Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) constructed tunnels are widespread, and can deliver significant environmental and cost benefits. However, as noted in the noteworthy examples of TBM traffic tunnels presented in this book, there are still important challenges associated with them, linked in particular to structural safety in the event of earthquakes, as well as cost and safety issues during operation. To face these challenges, Innovation in TBM Traffic Tunnels presents three innovative concepts in the field of construction of TBM rail and road tunnels: the TISB concept that improves the structural safety of those built on soft soil in seismic areas, and the TMG and TMF concepts, for rail and road tunnels, respectively, that allow for significant reduction of their cost and the improvement of safety during operation. Examples of the application of these new concepts in the conceptual design of specific tunnel cases are presented and compared with solutions based on common approaches, demonstrating the additional benefits of these concepts. The book also draws attention to other innovations in TBM tunnelling that may improve the construction of tunnels in the future, especially when using the concepts mentioned above. Innovation in TBM Traffic Tunnels is aimed at professionals involved in the planning, design, and construction of tunnels for transport infrastructure, including authorities, consultants and construction companies, worldwide.

In this first volume, various materials such as chitosan, lignin-based biomaterials, cellulosic based bio materials, carbon materials, Polysaccharide-composites materials, Aromatic-Based Synthetic Macromolecules, Agricultural wastes, etc for treating textile waste water are highlighted. One of the major pollutants in the textile and fashion industry is (textile) waste water. Textile wastewater can lead to serious environmental issues if discharged without proper and sufficient treatment. The materials employed along with the technologies available to trate waste water are the key. There are a lot of advancements in terms materials, technologies employed for textile waste water treatment. Sustainable bio-nano materials and macro molecules play a major role in the efficient treatment of textile waster.

Originally published in 1994, the first edition of Field Sampling Methods for Remedial Investigations soon became a premier resource in this field. The "Princeton Groundwater" course designated it as one of the top books on the market that addresses strategies for groundwater characterization, groundwater well installation, well completion, and groundwater sampling. This long awaited third edition provides most current and most cost-effective environmental media characterization methods and approaches supporting all aspects of remediation activities. This book integrates recommendations from over one hundred of the most current US EPA, State EPA, US Geological Survey, US Army Corps of Engineers, and National Laboratory environmental guidance and/or technical documents. This book provides guidance, examples, and/or case studies for the following subjects: Implementing the EPA's latest Data Quality Objectives process Developing cost effective statistical & non-statistical sampling designs supporting all aspects of environmental remediation activities, and available statistical sample design software Aerial photography, surface geophysics, airborne/surface/downhole/building radiological surveys, soil gas surveying, environmental media sampling, DNAPL screening, portable X-ray fluorescence measurements Direct push groundwater sampling, well installation, well development, well purging, no-purge/low-flow/standard groundwater sampling, depth-discrete ground sampling, groundwater modeling Tracer testing, slug testing, waste container and building material sampling, pipe surveying, defining background conditions Documentation, quality control sampling, data verification/validation, data quality assessment, decontamination, health & safety, management of investigation waste A recognized expert on this subject, author Mark Byrnes provides standard operating procedures and guidance on the proper implementation of these methods, focusing on proven technologies that are acknowledged by EPA and State regulatory agencies as reputable techniques.

This book provides an indispensable reference guide to the sustainable control and treatment of biomass residues from a wide variety of agroindustrial sources, e.g. sugarcane, livestock, pulp & paper, food wastes, among others. Pursuing a structured and clear approach, the book opens with a general introduction to biomass, sustainability and environmental chemistry aspects, and on how the use of biomass as a renewable material ties into the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. The book subsequently presents analytical methods applied to different biomass types and their residues and reviews monitoring and treatment strategies in order to avoid pollution of the same. The book closes by describing the value chains, bioeconomy and circular economy for globally relevant agroindustrial biomass. The book is intended for researchers in academia and industry alike and shows how, in addition to sustainability criteria and life cycle assessments, integrating environmental chemistry aspects can contribute to a holistic approach, and unlock the economic potential of biomass in the age of circular economy and sustainable development.

