This This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.This book offers a comprehensive guide, covering every important aspect of computational thinking education. It provides an in-depth discussion of computational thinking, including the notion of perceiving computational thinking practices as ways of mapping models from the abstraction of data and process structures to natural phenomena. Further, it explores how computational thinking education is implemented in different regions, and how computational thinking is being integrated into subject learning in K-12 education. In closing, it discusses computational thinking from the perspective of STEM education, the use of video games to teach computational thinking, and how computational thinking is helping to transform the quality of the workforce in the textile and apparel industry.

Higher education plays a significant role in shaping our cultural identity. Yet, in this ever-changing world, it's important to consider what adjustments American universities are making-or need to make-to meet the dynamic societal requirements.

Change is often challenging for large institutions, and academia is no different. The contributors to this issue of The Annals take a hard look at current changes in higher education and propose further modification for the American university in the coming decades.

The issue opens with a blueprint for change that looks at the impact of current social concerns and ways that universities can respond to those concerns. The remaining articles include topics on land-grant universities, urban universities, the corporatization of the university, the focus on institution management, equal opportunity for higher education, the influence of fraternities and sororities, trends in postsecondary science, distance learning, the social context of applied science, tertiary education in Europe, reengineering of education, and a review of literature of higher education.

It's fitting that this issue of The Annals, which examines the transformations of higher education, includes some changes of its own. Beginning with this first issue of 2003, The Annals has launched a new layout and design. Readers will find the journal easier to use; and the design changes also signify undergoing transformations within the academy itself. The academy has renewed and reinvigorated its commitment-as its 1891 charter proclaims-to "promote the progress of the political and social sciences."

Victor Hugo has been attributed with the quotation, "Change your opinions, keep to your principles; change your leaves, keep intact your roots." This issue is devoted to change in the American university; and the improvements to the design and layout of The Annals reflect the academy's dedication to its core philosophy.

The main idea of this book is that to comprehend the instructional potential of simulation and to design effective simulation-based learning environments, one has to consider both what happens inside the computer and inside the students' minds. The framework adopted to do this is model-centered learning, in which simulation is seen as particularly effective when learning requires a restructuring of the individual mental models of the students, as in conceptual change. Mental models are by themselves simulations, and thus simulation models can extend our biological capacity to carry out simulative reasoning. For this reason, recent approaches in cognitive science like embodied cognition and the extended mind hypothesis are also considered in the book. A conceptual model called the "epistemic simulation cycle" is proposed as a blueprint for the comprehension of the cognitive activities involved in simulation-based learning and for instructional design.

Private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education because of the way that it mimics mainstream schooling, has greatly expanded worldwide. It consumes considerable family resources, provides employment for tutors, occupies the time of students, and has a backwash on regular schools. Although such tutoring has become a major industry and a daily activity for students, tutors and families, the research literature has been slow to catch up with the phenomenon. The topic is in some respects difficult to research, precisely because it is shadowy. Contours are indistinct, and the actors may hesitate to share their experiences and perspectives. Presenting methodological lessons from diverse cultures, the book contains chapters from both high-income and low-income settings in Asia, Caribbean, Europe and the Middle East. Separately and together, the chapters present valuable insights into the design and conduct of research. The book will assist both consumers and producers of research. Consumers will become better judges of the strengths, weaknesses and orientations of literature on the theme; and producers will gain insights for design of instruments, collection of data, and interpretation of findings. The editors: Mark Bray is UNESCO Chair Professor in Comparative Education at the University of Hong Kong. Ora Kwo is an Associate Professor in the Comparative Education Research Centre at the University of Hong Kong. Boris Jokic is a Scientific Associate in the Centre for Educational Research and Development at the Institute for Social Research in Zagreb, Croatia.

