Plant Factory: An Indoor Vertical Farming System for Efficient Quality Food Production, Second Edition presents a comprehensive look at the implementation of plant factory (PF) practices to yield food crops for both improved food security and environmental sustainability. Edited and authored by leading experts in PF and controlled environment agriculture (CEA), the book is divided into five sections, including an Overview and the Concept of Closed Plant Production Systems (CPPS), the Basics of Physics and Physiology - Environments and Their Effects, System Design, Construction, Cultivation and Management and Plant Factories in Operation. In addition to new coverage on the rapid advancement of LED technology and its application in indoor vertical farming, other revisions to the new edition include updated information on the status of business R&D and selected commercial PFALs (plant factory with artificial lighting). Additional updates include those focused on micro and mini-PFALs for improving the quality of life in urban areas, the physics and physiology of light, the impact of PFAL on the medicinal components of plants, and the system design, construction, cultivation and management issues related to transplant production within closed systems, photoautotrophic micro-propagation and education, training and intensive business forums on PFs.

Ron Buckley's photographs show the changing locomotive scene taking place from the later 1930s throughout the East Midlands and East Anglia, illustrating pre-grouping locomotive classes still working across Lincoln, Cambridge, Norfolk, Suffolk, Nottingham, Leicester, Northampton, Bedford, Hertford, Buckingham and Essex. During later LNER days, locomotives of the Great Eastern and Great Northern Railways continued working the many secondary routes and branch lines while the main East Coast saw from 1935 the appearance of Nigel Gresley's streamlined class A4 locomotives working the high speed passenger traffic between Edinburgh and London. The LMS influence saw many former London and North Western and Midland Railway locomotives handling both passenger and goods traffic especially the product of the many collieries in Nottinghamshire.

Advanced Metrology: Freeform Surfaces provides the perfect guide for engineering designers and manufacturers interested in exploring the benefits of this technology. The inclusion of industrial case studies and examples will help readers to implement these techniques which are being developed across different industries as they offer improvements to the functional performance of products and reduce weight and cost.

The definitive guide for steam power plant systems and operation fully updated For more than 80 years, this book has been a trusted source of information on steam power plants, including the design, operation, and maintenance of major systems. Steam Plant Operation, Tenth Edition, emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive energy plan utilizing all economical sources of energy, including fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable energy sources. The book continues to describe the important role that steam plays in our power production and it identifies the associated risks and potential problems for each source of energy. This practical guide provides common power plant calculations such as plant heat rate, boiler efficiency, pump performance, combustion processes, and the systems necessary to control plant emissions. Numerous illustrations and clear presentation of the material will assist in preparing for an operator's license exam. Throughout, real-world examples demonstrate each topic. Engineering students will find a detailed introduction to steam power plant technology. * Offers concise explanations of concepts, from fundamentals through advanced design and operation * Recommended by several states as a key reference for their steam plant licensing exams

This book, with the CD-ROM included, is the documentation of a unique collaborative effort in evaluating formal methods for usage under industrial constraints: the major techniques for formally supported specification, design, and verification of large programs and complex systems are applied to a non-trivial and non-academic problem which is typical for industrial informal requirements specifications.
The 21 papers included in the book, together with an introduction and competition report, were selected from 33 candidate solutions. This book comes with a CD-ROM containing, besides the printed papers, executable code, full definitions of all parts of the specifications, and detailed descriptions of foundational matters where appropriate.

This booklet is mainly meant for students at universities and colleges to solve problems in the field of power and chemical engineering, where water and steam are serving as working or process medium. Tables and diagrams will support engineers in research work and industrial practice too. All tabulated values given were recalculated; the thermodynamical properties have been calculated according to the 1984 IAPS formulation, the remaining properties result from IAPSs current releases. The increments for temperature and pressure for the saturation tables were decreased. In addition ten properties were added. Three new h,s-diagrams for compressed water will be useful in geographical and in jet cutting applications.