This book addresses the need for a technical guided thought on production, consumption, and waste management of plastic and polymers in the African continent. Issues such as resource availability, processing technologies, plastic policies, and much more are covered in the book. While Africa is made up of several different countries which might be different from each other in many ways, these countries within the African continent have some commonalities such as region, some shared history, resources, and some shared policies through organizations such as the African Union, African Free trade Zone, and ECOWAS. With a population of over a billion, the African continent has become an attractive market for various businesses. Several publications in recent years have pushed for the advancement of the African continent toward increased manufacturing as a road to development. This inevitably includes the plastics and other polymers industry. Careful consideration must be taken to ensure that this growth will focus on more sustainable and greener manufacturing; otherwise, this anticipated growth in the plastics and polymer industry will only spell increased pollution and worsening of the environment.

This book describes a simplified approach to the modelling and process design of a fixed bed hybrid bioreactor for wastewater treatment. In this work a simplified model for hybrid bioreactor is developed to determine output parameters like exiting substrate concentration in bulk liquid, average substrate flux in the biofilm, effective and total biofilm thickness. The model is based on mass balance of both carbonaceous substrate and biomass under suspended and attached growth simultaneously along with substrate mass transport into the biofilm. The proposed model has also been validated with the results obtained from experimental study with municipal wastewater considering as a low strength wastewater with no inhibition. There is a flexibility of the proposed model making it a versatile one to find out the exiting substrate concentration both in hybrid bioreactor as well as in a completely mixed biofilm reactor (CMBR). The book caters to academics and practitioners working in the field of advanced wastewater treatment.

This book addresses recycling technologies for many of the valuable and scarce materials from spent lithium-ion batteries. A successful transition to electric mobility will result in large volumes of these. The book discusses engineering issues in the entire process chain from disassembly over mechanical conditioning to chemical treatment. A framework for environmental and economic evaluation is presented and recommendations for researchers as well as for potential operators are derived.

Provides insight to extremophiles. Unveils the mysticism of extreme environments. Explores applications of extremophiles in biorefineries. Throws light on the advancement of industrially important extremozymes. Explores applications in biofilms and microbial corrosion.

The Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Volume 2: Pathogens, Mid-Spectrum, and Incapacitating Agents, Third Edition provides rapid access to key data to response professionals and decision-makers on a broad range of agents and pathogens. This volume presents information on a wide range of chemical and biological agents. Chemical agents detailed in this volume are those that were developed specifically for their non-lethal potential. The biological agents described are militarily significant pathogens that could be weaponized to pose a threat to people, animals, or crops and other agricultural interests. Mid-spectrum agents, materials that do not fit clearly into either the Chemical or the Biological Weapons Conventions, include toxins and bioregulators. Entomological agents, the final class of agents discussed in volume, are arthropods that could pose a significant threat to a country's agriculture infrastructure and be used to devastate its economy. They were proposed for inclusion in the Biological Weapons Convention but never adopted. In addition to a discussion of each of these classes of agents, coverage includes detailed information on a broad spectrum of individual agents that have been used on the battlefield, stockpiled as weapons, used or threatened to be used by terrorists, or have been otherwise assessed by qualified law enforcement and response organizations and determined to be agents of significant concern. The information presented in this edition has been updated and expanded to contain more information on toxicology, health effects, presentation of diseases, advances in medical care and treatment, as well as protective actions needed at the scene of an incident. Key Features: Focuses on the key information needed during an emergency response Provides updated toxicology, exposure hazards, physical-chemical data, and treatment of casualties Profiles the presentation of diseases in people, animals and plants Presents updated protective action distances, decontamination, and remediation information All data compiled is gathered from numerous sources and arranged into the current, easy-to-access format. In order to ensure accuracy, all data has been cross-checked over the widest variety of military, scientific and medical sources available. The Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Volume 2: Pathogens, Mid-Spectrum, and Incapacitating Agents, Third Edition remains the gold-standard reference detailing the widest variety of military, scientific, and medical sources available.