This book is based on the notion that there are many ways in which mathematics learning can be achieved for students and that not all of them are focused on the mathematics classroom. It explores the foundational numeracy principles of the non-mathematical subject areas and aligns these to the Australian numeracy-learning continuum. It demonstrates, in detail, the extent to which numeracy competencies underpin successful learning in all the subject areas of the curricula. It validates a focus of developing numeracy competencies through learning in the arts, science and other discipline areas with which school students to engage with in order develop holistically, but which are not subjected to national assessment practices. It is developed around the notion of 'praxis', putting theory into practice in order to respond to the urgent need for students to be supported in their efforts to increase their numeracy capabilities in a world where extensive amounts of new information are often presented in graphical or data based formats. Additionally, it offers perspectives on developing all students' capacities to become numerate in school contexts and presents inclusive, differentiated lesson examples as an alternative way of exploring numeracy in the context of teaching and learning in real-world classroom contexts.

This book offers valuable guidance for science teacher educators looking for ways to facilitate preservice and inservice teachers pedagogy relative to teaching students from underrepresented and underserved populations in the science classroom. It also provides solutions that will better equip science teachers of underrepresented student populations with effective strategies that challenge the status quo, and foster classrooms environment that promotes equity and social justice for all of their science students.

"Multicultural Science Education" illuminates historically persistent, yet unresolved issues in science teacher education from the perspectives of a remarkable group of science teacher educators and presents research that has been done to address these issues. It centers on research findings on underserved and underrepresented groups of students and presents frameworks, perspectives, and paradigms that have implications for transforming science teacher education. In addition, the chapters provide an analysis of the socio-cultural-political consequences in the ways in which science teacher education is theoretically conceptualized and operationalized in the United States.

The book provides teacher educators with a framework for teaching through a lens of equity and social justice, one that may very well help teachers enhance the participation of students from traditionally underrepresented and underserved groups in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) areas and help them realize their full potential in science. Moreover, science educators will find this book useful for professional development workshops and seminars for both novice and veteran science teachers.

""Multicultural Science Education: Preparing Teachers for Equity and Social Justice" directly addresses the essential role that science teacher education plays for the future of an informed and STEM knowledgeable citizenry. The editors and authors review the beginnings of multicultural science education, and then highlight findings from studies on issues of equity, underrepresentation, cultural relevancy, English language learning, and social justice. The most significant part of this book is the move to the policy level providing specific recommendations for policy development, implementation, assessment and analysis, with calls to action for all science teacher educators, and very significantly, all middle and high school science teachers and prospective teachers.

By emphasizing the important role that multicultural science education has played in providing the knowledge base and understanding of exemplary science education, "Multicultural Science Education: Preparing Teachers for Equity and Social Justice" gives the reader a scope and depth of the field, along with examples of strategies to use with middle and high school students. These classroom instructional strategies are based on sound science and research. Readers are shown the balance between research-based data driven models articulated with successful instructional design. Science teacher educators will find this volume of great value as they work with their pre-service and in-service teachers about how to address and infuse multicultural science education within their classrooms.For educators to be truly effective in their classrooms, they must examine every component of the learning and teaching process. Multicultural Science Education: Preparing Teachers for Equity and Social Justice provides not only the intellectual and research bases underlying multicultural studies in science education, but also the pragmatic side. All teachers and teacher educators can infuse these findings and recommendations into their classrooms in a dynamic way, and ultimately provide richer learning experiences for all students."

Patricia Simmons, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA

"This provocative collection of chapters is a presentation in gutsiness. Ingenious in construction and sequencing, this book will influence science teacher educators by introducing them to issues of equity and social justice directly related to women and people of color. The authors unflinchingly interrogate issues of equity which need to be addressed in science education courses.

"This provocative collection of chapters is a presentation in gutsiness. Ingenious in construction and sequencing, this book will influence science teacher educators by introducing them to issues of equity and social justice directly related to women and people of color. The authors unflinchingly interrogate issues of equity which need to be addressed in science education courses.

It begins with setting current cultural and equity issue within a historic frame. The first chapter sets the scene by moving the reader through 400 years in which African-American s were scientifically excluded from science . This is followed by a careful review of the Jim Crow era, an analysis of equity issues of women and ends with an examination of sociocultural consciousness and culturally responsive teaching.

