This book covers essential aspects of transmutation technologies, highlighting especially the advances in Japan. The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) has caused us to focus attention on a large amount of spent nuclear fuels stored in NPPs. In addition, public anxiety regarding the treatment and disposal of high-level radioactive wastes that require long-term control is growing. The Japanese policy on the back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle is still unpredictable in the aftermath of the accident. Therefore, research and development for enhancing the safety of various processes involved in nuclear energy production are being actively pursued worldwide. In particular, nuclear transmutation technology has been drawing significant attention after the accident.

This publication is timely with the following highlights: 1) Development of accelerator-driven systems (ADSs), which is a brand-new reactor concept for transmutation of highly radioactive wastes; 2) Nuclear reactor systems from the point of view of the nuclear fuel cycle. How to reduce nuclear wastes or how to treat them including the debris from TEPCO s Fukushima nuclear power stations is discussed; and 3) Environmental radioactivity, radioactive waste treatment and geological disposal policy.

State-of-the-art technologies for overall back-end issues of the nuclear fuel cycle as well as the technologies of transmutation are presented here. The chapter authors are actively involved in the development of ADSs and transmutation-related technologies. The future of the back-end issues in Japan is very uncertain after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi NPP and this book provides an opportunity for readers to consider the future direction of those issues."

This fascinating reference offers a unique take on recycling and trash, tracing the role of waste in public health, climate change, and sustainability around the world. As the popularity of sustainability grows and climate change becomes an accepted reality, experts point to trash and waste as the link between environmental and public health. This detailed reference-one of the most comprehensive resources available on the subject-examines garbage disposal on a global level, from the history of waste management, to the rise of green movements and recycling programs, to the environmental problems caused by incineration and overflowing landfills. According to urban planning scholar Robert William Collin, accounting for waste will improve the chances for environmental protection, public health, and sustainability. This country-by-country guide studies waste management practices and related topics from around the world, including garbage strikes in Italy, successful recycling programs in Switzerland, trash in the streets of India, and the garbage patch floating in the Pacific Ocean. Country entries cover a brief history of garbage disposal, current methods of removal, recycling, and waste management problems specific to the region. Additional content addresses air and water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, E-waste, and hazardous and nuclear wastes. Includes comparisons of the waste, public health, and emissions profile for many countries Provides a general introduction to the issue of global waste management Reveals the various methods of disposal across the world Features charts, graphs, and tables that present facts and figures to illustrate key statistics Shares interesting facts and accounts of garbage disposal problems

In 1949, when the North Atlantic Treaty was ratified, one of its articles explicitly noted '1hat member countries should contribute towards the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations." Specific problems related to the human environment were addressed by the Committee of Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) of NATO, established in 1969. This provided a framework within which a series of International Technical Meetings (ITMs) on Air Pollution Modelling has been held. This volume documents the proceedings of the 18th meeting in this series. Science, like the arts and sports, provides an ideal vehicle for "developing peaceful and friendly international relations". National boundaries have never been barriers to the movement of air pollution, and fortunately this has also proved true of scientists studying the transport of air pollution. It is thus satisfying to record that since the mid-seventies it has been commonplace to find Eastern European scientists among attendees at the ITMs which have (in a very modest way) participated in a precursor to the process which has led to historical changes in Europe and which will undoubtedly lead to a tremendous increase in personal and intellectual exchange on a worldwide basis.

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications. "

This workshop comprises part of the four-year (1985-1988) non-nuclear energy R & D programme for the development of renewable energy sources which is being implemented by the Commission of the European Communities. The aim of the workshop was to present work by the contracting laboratories in addition to work by numerous other research laboratories in 11 European countries. Discussions were also held on the mid-1990s state of this basic directed research in photochemistry, photoelectrochemistry and photobiology, and where the future emphasis may usefully lie. Thus the text presents the proceedings of all the papers presented and summarizes the recommendations made by the participants as to where future research support may be most effectively placed. It was emphasized in these recommendations that the interdisciplinary collaboration between photochemistry and photobiology had been quite successfully achieved in this European programme. There were both high quality basic research and practical benefits accruing from the work, and these are described in the report on proposed areas for future research. This book contains work reported by 30 researchers and laboratories in Europe. The

This book interprets the economic benefits and social benefits brought about by zero waste. Beginning with the general history of waste, its mechanism and different categories, this book first explores waste management and resourcing technology around the world nowadays. It then elaborates on the concept and practices of zero waste, discussing about the relationship between zero waste and eco-design, and about relative international standards. At last, it points out that zero waste could be the pathway from linear economy to circular economy, backed up by theories and practices. This book offers a clear direction for companies and organizations about environment. It can also be used as a sustainable development strategy handbook for executives in companies and organizations.

