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Books > Social sciences > Psychology > The self, ego, identity, personality
Open Learning Units offer a very flexible approach to the teaching of psychology. They are designed to be more than sufficient for the purposes of A/S and A--Level psychology, and the applied emphasis will appeal to various vocational courses such as those offered by BTEC and also to mature students on Access courses. Their primary use will be in the classroom with a tutora s guidance, but the interactive style makes them equally appropriate for the purposes of self--study. More advanced students might want to use the Units to learn at their own pace, and in all cases, the careful structure of the writing and the extensive use of Examples, Open Questions and Self--Assessment Questions make them ideal revision guides.
Why do we respond to others-both to their physical appearances and to their personalities? What are the social influences on face perception? Current research perspectives on physical appearance by distinguished behavioral scientists from around the world were brought together in a special issue of Current Psychology and are offered here in a useful compendium. Chapters and contributors include: "Assessing the State of Organizational Safety-Culture or Climate?" Kathryn J. Mearns and Rhona Flin; "Why Did It Happen to Me? Social Cognition Processes in Adjustment and Recovery from Criminal Victimization and Illness" by Malcolm D. MacLeod; "What's in a Name, What's in a Place? The Role of Verbal Labels in Distinct Cognitive Tasks" by J.B. Deegowski, D.M. Parker, and P. George; "On Disregarding Deviants: Exemplar Typicality and Person Perception" by C. Neil Macrae, Galen V. Bodenhausen, Alan B. Milne, and Luigi Castelli; "Mood in Chronic Disease: Questioning the Answers" by Marie Johnston; "The Emotional Impact of Faces (but not Names): Face Specific Changes in Skin Conductance Responses to Familiar and Unfamiliar People" by Hadyn D. Ellis, Angela H. Quayle, and Andrew W. Young; "Average Faces are Average Faces" by Jim Pollard, John Shepard, and Jean Shepard; "Computer Graphic Studies of the Role of Facial Similarity in Judgments of Attractiveness" by I.S. Penton-Voak, D.I. Perrett, and J.W. Peirce; "One Extreme or the Other, or Perhaps the Golden Mean? Issues of Spatial Resolution in Face Processing" by Dennis M. Parker and Nicholas P. Costen; "The Impact of Character Attribution on Composite Production: A Real World Effect?" by Graham Davies and Heidi Oldman; "Repetition Priming of Face Gender Judgments: An Instance Based Explanation" by Dennis C. Hay. Validation in Psychology will benefit students, researchers, and practitioners of psychology, criminology, sociology, and experts in organizational behavior who are concerned with the impact of physical appearance on health psychology, crime, organizational safety, and above all, person perception.
Designed as a text for both graduate and undergraduate students, this book, originally published in 1995, presents an intrapsychic explanation of human behaviour - concepts based on psychological processes and 'structures' within the mind. In this context, a unique treatment of personality theory is introduced. It focuses on Freud, Kelly and Angyal: Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality based on desires, Kelly's personal construct theory for thinking, and Angyal's holistic concepts of personality. Each theory is given a detailed analysis in separate chapters. Freud's psychoanalytic theory is cast as a theory of motivation, Kelly's personal construct theory as a theory of cognition, and then it is noted that there is no comprehensive theory of personality based on emotion. Although Angyal's holistic theory is rarely described in modern textbooks, Lester includes this because none of the other holistic theorists rival Angyal in their range of hypothetical constructs or descriptive terms. Then, in sections dealing with alternative viewpoints, the author shows how other personality theorists actually endorse and expand upon the ideas expressed by the aforementioned three, albeit with different terminology. Recognizing the diversity of holistic views in theories of personality, several counterpoint chapters are devoted to the holistic ideas. Lester separates these into three major areas: theorists who have focused on the split in the mind between the real and ideal self; recent theorists who explore the possibility that the mind is a 'multiplicity of selves'; and theorists who, though not having their viewpoints sufficiently articulated in the literature, are still well established in the history of psychology. Other features include a presentation of the material in modern viewpoints, instead of the precise and perhaps outdated style as written by the individual theorists, and boxed highlights in each section, providing students with practical capsule information for easy reading.