Two chapters comprise the second section. Each chapter examines the role of the science teacher in providing a safe place by promoting equity and social justice in the classroom. The three chapters in the third section focus on secondary science teachers. Each addresses issues of preparation that provides new teachers with understanding of equity and provokes questions of good teaching.

Section four enhances and expands the first section as the authors suggest cultural barriers the impact STEM engagement by marginalized groups. The last section, composed of three chapters, interrogates policy issues that influence the science classroom."

Molly Weinburgh, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, USA"

Formation of Character is the fifth volume of Charlotte Mason's Homeschooling series. The chapters stand alone and are valuable to parents of children of all ages. Part I includes case studies of children (and adults) who cured themselves of bad habits. Part II is a series of reflections on subjects including both schooling and vacations (or "stay-cations" as we now call them). Part III covers various aspects of home schooling, with a special section detailing the things that Charlotte Mason thought were important to teach to girls in particular. Part IV consists of examples of how education affected outcome of character in famous writers of her day. Charlotte Mason was a late nineteenth-century British educator whose ideas were far ahead of her time. She believed that children are born persons worthy of respect, rather than blank slates, and that it was better to feed their growing minds with living literature and vital ideas and knowledge, rather than dry facts and knowledge filtered and pre-digested by the teacher. Her method of education, still used by some private schools and many homeschooling families, is gentle and flexible, especially with younger children, and includes first-hand exposure to great and noble ideas through books in each school subject, conveying wonder and arousing curiosity, and through reflection upon great art, music, and poetry; nature observation as the primary means of early science teaching; use of manipulatives and real-life application to understand mathematical concepts and learning to reason, rather than rote memorization and working endless sums; and an emphasis on character and on cultivating and maintaining good personal habits. Schooling is teacher-directed, not child-led, but school time should be short enough to allow students free time to play and to pursue their own worthy interests such as handicrafts. Traditional Charlotte Mason schooling is firmly based on Christianity, although the method is also used successfully by secular families and families of other religions.

Tara Carlsen wanted to help at-risk students learn without relying on stale, clinical teaching methods. Instead of trying to find solutions in the classroom, the mathematics teacher transplanted failing students from an alternative high school to a horse ranch. There, she encouraged them to reach for the reins, and she witnessed dramatic results.

Students who could not relate to their peers or teachers could relate to horses-and suddenly their futures looked a whole lot brighter. Carlsen and her students proceeded to take an inspiring journey, learning the basics of horsemanship through equine-assisted learning-a therapeutic approach to interpersonal development using horse-related activities.

After learning the basics, the students taught peers with special needs what they'd learned, drawing upon their own struggles and triumphs to help them achieve success. Punctuated with humor, heartbreak, and hard-won triumph, "Reaching for the Reins" chronicles the struggles and successes of these students over five years.

Community colleges have experienced a dramatic shift in focus and direction over the past 25 years. The impact of federal policy that emphasizes employment over education and the increased pressure for community colleges to meet the needs of local industries has led experts to ask whether or not contemporary community colleges are best serving their students.

As a bridge between public K-12 schools and higher education, community colleges were designed as a gateway for groups of students who would otherwise be excluded from higher education, most notably poorer and minority students. Ideally, this education sector should be a democratizing force in American society. Yet community colleges continue to struggle with their mission, and a variety of factors make it increasingly difficult to meet it.

The articles in this special issue of the ANNALS examine the role of community colleges and how they respond to an emerging set of challenges. Three basic themes are threaded throughout the journal: recent changes in federal policy and how it affects community colleges; societal factors that have contributed to the movement of community colleges away from their traditional academic mission; and how well specific community college practices serve the academic and employment needs of their students.

All of the authors agree that community colleges are, overall, increasingly responsive to the industry and business sector rather than to the students enrolled in their courses.

Scholars, community college leaders, and policymakers will find these insights a valuable resource as the effort to define and meet the goals of community colleges continue.