This book serves as a primary textbook for environmental site investigation and remediation of subsurface soil and groundwater. It introduces concepts and principles of field investigative techniques to adequately determine the extent of contamination in the subsurface for the selection of cleanup alternatives. It then focuses on practical calculations and skills needed to design and operate remediation systems that will both educate students and be useful for entry-level professionals in the field. Features: * Examines the practical aspects of investigating and cleaning up contaminated soil and groundwater * Contains scenarios, illustrations, equations, and example problems with discussions that illustrate various practical situations and interpret the results * Includes end-of-chapter problems to reinforce student learning * Provides a regulatory and risk analysis context, as well as public and community involvement aspects * Discusses sustainability and performance assessment of the remediation methods presented Site Assessment and Remediation for Environmental Engineers provides upper-level undergraduate and graduate students with practical, project-oriented knowledge of how to investigate and clean up a site contaminated with chemicals and hazardous waste.

Drawing on contributions from more than thirty scholars and experts in the field, this book examines the role of business as an enabler, as an inhibitor, and ultimately as a co-actor in global sustainability transformations expected over the next few decades. The Role of Business in Global Sustainability Transformations employs several theoretical perspectives and provides abundant examples and cases to discuss a variety of emerging concepts, phenomena, and trends shaping business sustainability. Weaving through the chapters, the editors present core tensions and sources of inertia towards transformative change, and acknowledge that envisioning multiple solutions and pathways are possible and desirable. They advocate for the need to align visions, actions and time horizons between policy, society and business in addressing the interlinked socio-ecological challenges that our society currently faces. This book will be an important resource for scholars and professionals working in the field of sustainability and sustainable business, and a vital educational text for students interested in this discipline.

This book considers the application of recycled materials both in pavement and geotechnical engineering. Currently, Australia has faced the fundamental concern of recycling waste plastic. On 1 January 2018, China enforced a prohibition on the importation of waste plastic. China's ban is followed by other countries like India, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The ban caused many corporations to abandon waste collection agreements, and the stockpiling of waste, as there is nowhere to safely deposit this waste. This issue seems, to a great extent, to have placed Australia's recycling industry in a crisis. As a result, local councils will have to find strategic ways of recycling accumulated waste that will become a more significant issue in the coming years. In Australia, apart from economic growth, the road pavement has weakened rapidly as the current pavement unable to withstand this urgent traffic load demand. The adding of polymers to the mixtures improves the stiffness, rutting resistance, and fatigue cracking [1]. However, the application of virgin polymer is costly. Thus, using waste polymer such as waste plastic polymer is an inexpensive substitute. The potential for recycled plastic to improve the performance properties of asphalt mixtures has been demonstrated in many countries the UK, Canada, The Netherlands, and India [2]. Similarly, another application of recycled materials can be in geotechnical infrastructure. This book considers the application of recycled materials both in pavement and geotechnical engineering. References [1] Airey, G.D., Singleton, T.M., & Collop, A.C.(2002). Properties of polymer modified bitumen after rubber- bitumen interaction. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering .14(4), 344- 354. [2] K. O'Farrell. Australian Plastics Recycling Survey- National Report. Australian Government, Department of Environment and Energy, Australia. Project reference,2018 A21502.

This book presents the proceedings of the first International Upcycling Symposium 2020, held on 4th September 2020 at De Montfort University (DMU) in Leicester, UK (online), as a joint effort between DMU, Lund University, Nottingham Trent University and Newcastle University. This book presents state of the art of research and practice in "upcycling" at the international level. The subject of this book, upcycling, is a term to describe the processes of creating or modifying a product from used or waste materials, components and products, which is of equal or higher quality or value than the compositional elements. This book describes new theories, approaches and scientific research findings related to upcycling and presents examples of upcycling practice, across multiple sectors, scales and contexts. Bringing together research from over 35 multidisciplinary experts, the book discusses state-of-the-art knowledge and practices on upcycling in different geographical, economic, socio-cultural and technological contexts at an international level. Readers will gain fundamental understanding of upcycling with its varied definitions and forms across sectors and scales, and to be informed of the latest upcycling research and practices including valuable ideas, theories, projects, experiences and insights by global experts.