By covering both the general principles of bioconversion and the specific characteristics of the main groups of waste materials amenable to bioconversion methods, this new book provides the chemical, biochemical, agrochemical and process engineer with clear guidance on the use of these methods in devising a solution to the problem of industrial waste products.

This book offers a practical guidance for environmental engineers and scientists charged with assessing the cause-and-effect of pollutants in receiving water systems. Instead of blindly running models, which is a practice seen too often in today's field that can result in results with uncertainty, modelers must first understand the physical insights of the specific water systems in order to properly calibrate the parameters of the models. This book reinforces the critical importance of properly understanding the physical attributes of water systems by drawing on the author's extensive experience in modeling with strong data support. This is also what sets this book apart from the volumes currently available in the water quality modeling field - nearly all other books in the field are categorized as textbooks, and unlike this book, offer few practical examples or exercises to follow. Environmental engineers and scientists engaged in quantifying the water quality impacts of pollutants to specific water systems will find this book valuable in their day-to-day practices. This book is a necessary volume for water quality engineers and scientists to consult for the regulatory planning and management of water systems

Following the end of World War II there was a major migra tion of population in the United States and Scandinavian countries to urban areas. As a result of this migration and in part due to the public works moratoria imposed during the war, a major pro gram of sewer construction was instigated, which resulted in the collection and subsequent concentration of large volumes of waste water at single discharge points. As the assimilative capacity of these receiving waters was exceeded, it led to or aggravated existing water pollution problems in these waters. To mitigate this degradation of water quality a massive program to construct wastewater treatment facilities was instigated. In addition, large amounts of money were spent on research to improve the technology of the conventional collection and treatment concept. In contrast, the wastewater disposal problem of the rural home owner received little attention, and in most cases the septic tank soil absorption system (ST-SAS) was the interim solution. In recent years there has been a fundamental change in the population growth pattern in the US and Scandinavian countries. It appears that a great many people are moving back to rural areas where they seem to prefer the suburban or small town envi ronment, yet at the same time want all the conveniences of urban life. The provision of proper wastewater disposal facilities presents a very perplexing problem, because the capital and operating costs of conventional sewers are usually financially impractical for rural areas."

This handbook discusses the latest developments in biorefinery technologies for waste-to-energy conversion. The growing global population and the accompanying increase in consumption and waste production make it urgent to find the best possible use of our resources. A sustainable waste management under the biorefinery concept has great potential to support a sustainable circular economy and green energy production. This handbook is divided into four parts. First, the reader is introduced to the fundamentals and recent trends of waste-to-energy technologies. The second part describes in detail the current status, challenges, and potential of the different feedstocks used for waste-to-energy conversion. Here, municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, oils and greases generated during food preparation, industrial wastewaters, and agricultural wastes, to name a few, are introduced. In the third part, numerous waste-to-energy technologies are discussed in detail, including anaerobic digestion, composting, gasification, plasma technology, thermal cracking, and others. Advantages and optimization potentials of these technologies for efficient residue management, quality and yield are highlighted. Finally, the handbook discusses social, environmental and economic aspects of waste-to-energy biorefinery technologies. Readers will learn more about the major bottlenecks and solutions in bioenergy commercialization, the logistics of biomass supply and the carbon footprint of waste biorefineries. The ideas and technologies presented in this book contribute to the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of "Affordable and Clean Energy". This book is a useful reference for postgraduate students and researchers interested in biorefinery and biofuel technologies, both in academia- and commercial laboratories. Early career scientists can use it to fast track into the field. Advanced scientists will find it helpful in gaining a broader overview of the field beyond their area of specialization.

This book summarizes the recent research development concerning olive oil wastewater management: characterization, environmental impact, recovery and treatment. The book combines different chapters on the management of olive oil rejects using simple techniques with low investment and operating costs. The main focus of the book is: - Diagnosis, impacts of olive oil waste, and regulations- The valorization of the margins and the olive waste- Wastewater treatment and recovery- Evaluation of investments and operating costs of treatment techniques- Shaped by experience, the authors present their view and approach to each focus area of managing liquid and solid waste produced by crushing units.

This book presents five interesting chapters dealing with the sustainability of toys. The concept of sustainability has reached all industrial sectors these days and being practiced in almost all the sectors. One of the main sectors where sustainability has to be embedded to the core is the toy sector. Needless to enumerate the importance of sustainability in this sector especially when it comes to usage of chemicals and so on. There are various elements associated with the sustainability of toys and there is a dearth of published literature on this subject.