Web-based offerings in manu academic disciplines are redefining the educational landscape. In this book, Reinaldo Canton assesses the importance of learner activity in computer programmed instruction. This research explores the practical relation between the learner's behavior and the method of delivery of lesson content. Programmed Instruction in Online Learning is a timely and important book as online instruction becomes increasingly predominant in the education environment.

Socio-scientific issues (SSI) are open-ended, multifaceted social issues with conceptual links to science. They are challenging to negotiate and resolve, and they create ideal contexts for bridging school science and the lived experience of students. This book presents the latest findings from the innovative practice and systematic investigation of science education in the context of socio-scientific issues. Socio-scientific Issues in the Classroom: Teaching, Learning and Research focuses on how SSI can be productively incorporated into science classrooms and what SSI-based education can accomplish regarding student learning, practices and interest. It covers numerous topics that address key themes for contemporary science education including scientific literacy, goals for science teaching and learning, situated learning as a theoretical perspective for science education, and science for citizenship. It presents a wide range of classroom-based research projects that offer new insights for SSI-based education. Authored by leading researchers from eight countries across four continents, this book is an important compendium of syntheses and insights for veteran researchers, teachers and curriculum designers eager to advance the SSI agenda.

Readings for Reflective Teaching in Early Education is a unique portable library of exceptional readings drawing together seminal extracts and contemporary literature from international sources from books and journals to support both initial study and extended career-long professionalism for early years practitioners. Introductions to each reading highlight the key issues explored and explain the status of classic works. This book, along with the core text and associated website, draw upon the work of Andrew Pollard, former Director of the TLRP, and the work of many years of accumulated understanding of generations of early years practitioners, primary school teachers and educationalists. Readings for Reflective Teaching in Early Education, the core text, Reflective Teaching in Early Education, and the website, provide a fully integrated set of resources promoting the expertise of early years professionals. The associated website, www.reflectiveteaching.co.uk offers supplementary resources including reflective activities, research briefings and advice on further readings. It also features a glossary of educational terms, links to useful websites and showcases examples of excellent research and practice. This book forms part of the Reflective Teaching series, edited by Andrew Pollard and Amy Pollard, offering support for reflective practice in early, primary, secondary, further, vocational, university and adult sectors of education.

The authors combine relevant and cutting-edge information on existing and future use of videoconferencing technology in the field of education.

This book explores, through eight chapters, how design thinking vocabulary can be interpreted and employed in educational contexts. The theoretical foundations of design thinking and design in education are first examined by means of a literature review. This is then followed by chapters that characterize design thinking among children, pre-service teachers and in-service teachers using research data collected from the authors' design-driven coursework and projects. The book also examines issues associated with methods for fostering and assessing design thinking. In the final chapter, it discusses future directions for the incorporation of design thinking into educational settings. Intended for teachers, teacher educators and university instructors, this book aims to provide them with the theoretical foundations needed to grasp design thinking, and to provide examples of how design thinking can be interpreted and evaluated. The materials covered will help these groups of professionals to consider how design thinking can be integrated into their own teaching and learning contexts. The book will also promote a discourse between educational researchers on the theoretical development of design thinking in educational settings.

A volume in Literacy, Language, and Learning Series Editor Patricia Ruggiano Schmidt, Our goal in writing this book was to validate teachers for strong efforts in their life's work. We often observe teachers' frustrations with what they perceive to be a multitude of different ""hot topics"" in education that they must attend to now, but which they expect to come and go, like the last ""hot topics."" So, we wanted to help readers see similarities between many of these ""hot topics""-differentiation, multiple intelligences, culturally responsive teaching, ""brain-friendly"" strategies, authentic assessment, and ethical classroom management- which we feel are not ""flashes in the pan."" And we trust that serious practitioners will not oversimplify the findings of neuroscientists and their application to education. Reading studies and books by scientists, a number of which are user-friendly, can help ensure that teachers separate the hype from credible information. We have seen this professionally judicious approach in the work of graduate students (Kolinski, 2007) in adopting ""brain-friendly"" strategies. We have intentionally packed both theoretical/research-based and practical information in this book because professional educators want to know why they should use certain approaches, models, and strategies. In turn, as professionals, we should be able to explain why we teach the way we do-not to justify, but to educate others about our knowledge-based, reflective, decision-making processes and the impact on student learning. Thus, it is important to read Chapter 1 because it lays a foundation. Each succeeding chapter (2-6) has unique and compelling twists and turns-chock full of ideas to use or to adapt. It is possible to gain lots of ideas, processes, and strategies from reading and implementing (or adapting) even one of the unit chapters, or a part of it. While some of the units are explicitly about literacy, others focus on content using reading, writing, speaking, and listening as critical in the learning process. Thus, literacy skills are reinforced and strengthened. Additionally, some of our colleagues and public school partners have given us feedback that they wanted to implement some of the units and activities themselves. So, feel free to use this book for self-exploration and professional development.