This book deals with two key aspects of the history of steam engines, a cornerstone of the Industrial Revolution, specifically the road that led to its discovery and the process of diffusion of the early steam engines. The first part of the volume outlines the technological and scientific developments which took place between the 16th and 18th centuries, proving critical for the invention of this strategic technology. The most important question addressed is why did England come up with this innovation first as opposed to other countries (e.g., France, Italy), which were more advanced in terms of knowledge pertinent to it. The second part of the volume traces the process of diffusion of the early steam engines, the Newcomen model, through to 1773, the year prior to the first commercial application of the second generation of steam engines (the Watt model). The process of diffusion is quantified on the basis of a novel method before proceeding with a discussion of the main determinants of this process. Kitsikopoulos pulls together a large amount of relevant evidence found in primary sources and more technically oriented literature which is often ignored by economic historians. This book will be of interest to economic historians and historians of technology.

Hailed instantly as the definitive field reference, the first edition of Metallurgical Failures in Fossil Fired Boilers provided a comprehensive catalog of the types of metallurgical failures common to boilers. Using actual case histories of boiler shutdowns, the book documented, as no existing text did, the full range of causes of boiler tube failure - providing a blueprint for cutting maintenance costs and upgrading the efficiency and reliability of any power plant operation. Reflecting the heightened focus throughout the industry on boiler-tube failure analysis, this expanded Second Edition sheds light on the latest innovative insights and solutions highlighting the field. The new edition now features material on fluid dynamics, heat transfer, and stress calculations, essential requirements of boiler design. For added relevance, this edition includes important information on making material-condition and end-of-life assessments for plant equipment being used beyond its original design expectations. Also included is up-to-date information on the higher temperature ranges now experienced by boilers. An expanded listing of boiler equipment as well as new case studies examining an even wider, more current range of problems makes the book more useful than ever. Yet, the Second Edition retains the structure and practical tone of its successful forerunner. Readers will again find detailed and expert analysis of the full range of metallurgical failures common to boilers - from corrosion, high-temperature related phenomena, welding problems, fabrication defects, to changes in microstructure, oxidation, exfoliation, decarburization, and more. Specific real-world examples of each of the causesof failure are provided, along with full operating details of the particular unit at the time of rupture. In addition, the fundamentals of elementary metallurgy are clearly presented, enabling even non metallurgists to fully grasp the analyses of the examples given. Not only is the significance of metallurgy in boiler design made clear, the new updated edition also illustrates the key mechanical engineering aspects of the design process as well. Underscoring, with practical specifics, the importance of preventative design techniques, the Second Edition is an incomparable handbook to building more failure-resistant boiler and heat-transfer equipment. Basic to the maintenance and success of any power plant operation in the 1990s, Metallurgical Failures in Fossil Fired Boilers, Second Edition is destined to become the undisputed staple of the professional's library or drafting board.

Microencapsulation in the Food Industry: A Practical Implementation Guide, Second Edition continues to focus on the development of new microencapsulation techniques for researchers and scientists in the field. This practical reference combines the knowledge of new and novel processing techniques, materials and selection, regulatory aspects and testing and evaluation of materials. It provides application specific uses of microencapsulation as it applies to the food and nutraceutical industries. This reference offers unique solutions to some very specific product needs in the field of encapsulation. This second edition highlights changes in the industry as a result of a field that has traversed from the micro scale level to nano-scaled encapsulation and includes two new chapters, one on regulatory, quality, process scale-up, packaging, and economics and the other on testing and quality control.

Machining and Tribology provides insight into both the role of tribology in machining and the effects of various machining processes on tribology, exploring topics such as machining mechanisms, coolant technology, tool wear, and more. Covering the latest research, the book starts by looking at the tribological aspects of turning, milling, and drilling processes. From there, it explores the effects of different coolants such as flood, minimum quantity lubrication, and cryogenics on machining forces, tool wear, friction, chip formation, and surface generation during various machining processes. Tribological considerations of machined components follow, and the volume concludes with chapters covering simulation scenarios for predicting machining forces, tool wear, surface generation, and chip formation.

A Short History of the Steam Engine, first published in 1939, remains one of the most readable and clear explanations of the topic for the non-specialist. H. W. Dickinson limits himself to stationary engines and boilers, and only touches on the beginnings of locomotive and marine engines. He puts the stages of development in their context, showing how economic and social factors were involved in the evolution of the steam engine. The illustrations are plentiful and the text, while technical, never becomes impenetrable. The successive improvements to the simple engines of the seventeenth century, as new materials or purposes arose, are developed chapter by chapter to the twentieth century. Each engineer was building on the work of his predecessors, rather than there being any single inventor of genius. Dickinson also wrote biographies of key figures of the Industrial Revolution, which are being reissued in this series.