This book is a primer for those interested in a career in this dynamic, multidisciplinary field as well as a handy reference for practicing consultants. Combining theory and practice advice into a concise, readable format, the book is an accessible introduction to the types of projects you will encounter as an environmental consultant and lays the groundwork for what you'll need to know in this challenging and rewarding profession. Also available with this book, under the Additional Resources tab, are PowerPoint lectures that correspond with each chapter. New in the Second Edition Covers the latest environmental issues, including emerging contaminants, and the latest technological advances in environmental investigation and remediation New chapters dedicated to vapor intrusion investigation and mitigation and to Brownfields redevelopment and project financing. An expanded chapter describing the staffing, budgeting, and execution of environmental projects. Descriptions of the remediation processes under RCRA and Superfund Descriptions on how each chapter's subject matter applies to the job of the environmental consultant. Dozens of new figures, photographs, and tables designed to enhance the reader's understanding of the subject matter. Problems and questions to be used for homework assignments or classroom discussions.

Proceedings of the Third International Symposium held at Brighton, September 27-30, 1983

Excavation is an important segment of foundation engineering (e.g., in the construction of the foundations or basements of high-rise buildings, underground oil tanks, or subways). However, the excavation knowledge introduced in most books on foundation engineering is too simple to handle actual excavation analysis and design. Moreover, with economic development and urbanization, excavations go deeper and are larger in scale. These conditions require elaborate analysis, design methods and construction technologies. This book is aimed at both theoretical explication and practical application. From basic to advanced, this book attempts to achieve theoretical rigor and consistency. Each chapter is followed by a problem set so that the book can be readily taught at senior undergraduate and graduate levels. The solution to the problems at the end of the chapters can be found on the website (http://www.ct.ntust.edu.tw/ou/). On the other hand, the analysis methods introduced in the book can be used in actual analysis and design as they contain the most up-to-date knowledge. Therefore, this book is suitable for teachers who teach foundation engineering and/or deep excavation courses and engineers who are engaged in excavation analysis and design.

Since the 1960s and 70s, a wave of environmental awareness has swept the United States. News reports of oil spills, DDT damage to wildlife, and the nuclear near-disaster at Three Mile Island have, along with other incidents, contributed to a widespread distrust of industry and a collective fear of all chemical processing facilities. This fear has been translated, according to Kent Portney, into local political opposition to the siting of much needed hazardous waste treatment plants--the NIMBY (not in my backyard) syndrome. The failure of federal, state, and local governments to effectively control improper hazardous waste disposal has further strengthened the NIMBY syndrome. Portney argues that once it is understood what motivates the array of local attitudes toward hazardous waste treatment facilities, and the political constraints placed on the search for solutions, effective compromises can be reached.

The book begins by focusing on the facility siting dilemma and what can be done to find new policies that work. Chapter two analyzes what does and does not work in easing the effects of the NIMBY syndrome. Democratic political processes are investigated in chapter three, especially those that contribute to the development of NIMBY opposition. Chapters four and five present empirical correlates of changes in peoples' attitudes and explain how people can ultimately be convinced to support local hazardous waste treatment facilities. Social, cultural, and psychological construction of opposition to facility siting is studied in chapter six. Portney presents viable solutions to the facility siting problem, in light of the NIMBY syndrome, in the concluding chapter. This important book will be of great value to practitioners facing actual siting decisions, members of statewide siting boards, private sector parties wishing to site facilities, and those teaching courses in environmental policy or politics.

This book discusses soil and recycling management in the Anthropocene era. Nitrogen shortage is one of nature's most important productivity regulators, but since the advent of technical nitrogen fixation (TNF), biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) input has nearly doubled, particularly in grass and arable lands covering over 13 million km2 of the Earth's surface. This book explores how monoculture grass, arable lands and forests are often over fertilized with TNF, animal slurries, sewage sludge, or municipally produced composts, and as a result, flora and fauna that have adapted to a nitrogen shortage in the soil will have to adjust to a surplus; those that are unable to adapt will disappear.

Polymer-Carbonaceous Filler-Based Composites for Wastewater Treatment serves as the first book to offer a concise treatment of the use of these materials in the treatment of wastewater. It provides a systematic and comprehensive account of recent developments and encompasses novel methods for the synthesis of carbonaceous derivatives-based fillers for polymer composites, their characterization techniques, and applications for the remediation of water contamination. This book seeks to: Introduces novel concepts in wastewater treatment with poly-carbonaceous composites Describes modern fabrication methods and characterization techniques Presents information on processing, safety, and disposal Discusses current research, future trends, and applications Filling the void for a one-stop reference book for researchers, this work includes contributions from leaders in the industry, academia, government, and private research institutions across the globe. Academics, researchers, scientists, engineers and students in the fields of materials and polymer engineering and wastewater treatment will benefit from this application-oriented book.