By implementing schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports (SWPBIS), K-12 educators can create an encouraging, productive school culture. This title introduces readers to the comprehensive SWPBIS framework and explores the key elements of its three tiers of support. Learn about the authors' personal experiences in applying positive behavior support strategies and explore practical examples of what the elements and tiers of this model look like in practice. Learn how to implement PBIS strategies in schools: Understand the structure of the SWPBIS framework and its four key elements. Read testimonials from principals and teachers whose schools have created positive school climates using a positive behavior support plan. Learn why decision making in an SWPBIS framework relies on data and how school teams can ensure they use their data accurately to target suitable solutions. Gain specific steps and a general timeline you can use to start implementing SWPBIS. Examine example scenarios and two thorough case examples of how elementary and secondary schools have adopted and maintained SWPBIS structures. Contents: Chapter 1: An Introduction to Schoolwide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports Chapter 2: Tier One Chapter 3: Tier Two Chapter 4: Tier Three Chapter 5: SWPBIS Into Action Chapter 6: Case Examples of Schools Using SWPBIS Epilogue Appendix A Appendix B References and Resourc

In the groundbreaking and best-selling Teaching WalkThrus Volume 1, Tom Sherrington and Oliver Caviglioli produced a brilliantly concise and accessible repository to 50 essential teaching techniques. In this follow-up second volume, Tom and Oliver team up with 10 experienced educators to present 50 brand new WalkThrus, covering all the key areas of teaching: behaviour and relationships; curriculum planning; explaining and modelling; questioning and feedback; practice and retrieval; and Mode B teaching. Alex Quigley, Martin Robinson, Claire Stoneman, Bennie Kara, Zoe Enser, Mark Enser, John Tomsett, Simon Breakspear, Bronwyn Ryie Jones and Oliver Lovell bring a huge wealth of expertise as they help to further expand and elaborate this essential teaching manual. As always, each technique is concisely explained and beautifully illustrated in five short steps, to make sense of complex ideas and support student learning.

This book shows how teachers and educators can use stories of their professional experiences to reflect on their own practice, articulate values and beliefs, give shape and form to teaching theory, and better understand decision-making processes.

Every young South African needs quality schooling, and well-trained, capable and confident teachers are very important in imparting knowledge, values and skills to their learners. Teachers therefore need to execute fundamental and challenging tasks in and outside the classroom, meet the diverse needs of South African learners in the 21st century and continually enhance their professional development, performance and competence in the workplace. In Didactics: the art and science of teaching, practical guidance is provided for both the experienced and student teacher on how to teach effectively in the challenging South African education system, ultimately to contribute to diverse and quality education. Didactics: the art and science of teaching is aimed at all prospective and practising teachers who need to acquaint themselves with the basic competency requirements for effective and quality teaching in any South African classroom. Dr Thelma de Jager is a senior lecturer and chairperson of the Teaching and Learning and Research Committees in her department at the Tshwane University of Technology. She teaches Didactics (how to teach) and trains student teachers on how to teach effectively. She has presented and published papers nationally and internationally in accredited and peer-reviewed journals and at conferences. She has received "Lecturer of the Year" (Faculty: Humanities) and "Woman Researcher of the Year" awards several times and was also selected to participate in the National Teaching and Learning Awards of higher education. She has been involved in teaching learners with special educational needs, as well as primary and secondary school teaching, for more than two decades. She obtained her doctoral degree from the University of South Africa.