Originally published in 1975, this book reviews the major personality theories influential at the time, including those of Freud, Kelly, Cattell, and Eysenck, and presents the main assessment techniques associated with them. It also discusses their application in such fields as abnormal psychology, diagnosis, psychotherapy, education and criminology. The authors find none of the theories completely satisfactory, but pinpoint important successes and suggest a promising new approach.
THE NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER OBLIGER? REBEL? QUESTIONER? UPHOLDER? Which one are you? Everyone falls into 1 of 4 personality types and knowing yours could make you happier and more successful. During her investigation to understand human nature, explored most recently in her bestselling Better Than Before, Gretchen Rubin realised that by asking the seemingly dry question 'How do I respond to expectations?' we gain life changing self-knowledge. She discovered that based on their answer, people fit into Four Tendencies: Upholders, Questioners, Obligers, and Rebels. Our Tendency shapes every aspect of our behaviour, so using this framework allows us to make better decisions, meet deadlines, suffer less stress, and engage more effectively. More than 800,000 people have taken her online quiz, and managers, doctors, teachers, spouses, and parents already use the framework to help people make significant, lasting change. The Four Tendencies hold practical answers if you've ever thought... - People can rely on me, but I can't rely on myself - How can I help someone to follow good advice? - People say I ask too many questions - How do I work with someone who refuses to do what I ask - or who keeps telling me what to do? With sharp insight, compelling research, and hilarious examples, The Four Tendencies will help you get happier, healthier, more productive, and more creative. 'I love Gretchen Rubin - she helps me understand both myself and the people around me' CATHY RENTZENBRINK, OBLIGER 'If you want to change anything in your life you need Gretchen Rubin' VIV GROSKOP, REBEL ALSO BY GRETCHEN RUBIN Outer Order Inner Calm: declutter and organize to make more room for happiness AND Better Than Before: learn how to make good habits and break bad ones, for good AND Happier At Home: a year-long experiment in making the everyday extraordinary
Human reasoning is marked by an ability to remember one's personal
past and to imagine one's future. Together these capacities rely on
the notion of a temporally extended self or the self in time.
Recent evidence suggests that it is during the preschool period
that children first construct this form of self. By about four
years of age, children can remember events from their pasts and
reconstruct a personal narrative integrating these events. They
know that past events in which they participated affect present
circumstances. They can also imagine the future and make decisions
designed to bring about desirable future events even in the face of
competing immediate gratification. This book brings together the
leading researchers on these issues and for the first time in
literature, illustrates how a unified approach based on the idea of
a temporally extended self can integrate these topics.
This book has a practical purpose. It seeks to help the reader to understand himself and his problems, that he may increase his successes, his fruit, and his satisfactions. The discussion centers about the conditions that shape personality, but the attempt of the book is not to rehearse the findings and theories of science but to provide the means by which the reader can come to a better understanding of himself.
Originally published in 1988, this second edition of The Construction of Personality has been substantially revised and updated. The author provides an introduction to current theory and research in the psychology of personality at the time and examines this work from the perspective of constructivism. As a consequence of this constructivist approach, the book covers topics from social psychology (e.g. person perception, impression formation) as well as more conventional areas of personality. In this new edition the constructivist perspective is emphasized by the addition of a new chapter in which the constructivist approach to personality is presented, and the chapters on the lay and self perspectives have been extensively re-written. All the other chapters have been revised to include recent material.
Vladimir Mikhailovitch Bekhterev was a pioneering Russian
neurologist, psychiatrist, and psychologist. A highly esteemed
rival of Ivan Pavlov, his achievements in the areas of personality,
clinical psychology, and political and social psychology were
recognized and acclaimed throughout the world. Publication of the
complete text of "Collective Reflexology" brings to the
English-speaking world this brilliant scientist's final theoretical
statements on how reflexological principles, which he had been
developing over a quarter century, can be extended far beyond
analysis of the individual personality.