This book provides readers with the most current knowledge on hazardous waste management practices. It addresses the rapidly changing advances in waste stream characterization and the discovery of new chemicals - which have led to new hazardous wastes, technological innovation, stringent environmental regulations, changes in transport and dispersion modelling of hazardous pollutants, and new waste management techniques. Hazardous Waste Management: Advances in Chemical and Industrial Waste Treatment and Technologies is an invaluable reference for waste management and treatment professionals, chemical engineers and technicians, medical professionals, and environmental regulators, as well as students taking courses on hazardous waste management, environmental engineering, and environmental science.

This book collates the latest trends and technological advancements in bioremediation, especially for its monitoring and assessment. Divided into 18 chapters, the book summarizes basic concepts of waste management and bioremediation, describes advancements of the existing technologies, and highlights the role of modern instrumentation and analytical methods, for environmental clean-up and sustainability. The chapters cover topics such as the role of microbial fuel cells in waste management, microbial biosensors for real-time monitoring of bioremediation processes, genetically modified microorganisms for bioremediation, application of immobilized enzyme reactors, spectroscopic techniques, and in-silico approaches in bioremediation monitoring and assessment. The book will be advantageous not only to researchers and scholars interested in bioremediation and sustainability but also to professionals and policymakers.

This book provides an overview of state-of-the-art technologies for energy conversion from waste, as well as a much-needed guide to new and advanced strategies to increase Waste-to-Energy (WTE) plant efficiency. Beginning with an overview of municipal solid waste production and disposal, basic concepts related to Waste-To-Energy conversion processes are described, highlighting the most relevant aspects impacting the thermodynamic efficiency of WTE power plants. The pervasive influences of main steam cycle parameters and plant configurations on WTE efficiency are detailed and quantified. Advanced hybrid technology applications, particularly the Hybrid Combined Cycle concept, are examined in detail, including an illuminating compare-and-contrast study of two basic types of hybrid dual-fuel combined cycle arrangements: steam/water side integrated HCC and windbox repowering.

This book is based on recent trends for the research in emerging environmental contaminants in different compartment of the environment. It provides a recent understanding for the fate, transport, and degradation of emerging contaminants in different environmental sectors, including water, air, and soil. The contents discuss the fate and transport of microplastics, PPCPs, along with the method of detection and degradation. It includes removal of variety of pollutants including microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products from the water using adsorption technique, electrooxidation, membrane technology and other advance oxidation methods. This volume will be of great value to those in academia and industry involved in environmental science and engineering research.

Forever Chemicals: Environmental, Economic, and Social Equity Concerns with PFAS in the Environment provides the reader with an understanding of the complex and interwoven issues associated with per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) in our environment. The chapters provide in-depth perspective into various issues, including health, regulation, detection, clean-up strategies and technologies, and more. Taken together or as the reader's interests lead them, the variety of topics covered in the book present a balanced perspective on this complex topic. It will address the current state of PFAS and where indicators are pointing for future developments. The book is also a deeper investigation of the regulatory challenges, analytical hurdles, and toxicological progress to date for the suite of PFAS chemicals. Features Explains the trends that will affect future policy and regulatory decisions Looks holistically at 4000+ PFAS chemicals Includes PFAS risk assessments at contaminated sites and biomonitoring insights Provides in-depth discussions on remediation technologies Illustrates quality and diversified content Provides a balanced perspective on this complex topic

In this second volume, various materials such as Magnetic-based biocomposites, wheat bran/straw-based biomaterials, peel-based biomaterials, luffa Based Biomaterials, composite polymeric membranes, rice husk, hydroxyapatite etc for treating textile waste water are highlighted. One of the major pollutants in the textiles and fashion sector is textile waste water. Textile wastewater can lead to serious environmental issues if discharged without proper and sufficient treatment. The materials employed along with the technologies available to trate the waste water are the key. There are a lot of advancements in terms materials, technologies employed for textile waste water treatment. Sustainable bio-nano materials and macro molecules play a major role in the efficient textile waste treatment.

The annual cost of medical care in the U niled States is rapidly approaching a trillion dollars. Without doubt, much of the rise in costs is due to our health industry's concentration on high technology remediation and risk avoidance measures. From recent public discussions it is becoming in creasingly evident that to contain the costs and at the same time extend the benefits of health care without national bankruptcy will necessitate much greater attention to preventative medicine. The total cost of waste disposal by our health industry is well over a billion dollars. It is rising rapidly as we increasingly rely on high technol ogy remediation measures. Here, too, in the opinion of the authors of this work, it would be prudent to give much greater attention to preventative approaches. Incineration technology has largely been developed for disposing mu nicipal solid waste (MSW) and hazardous waste (HW). As a result of the multibillion dollar funding for the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), most experts believe that pollution control is the key to minimizing toxic emissions from incinerators. This view is now beginning to take hold in medical waste (MW) incineration as well. However, the authors contributing to this book have concluded that precombustion measures can be most effective in reducing the toxic products of medical waste incineration."