Curriculum Revolutions is a tool to assist schools in creating, building and maintaining a joined-up curriculum that is cohesive and coherent. Martin Robinson's unique curriculum wheel leads you through a continuous cycle of planning, designing, delivering, reflecting upon and reviewing your curriculum. The process will involve your managers, teachers and pupils, ensuring all understand the importance of a well-functioning curriculum as the cornerstone of the school and the quality of education it delivers. Good curriculum design is a collaborative affair, so each revolution of the wheel focuses on how to get staff working together productively. Most importantly, from a design point of view, Curriculum Revolutions explores the potential pitfalls in the curriculum shape that a school adopts, either consciously or unconsciously. Robinson argues that a sophisticated understanding of the underlying structure, or 'thought architecture', can make all the difference to the quality of the continuing, unfolding project of good curriculum design.

The hinge-factor to improving student learning is right before our eyes in the classroom, and yet big budget reforms continue to look outside of the classroom. The hinge-factor is ofeedback.oe The new cognitive feedback definition improves upon the old behaviorism one, offering new techniques and new strategies for teachers to use in classrooms. All teachers employ what they perceive to be feedback strategies, but most need to revisit the what, why, and how about feedback and the latest buzzword u formative assessment. Feedback is information communicated about an action, event, or process that relates back to the original source or goal. In the classroom, timely feedback can be any information that a learner receives as a consequence of performance that can be used to make improvements. Research and practice show that what is critical about feedback is: Not who gives it but who receives it. That it needs to be timely. Teachers need to learn basic techniques to efficiently turn curriculum statements into just-right learning targets so students can learn efficient progress monitoring with the help of the teacher. Students are adept at self-reporting and can learn strategies to track their own performances when instruction is deliberate. Learning to use a new definition of feedback, the hinge factor, teachers will find gains in classrooms without making other structural changes that are costly and political. Administrators can learn techniques to support teachers using the research during supervision.

Teaching and learning is an active, social and transformative process, which can be a daunting prospect for a student teacher trying to navigate curricula, relevant legislation, discipline and the diversity of South African schools. Help, I'm A Student Teacher endeavours to enhance social and cognitive skills within a context of value-driven education.

Help, I'm A Student Teacher is about using theory and research to inform practice, on the one hand, and using experience from practice to inform theory and research, on the other. Activities in each chapter provide practical applications for the topics being discussed.

Contents include the following:

• Values versus rules
• The teaching–learning context in South Africa
• Development of facilitation skills
• Developing intellectual thinking and reasoning
• Integrating educational media in teaching and learning
• Classroom assessment
• Dimensions of a lesson plan
• Creating a disciplined learning environment
• Specific fundamental rights in the educational context

Help, I'm A Student Teacher is aimed at student teachers enrolled for programmes in the Intermediate, Senior and Further Education and Training phases as well as teachers in practice who want to refresh their knowledge and skills.

This set of 62 volumes, originally published between 1951 and 1999, amalgamates a wide breadth of literature on Special Educational Needs, with a particular focus on inclusivity, class management and curriculum theory. This collection of books from some of the leading scholars in the field provides a comprehensive overview of the subject how it has evolved over time, and will be of particular interest to students of Education and those undertaking teaching qualifications.

Educational technologies are becoming commonplace entities in classrooms as they provide more options and support for teachers and students. However, many teachers are finding these technologies difficult to use due to a lack of training and instruction on how to effectively apply them to the classroom. TPACK: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice is an authoritative reference source for the latest research on the integration of technological knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, and content knowledge in the contexts of K-12 education. Highlighting a range of pertinent topics such as pedagogical strategies, blended learning, and technology integration, this publication is an ideal resource for educators, instructional designers, administrators, academicians, and teacher education programs seeking current findings on the implementation of technology in instructional design.