Although the importance of context has been emphasized by
temperament researchers, until now there has been remarkably little
systematic research on the unique role specific aspects of context
play in the development and impact of temperament. The goal of this
volume is to systematize current knowledge and theory on the role
played by specific aspects of context in the etiology, expression,
and influence of temperament, particularly for those aspects of
temperament that are most likely to relate to later personality
traits.
This title was first published in 2000: This text contributes to the development of communicative theory by advancing a theory of the self-sufficient to support intersubjectivity and meet the conditions required for communicative rationality and communicative reason. The conclusion supports theories advanced by Habermas, Apel and Wittgenstein, evaluated against the background of later works from Immanuel Kant. The origins of communicative theory in the writings of Kant and Charles Sanders Peirce are sketched, followed by an outline of the development of the theory by Apel and Habermas. In this discussion a central issues is identified as the failure of communicative theory to produce an adequate theory of the self as the subject of communicative transactions. It is argued that both Mead and Habermas fail to fully establish intersubjectivity as they retain elements of a Cartesian introspective subjectivity. An alternative approach, developed by Charles Taylor, is then discussed. Finally, it is argued that freedom and imagination, understood in the context of Kant and the late Wittgenstein are the key elements to a self capable of supporting the intersubjectivity required by communicative theory.
The study of personality has a long history and many different theoretical viewpoints within psychology. Psychology Library Editions: Personality (16 Volume set) presents titles, originally published between 1950 and 1997, covering many of these traditions and theories. It includes contributions from many well-respected academics and is a fascinating insight into this diverse field.
Originally published in 1974, studies of cultural influences on cognition, carried out from a variety of theoretical and methodological stances, were collected for the first time in this volume. The editors placed particular emphasis on selecting material by authors from many countries who had been working with people from a wide range of cultures. In a general introduction they provide an historical overview of the major issues, and draw together the most recent attempts to bring methodological sophistication to this difficult area of enquiry. Suggestions for future research on basic problems are to be found in an epilogue, along with a consideration of some possible applications of these studies to problems of education and social change. A comprehensive bibliography with over 600 entries is included in the volume.
The terms mental health, maturity, personality integration, self-actualization have been used by psychologists to represent the realm of the ideal or optimal personality. Originally published in 1974, Professor Richard Coan here describes a method of analysing this domain, and examines the important theoretical implications of his findings. He developed instruments to measure various characteristics, including personal consistency, the experience of control and openness to experience, which are associated with current concepts of sound psychological functioning. A battery containing these instruments was administered to several hundred subjects and analysed. The results, reported here, are enlightening. It was found, for example, that the different characteristics viewed by psychologists as traits of the ideal person do not constitute a unitary pattern. There is no evidence of a general dimension of personality integration or mental health. A number of independent components or factors of sound functioning were isolated. Some desirable traits were discovered to be inversely related to each other, many of these relationships appearing to involve a choice between an open or spontaneous orientation and a more ordered and controlled orientation. The author's view, fully supported by his findings, is that if people are to achieve maximal realization of their potentials, a clear requisite is the flexible utilization of various modes of experiencing and acting.
Originally published in 1987, the purpose of this title was to develop a conceptual framework for understanding individual humans as complex, functional entities. It was felt that a sound developmental theory of human personality and behaviour would help synthesize existing scientific and clinical information into a coherent representation of a person as a functional unit, guide future research, and facilitate the work of the health and human services professions. The volume is aimed at a multidisciplinary-multiprofessional audience.
Originally published in 1950, the need for a small standard text on basic principles of personality structure and development had been very apparent to teachers of psychology for some time. There were many books illustrating specialized or applied aspects of the psychology of personality - such as abnormal psychology, educational psychology, child psychology, mental measurement, vocational guidance, etc. - but lacking was a treatment of personality study as pure psychology, concentrating on the fundamentals. The aim of this title was therefore to bring the general problems of personality description and development, normal and abnormal, into a single perspective and to integrate the principle fields of observation in clear cut generalizations.