Originally published in 1999, this book takes a probing and specialist look at the many important advances which occurred in steam power in the fifteen years leading up to its publication. Large power plants as well as small-capacity boilers became more efficient and reliable, and their design and operation were enhanced by the application of modern computational techniques. This book provides a comprehensive review of such developments in steam power engineering. It discusses thermohydraulic principles and processes, with an emphasis on practical problems of steam power plant design and operation. Among topics covered are historical analysis, cycle design, thermal and hydraulic design of heating surfaces, pollutant control, and flow instability, from which are deduced strategies for further development. Originally intended for both students and engineers, the book treats realistic problems and offers a wealth of valuable insight into the design of large and small steam power plants.

Operation, Maintenance, and Repair of Land-Based Gas Turbines provides a toolkit for practitioners seeking to make technoeconomic decisions on life extension of power turbine equipment. The work describes essential degradation modes affecting critical components and proven methods of restoration. Sections discuss key elements of life extensions for aging units and components, together with critical reviews of available methodologies. Coverage includes advanced nondestructive testing methods essential for effective life extension programs, including lessons learned from firsthand experience working with multiple machine designs, classes and operating conditions. The final sections cover a body of solutions intended to refocus ORM processes on overcoming the shortfalls caused by volatilities and system restructuring.

This is the story of how for more than a hundred years steam power played a vital role in the development of road transport. It all began with tentative attempts to build steam carriages by pioneers such as Cugnot in France and Trevithick in Britain, and in the early part of the nineteenth century there were significant attempts to develop steam carriages and omnibuses. That these attempts ultimately failed was largely due to opposition by road authorities and draconian legislation. Steam power did, however, find a real purpose in agriculture, where the traction engine was used for a variety of tasks from towing and working threshing machines, to ploughing. Once the value of the traction engine had been established, it soon found a use in many parts of the world for heavy haulage work and appeared in an exotic guise as the showman's engine. The latter was not only used to haul rides to fairgrounds but also powered a dynamo that could light up the fair at night. By the end of the nineteenth century, steam on the road took on a new life with the development of steam cars and trucks. For a time they vied the new internal combustion engine for supremacy on the road. The American Doble Company even developed a 100mph steam sports car. Ultimately steam lost the war, but steam vehicles survive and delight us still thanks to enthusiastic owners and restorers.

Food Waste Recovery: Processing Technologies, Industrial Techniques, and Applications, Second Edition provides information on safe and economical strategies for the recapture of value compounds from food wastes while also exploring their re-utilization in fortifying foods and as ingredients in commercial products. Sections discuss the exploration of management options, different sources, the Universal Recovery Strategy, conventional and emerging technologies, and commercialization issues that target applications of recovered compounds in the food and cosmetics industries. This book is a valuable resource for food scientists, technologists, engineers, chemists, product developers, researchers, academics and professionals working in the food industry.

Design and Optimization of Innovative Food Processing Techniques Assisted by Ultrasound: Developing Healthier and Sustainable Food Products is a useful tool in understanding the innovative applications derived from the use of ultrasound technology. The book is a starting point for product development, covering technological, physicochemical and nutritional perspectives, as well as the reduction of food toxics and contaminants. Divided into three parts, sections cover ultrasound usage in obtaining functional foods, extracting bioactive compounds, the improvement of food quality, ultrasound use for the development of novel applications, and more. As the definitive resource in new innovative ultrasound-based emerging processes, this book is a necessity for food scientists and technologists, nutrition researchers, and those working in the food manufacturing industry.

Probability and Statistics for Cereals and Grains: A Guide to Measurement and Analysis is a guide to help technical people be more efficient users of statistics. Author Terry C. Nelsen uses examples from his 35-plus years of experience in the field and presents the appropriate statistics and graphics to use when evaluating data. Researchers, academicians, students, technicians, processors, laboratory personnel, and those working in QA/QC will benefit from this much needed reference.