Includes recent research and development in the areas of omics and microbial bioremediation Covers the broad environmental pollution control approach such as metagenomics, metabolomics, fluxomics, bioremediation, and biodegradation of industrial wastes Reviews metagenomics and waste management, and recycling for environmental cleanup Describes the metagenomic methodologies and best-practices, from sample collection to data analysis for taxonomies Explores various microbial degradation pathways and detoxification mechanisms for organic and inorganic contaminants of wastewater with their gene expression

This book explores all the energy-efficient communication technologies used for various communication systems and every aspect of these systems, such as green electronics, network protocols, handover, codes, antenna, and the role of artificial intelligence and IoT, including the energy management strategies. It identifies the development of sustainable plans and programs at the communication level within the current legislative framework. Features: Gives a fundamental description of the green communications including granularities of green wired and wireless systems. Describes a comprehensive review of innovations, challenges, and opportunities for green communication. Provides guiding principles on how to build the green communication network. Includes a holistic view of both wireless and wired green communication systems with an emphasis on applications and challenges in each area. Suggests various ways of benchmarking and measuring the performance of green communication systems. This book will be of great interest to graduate students and researchers in green technologies, communications, wireless communication, optical communication, underwater communication, microwave and satellite communication, networking, the internet of things, and energy management.

This book puts together all aspects of valorization of vegetable and fruit wastes (VFWs) into different biocommodities and platform chemicals using fermentation and non-fermentation processes. VFWs are a special group of solid waste (biomass) that needs to be characterized to understand the nature of applications as raw materials and to propose an appropriate methodology for bioprocessing into value-added commodities. VFWs provide favorable conditions for the growth of microorganisms, and this opens up great opportunities for their use in fermentation processes. For example, VFWs can be used as a solid support, carbon, and nutrient source in fermentation for the production of a variety of value-added biocommodities such as enzymes, single-cell proteins, bioadsorbents, phenolic bioactive compounds, aroma and flavor compounds, and platform chemicals like lactic acid, bioethanol, and biobutanol. Researchers and academics in the area of environmental science and engineering, chemical engineering, biotechnology, life science, and food science and technology, undergraduate and graduate students, industry professionals, and policymakers will find this publication useful. Bioprocessing of agro-wastes is a recent technology for developing novel bioproducts. This book will also be of interest to the general public as a reference for all those interested in waste management.

Unlike most books on the subject, which offer only formulaic solutions to particular problems, Biological Treatment of Hazardous Wastes provides professionals with a conceptual framework within which to develop effective treatments tailored to any hazardous waste scenario they may encounter.
A complete guide to the biological treatment of a wide variety of hazardous waste problems-- for engineers, scientists, and technical personnel
Written by an author team comprising twenty-five North American and European experts, the text delineates the complex factors involved in the design of successful in situ and ex situ biotreatment approaches. Offering a balanced presentation of basic principles and engineering practices, it progresses from basic microbiological, biochemical, hydrogeological, and engineering principles to the development of design methodologies and specific hazardous waste scenarios--many of them based on the numerous case studies found throughout the book. Topics covered in detail include:
* Reactors, including suspended growth, fixed-film, membrane biofilm, and bioslurry reactors
* Anaerobic and aerobic systems
* Hydrogeologic and microbial factors associated with in situ biodegradation
* Biofiltration of VOC vapors
* Composting
* Natural attenuation