Originally published in 1983, this title is a determined attack on personality theories current at the time. It critically examines their basic motivational constructs and rejects any that invoke goal-seeking as being inescapably teleological and therefore unacceptable as natural science. Dr Maze argues the necessity for an unqualified determinism in psychology, yet one that incorporates the role of cognitive processes in the formation of behaviour. However, action theories which profess to offer a causal account of apparently goal-seeking or voluntarist behaviour by reference to the internal states of desire for a goal and a belief about how to get it are also dismissed. For the concept of belief as an internal state is argued to be a relativistic one, defined as being intrinsically related to its object. This is an incoherent notion and one which cannot specify anything acceptable as a causal state. The one motivational theory in dynamic psychology which offered a solution to these problems was Sigmund Freud's formulation of his instinctual drive concept, defined as an innate physiological driving mechanism with preformed consummatory behaviours: his 'specific actions'. But his hydraulic models have been patronisingly dismissed by modern neurologists, arguing that there are no 'flush-toilets' in the central nervous system. This book argues that such a glib dismissal is shallow minded, and that a reformulation of Freud's concept in terms of modern neuroscience is readily available, though the problem of identifying the relevant structures remains formidable. The book is of immediate interest to all those seriously concerned with the springs and meanings of human behaviour, whether they be psychologists, psychoanalysts, philosophers or those generally interested in social and ethical theory.
There has been a veritable explosion of writing in recent years
about the concept of identity. Amidst this outpouring, the most
influential writing has emerged from identity politics and academic
postmodernism. These movements focus on the construction of
difference, the solidarity of marginal groups, and the
epistemological status of the subject. While of far-reaching
significance, these movements have also led to a general neglect of
the structural and institutional forces behind a wider problem of
identity. Identity and Social Change moves beyond these dominant
trends to explore neglected but critical terrain. The contributors
place the problem of identity in a broader context and approach the
formation of identity in a social rather than discursive framework.
Reflecting the new and exciting trends in psychotherapy as well as responsive to the current emphasis on efficient, substantial therapeutic results, this book presents a model of interpersonal, short_term psychotherapy for clinically depressed patients. Gerald L. Klerman, whose research on depression has made him world renowned, and Myrna M. Weissman, who has written, with Eugene Paykel, an important book on women and depression, have worked with their colleagues to present the empirical basis for their new treatment method. This theory builds on the heritage of Harry Stack Sullivan and John Bowlby and their focus on interpersonal issues and attachment on depression. Research shows that four categories of interpersonal difficulties predominate: grief, interpersonal disputes, role transitions. and interpersonal deficits. In this approach, the therapist focuses on the patient's primary problems and evaluates the need for medication in addition to interpersonal therapy. Acknowledging that these four areas are never mutually exclusive, the authors present a clear treatment strategy for each, augmenting their presentation with a discussion of common obstacles that arise during treatment. As an overview, the book compares interpersonal psychotherapy with other psychotherapies for depression. Summaries of research documenting the efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy are given.The authors outline the theoretical basis for an interpersonal approach, and apply it to depression. The following sections detail how to conduct interpersonal psychotherapy, supplying case vignettes to illustrate particular problems. Finally, the authors explore combining interpersonal psychotherapy with pharmacotherapy.
Modern therapy has shifted its emphasis to focus on the
interpersonal field and on "mutuality of influence." The therapist
and the patient are now seen as participating in an ongoing
feedback loop, with each influencing the other. This interpersonal
focus has brought the therapists and their reactions more into the
foreground. Experiences with patients can, in fact, have strong
reverberations in practitioners' own lives and can be the cause or
source of essential changes in the psyche of the therapist.
This is the third book in a series of Across the Life Span volumes
that has come from the Biennial Life Span Development Conferences.
The authors--well known in their fields--present theoretical and
research issues important for the understanding of temperament in
infancy and childhood, as well as personality in adolescence and
adulthood. Current findings placed within theoretical and
historical contexts make each chapter distinctive.
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