Environmental Impact of Agro-Food Industry and Food Consumption covers trends associated with the impact of food production on the environment using lifecycle analysis and the standard methods used to estimate the food industry's environmental impact. The book discusses city-scale actions to estimate the environmental impact of food systems, including the meat chain, feeding crops to farmed fish, the confectionary industry, agriculture, tea processing, cheese production, the dairy industry, cold chain, and ice cream production. Food waste and consumption in hospitality and global diets round out these interesting discussions. Written for food scientists, technologists, engineers, chemists, governmental regulatory bodies, environmentalists, environmental technologists, environmental engineers, researchers, academics and professionals working in the food industry, this book is an essential resource on sustainability in the food industry.

This indispensable book systematically guides you through Pressure Relief Valves and how they work. It shows how protective devices perform an important function in preventing the accumulation of overpressure that can result in failure and the uncontrolled release of stored energy. They are therefore categorised as safety critical items of engineering equipment. The book goes on to show that their design and testing is heavily controlled by published technical standards because many countries are covered by statutory legislation.

The content of the book shows that service damage and degradation mechanisms are outlined for various applications - PRVs and bursting discs are used in a wide variety of process conditions, ranging from clean service to heavily corrosive process fluids. This results in a correspondingly large number of damage mechanisms that can prevent them from working if they are not inspected and tested correctly. Risk based inspection procedures are introduced in this book as a method of minimising the chances of failure, and therefore maintaining high levels of safety.

This "Quick Guide to Pressure Relief Valves" is intended to provide easily accessible technical information for engineers and technicians involved in the operation, testing and maintenance of pressure systems. It also covers other types of protective devises such as bursting discs.

Electron Spin Resonance in Food Science covers, in detail, the ESR identification of the irradiation history of food products and beverages to investigate changes that occur during storage, with an aim of improving hygienic quality and extending shelf-life with minimal tempering in nutritional profile. The book also includes ESR studies on the interaction of food items and packaging materials, along with a section on new approaches in ESR identification of irradiated foods that is followed by a chapter on international legislation relevant to irradiated food. A section on ESR applications in characterizing ROS/antioxidants in food items and lipid oxidation, including spin labeling, spin trapping and imaging applications is also covered, as are ESR applications in nutrition and pharmaceutics.

Advanced Machining Processes of Metallic Materials: Theory, Modelling and Applications, Second Edition, explores the metal cutting processes with regard to theory and industrial practice. Structured into three parts, the first section provides information on the fundamentals of machining, while the second and third parts include an overview of the effects of the theoretical and experimental considerations in high-level machining technology and a summary of production outputs related to part quality. In particular, topics discussed include: modern tool materials, mechanical, thermal and tribological aspects of machining, computer simulation of various process phenomena, chip control, monitoring of the cutting state, progressive and hybrid machining operations, as well as practical ways for improving machinability and generation and modeling of surface integrity. This new edition addresses the present state and future development of machining technologies, and includes expanded coverage on machining operations, such as turning, milling, drilling, and broaching, as well as a new chapter on sustainable machining processes. In addition, the book provides a comprehensive description of metal cutting theory and experimental and modeling techniques, along with basic machining processes and their effective use in a wide range of manufacturing applications. The research covered here has contributed to a more generalized vision of machining technology, including not only traditional manufacturing tasks, but also potential (emerging) new applications, such as micro and nanotechnology.

Electrical motor products reviews the energy efficiency management laws for electrical motor products in United States, European Union (EU) and China. The energy efficiency certification requirements for the electrical motor products vary from country to country and are summarised here. International standards, testing methods and certification requirements for specific electrical motor products are discussed, including electric motors, pumps and fans. Finally, methods for improving energy efficiency are examined.

Food processing is the step of the food chain that principally affects a food's physical or biochemical properties, along with determining the safety and shelf life of the product. This book provides a comprehensive overview of innovations in non-thermal technologies specifically for fluid foods, recognized for their high bioavailability of macronutrients and micronutrients. Considerable resources and expertise has been devoted to the processing of safe and wholesome foods. Non-thermal technologies have been developed as an alternative to thermal processing, while still meeting required safety or shelf-life demands and minimising the effects on its nutritional and quality attributes.