. Vandenberghe, S. Wattiaux, P. Wehrheim, J. Wettestad, A. Yamamoto, E. Yliheljo, N. Bin Zahur

This book offers an exhaustive analysis of extraterritorial employment standards. Part I addresses the U.S. role in the enforcement of internationally recognized worker rights in the world community. Worker rights include the right of association; the right to organize and bargain collectively; a prohibition on the use of any form of forced or compulsory labor; a minimum age for the employment of children; acceptable conditions of work with respect to minimum wages, hours of work, and occupational safety and health; and the right to work in an environment free from discrimination. By using economic coercion in the form of preferential trade benefits, investment incentives, and trade sanctions, the United States attempts to encourage foreign governments and employers, both local and transnational, to abandon exploitative working conditions for employment standards recognized by the world community. Part II is an exhaustive review of employment standards for U.S. citizens employed abroad, including equal employment opportunity standards. It also addresses extraterritorial wage and hour regulation and federal statutes establishing worker compensation standards to persons employed at military installations or in areas where the risk of war hazards are prevalent. Part III is a discussion of the policy concerns and implications of extraterritorial employment standards. These standards impact domestic producers, domestic workers and their representative organizations, consumers, exporters and importers, as well as multinational enterprises and their employees. This book is indispensable for managers, legal counsel for employers and employees, and policy makers and labor leaders in any industry having contact with the global economy.

Freshwater is an increasingly scarce resource globally, and effective sustainable management will be absolutely crucial in the future. This timely book sets out future scenarios of international trade in both 'real' and 'virtual' water, examining the relationship between climate change, water scarcity, the human right to water and World Trade Organization law. Trade in Water Under International Law addresses questions of global importance such as: how can international trade in bulk water contribute to the advancement of the human right to water? Are 'green-boxed' irrigation subsidies disturbing the markets? Should water-footprint process and production methods allow for a different treatment of otherwise 'like' products? From examining the impact of water law on small-scale farmers in developing countries, to the broader issue of global environmental responsibility, Fitzgerald Temmerman explores the options available for fair resource allocation through international law arrangements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. By taking a wide-reaching and non-technical approach, this book will capture the attention not only of international trade law professionals, but of all stakeholders in the field. With such relevance to contemporary environmental issues, this book will also be of interest to non-legally qualified individuals who want to comprehend the future possibilities of fair water trade.

This book presents an important discussion on soil and sustainable agriculture from a range of perspectives, addressing key topics such as sustainable intensification, the FAO Voluntary Guidelines, and the crucial role of appropriate tenure rights. This second volume of the International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy is divided into four parts, the first of which deals with several aspects of the theme "soil and sustainable agriculture." In turn, the second part covers recent international developments, the third part presents regional and national reports, and the fourth discusses cross-cutting issues. Given the range of key topics covered, the book offers an indispensable tool for all academics, legislators and policymakers working in this field. The "International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy" is a book series that discusses central questions in law and politics with regard to the protection and sustainable management of soil and land - at the international, national and regional level. The Chapter "The Use of Property Law Tools for Soil Protection" by Jessica Owley is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com.

In this analysis of federal court cases relying upon the landmark Roe v. Wade decision, the author finds that the pro-life movement in the United States has suffered repeated losses in abortion litigation. Additionally, her research indicates that, despite claims to the contrary, the pro-life movement is a loose collection of underfunded and understaffed public interest organizations. The pro-choice forces are vastly more powerful in abortion litigation, have superior organization and financing, and include not only public interest groups but also private interests such as clinics and professional medical organizations. Divided into three parts, the study begins with a public law analysis of the progeny of Roe cases, examining those variables which appear to impact court decisions. Next the work examines political factors and litigation resources as variables in explaining court decisions. And finally, the work offers a descriptive analysis of abortion litigants which divides the groups into major categories and evaluates them in terms of their resources, longevity, and other such factors. This book will be of interest to those seriously interested in the political and legal ramifications of the abortion controversy.

This collection is the multifaceted result of an effort to learn from those who have been educated in an American law school and who then returned to their home countries to apply the lessons of that experience in nations experiencing social, economic, governmental, and legal transition. Written by an international group of scholars and practitioners, this work provides a unique insight into the ways in which legal education impacts the legal system in the recipient's home country, addressing such topics as efforts to influence the current style of legal education in a country and the resistance faced from entrenched senior faculty and the use of U.S. legal education methods in government and private legal practice. This book will be of significant interest not only to legal educators in the United States and internationally, and to administrators of legal education policy and reform, but also to scholars seeking a more in-depth understanding of the connections between legal education and socio-political change.

The European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road is intended to increase the safety of international transport of dangerous goods by road. Regularly amended and updated since its entry into force, it contains the conditions under which dangerous goods may be carried internationally. This version has been prepared on the basis of amendments applicable as from 1 January 2015. It contains in particular new or revised provisions concerning transport of adsorbed gases; lithium batteries (including damaged or defective lithium batteries, lithium batteries for disposal or recycling); asymmetric capacitors; discarded packagings; ammonium nitrate and radioactive material; testing of gas cartridges and fuel cell cartridges; marking of bundles of cylinders; and the applicability of ISO standards to the manufacture of new pressure receptacles or service equipment.

The piecemeal developments in product liability reform in Europe have their origins in the tragic association of phocomelia in children with thalidomide in 1962. In many ways these events have continued to generate pressure for reform of product liability, especially for the victims of drug-induced injury. This monograph attempts to address the major problems that typify claims for drug-induced injury, as well as highlighting the complex interrelationship between liability exposure and drug regulation. While medicinal products are subject to strict liability under the product liability directive, the claimant may have considerable difficulty in establishing that the relevant product is defective and that it caused the damage. It may also be necessary to overcome the development risk defence where this is pleaded. The monograph addresses these problems on a comparative jurisprudential basis, and seeks to determine whether medicinal products should be treated as a special case in the field of product liability. It examines the role of epidemiological evidence in assessing causation in product liability cases concerning medicinal products in the light of recent developments in the UK Supreme Court, the United States, Canada and France. In particular, it addresses the difficulties in reconciling the standards of proof in law and science, including the theory that causation can be proved on the balance of probabilities by reference to the doubling of risk of injury. An important case study compares and contrasts the approaches of the UK and the US to the measles, mumps, rubella Litigation. The book also examines the question as to whether compliance with regulatory standards should protect pharmaceutical manufacturers from product liability suits. It seeks to support a via media whereby the victims of drug induced injury can receive justice, while at the same time encouraging drug safety and innovation in drug development.