This volume focuses on how waste biomass can be transformed into useful biomaterials, food and feed, fuel, and chemicals by using various processes such as chemical, physical, thermal, biological, and biotechnological procedures. Biomass from biowastes, such as agriculture crop residues, wood processing residues, forest residues, food waste, industrial waste, and municipal solid waste, have emerged as potential substrates for bioenergy production. This volume explores the key features of biotechnology for waste biomass utilization, presenting scientific and technical literature on sustainable waste biomass management as well as for biomass conversion for biofuels, chemicals, and other new commercial products. It discusses a variety of novel biotechnical applications and interventions, including microbial fermentation and anaerobic digestion, biotechnological modes of xylooligosaccharides production, multifaceted utilization of microalgal biomass, vermiculture and vermicomposting, and more. Key features: Provides the most recent information about waste biomass utilization for the production of biofuels and biochemicals Shows a wide range of novel technologies in the field of biotechnology towards waste biomass utilization Focuses on the utilization of microbial resources for waste biomass conversion into value-added products Explores methods for food wastes and crop wastes conversion into biofuels and biochemicals Provides the scientific information describing various examples and case studies which aid gaining knowledge to researchers and academicians With chapters from eminent researchers who have significant global experience in the field of waste biomass management, this volume delivers a wealth of valuable information for researchers involved in bioenergy utilization. It will also be an essential source for academicians, researchers, economists, policymakers, and policy analysts.

In the past, food waste has been used to produce biogas and biofuels, fertilizers, and animal feed. Using it as a feedstock for innovative biorefineries is not only an ethical issue but also a smart application of the circular economy. This book explores the zero-waste concept in the thriving biobased sector, proposing technologies and procedures to meet the sustainable development goals. The volume categorizes food waste sources and proposes an impressive number of high value-added compounds (e.g., platform chemicals, enzymes, nutraceuticals, antioxidants, organic acids, phosphate, bioadsorbents, pectin, solvents, and pigments) that can be obtained in a sequential biocascade, via chemical, biochemical, thermal, and physical technologies. The synthesis of bioplastics from food waste, their copolymerization and blending, as well as the production of biocomposites and bionanocomposite with biofillers from food scraps, are presented: eluding the cost of waste disposal, reducing biobased materials price, and avoiding using edible resources as a starting material for biobased items are the main beneficial peculiarities of the process. The Authors illustrate challenging characteristics of new biobased materials, such as their mechanical and physico-chemical features, their biodegradability, compostability, recyclability, chemical compatibility, and barrier properties. The volume also delves into socioeconomic considerations and environmental concerns related to the upcycling of food waste, as well as the safety and life cycle assessment of biobased products. Finally, the authors address how advances in digital technology can make food waste upcycling a negative-cost process and discuss best practices to practically implement the biorefinery concept. Research gaps and needs are suggested, and recommendations for food waste handling and management during this COVID-19 pandemic are provided.

Petroleum Waste Treatment and Pollution Control combines state-of-the-art and traditional treatment and control methods for removing, controlling, and treating problems, such as groundwater contamination, aromatics, oil, grease, organic removal, and VOCs. The book is divided into seven chapters, with the first briefly introducing readers to the petroleum industry. The second and third chapters explain wastes in the petroleum industry and focus on its environmental impact, its regulations, and protection options. Chapters four, five, and six discuss the treatment of air emissions, oily wastewater, solid wastes, and disposal methods.. The final chapter provides remediation processes.

1. Explains Policy Framework for effective waste management 2. Useful for Environmental Scientist, practicing professionals and academics working in urban policy, planning and international development 3. Uses Mathematical models for better waste management

1. Introduces all land pollution control regulations and the requirements of any land pollution control permits available up to date. 2. Answers in depth all practical questions that arise when working on compliance projects in a "how to" method. 3. Addresses a wider spectrum of issues that go beyond chemical-based contamination and environmental regulations and examines the impacts of climate change. 4. Includes many real-life examples and case studies from industry and institutions that comply with land use regulations. 5. It is global in coverage and very useful to companies that have expanded operations outside their country of origin.

Solid and Hazardous Waste Management: Science and Engineering presents the latest on the rapid increase in volume and types of solid and hazardous wastes that have resulted from economic growth, urbanization, and industrialization and how they have challenged national and local governments to ensure effective and sustainable management of these waste products. The book offers universal coverage of the technologies used for the management and disposal of waste products, such as plastic waste, bio-medical wastes, hazardous wastes, and e-wastes.