This all-new revised edition of a modern classic is the most comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of the "green" process of desalination in industrial and municipal applications, covering all of the processes and equipment necessary to design, operate, and troubleshoot desalination systems. This is becoming increasingly more important for not only our world's industries, but our world's populations, as pure water becomes more and more scarce. "Blue is the new green." This is an all-new revised edition of a modern classic on one of the most important subjects in engineering: Water. Featuring a total revision of the initial volume, this is the most comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of the process of desalination in industrial and municipal applications, a technology that is becoming increasingly more important as more and more companies choose to "go green." This book covers all of the processes and equipment necessary to design, operate, and troubleshoot desalination systems, from the fundamental principles of desalination technology and membranes to the much more advanced engineering principles necessary for designing a desalination system. Earlier chapters cover the basic principles, the economics of desalination, basic terms and definitions, and essential equipment. The book then goes into the thermal processes involved in desalination, such as various methods of evaporation, distillation, recompression, and multistage flash. Following that is an exhaustive discussion of the membrane processes involved in desalination, such as reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, and electrodialysis. Finally, the book concludes with a chapter on the future of these technologies and their place in industry and how they can be of use to society. This book is a must-have for anyone working in water, for engineers, technicians, scientists working in research and development, and operators. It is also useful as a textbook for graduate classes studying industrial water applications.

A practical, hands-on guide to using the microscope to analyze activated sludge in wastewater treatment
The microscope provides the wastewater treatment plant operator with a special tool for process control and troubleshooting of the activated sludge process. The operator can "read" the organisms and use them as "bioindicators" to determine if operational conditions are acceptable or not acceptable. Written for plant operators and technicians and avoiding unnecessary technical jargon, "Microscopic Examination of the Activated Sludge Process explores" and explains:

• Microscopy, including microscopic measurements and techniques
  
• Directions for preparing and applying microbiological stains and immobilizing agents and techniques for preparing wet mounts and smears
  
• How to identify various types of organisms, including: floc particles and foam; protozoa; rotifers; worms and worm-like organisms; crustaceans; filamentous organisms; and algae and fungi
  
• The collection, evaluation, and presentation of observations
  This straightforward guide includes figures, tables, worksheets, photomicrographs, and black-and-white drawings of many living, microscopic components of the activated sludge process. It equips plant operators and technicians to monitor, regulate, and troubleshoot the treatment processes and also serves as a valuable resource for research professionals and sanitary engineers in wastewater treatment.

The book assembles the latest research on new design techniques in water supplies using desalinated seawater. The authors examine the diverse issues related to the intakes and outfalls of these facilities. They clarify how and why these key components of the facilities impact the cost of operation and subsequently the cost of water supplied to the consumers. The book consists of contributed articles from a number of experts in the field who presented their findings at the "Desalination Intakes and Outfalls" workshop held at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in Saudi Arabia in October, 2013. The book integrates coverage relevant to a wide variety of researchers and professionals in the general fields of environmental engineering and sustainable development.

This book examines five methods used for concentrate management, namely; disposal to surface water, disposal to sewerage, deep well injection, land applications and evaporation ponds. In particular, the book focuses on the design, siting, cost, and environmental impacts of these methods. While these methods are widely practiced in a variety of settings already, there are many limitations that restrict the use of certain disposal options in particular locations.

A multi-disciplinary analysis of the evolution of water politics and policy by an international team of distinguished experts. Water management in the Middle Ages in Europe, its evolution in the USA, the elaboration of the European Water Framework Directive, the British experience of water management, the over-exploitation of African aquifers, and the evolution of the water situation in Southern Africa are all examined.
This volume underlines the fact that only an integrative and interdisciplinary understanding can lead to genuinely improved water management practices that will not benefit some social groups at the expense of others.

Lavishly illustrated with 98 full-color figures, this book describes waterborne microorganisms-bacteria, viruses, protists, and others-of concern to water operators, as well as techniques for isolation and detection, chemistry, and disinfection. This third edition includes new sections on advancing microbiology laboratories and effective data communication, color drawings to accompany genera descriptions, 30 additional photographs, and a new appendix on decontamination of new mains.

The book presents a thorough overview of the latest trends and challenges in renewable energy technologies applications for water desalination, with an emphasis on environmental concerns and sustainable development. Emphasis is on the various uses of renewable energy, as well as economics & scale-up, government subsidies & regulations, and environmental concerns. It provides an indication on how renewable energy technologies are rapidly emerging with the promise of economic and environmental viability for desalination. Further it gives a clear indication on how exactly to accelerate the expansion and commercialization of novel water production systems powered by renewable energies and in what manner environmental concerns may be minimized. This book is all-inclusive and wide-ranging and directed at decision makers in government, industry and the academic world as well as students.

This new edition of a very successful standard reference is expanded and fully reworked. The book explains and quantifies the processes whereby streams cleanse themselves, reducing their pollutant load as a natural process. Mechanisms of purification in running waters have always been critical with regard to clearly identified pollution sources. This new edition explains the self-purifying function of streams and rivers in light of recent EPA rules on nonpoint pollutants and total maximum daily loads (TMDLs). It also covers basic concepts such as biological oxygen demand (BOD). Also new in this edition is an extended discussion of how streams originate and how they fit into the geomorphology of the earth and other water supply sources.

Information is presented on aquatic life, including macroinvertebrates and their role as bioindicators of stream health. Chapter review tests and answers are included so that the readers can evaluate their mastery of the concepts presented. Stream Ecology and Self-Purification: An Introduction, 2nd Edition serves as a practical introduction to ecology combined with an explanation of how streams absorb and react to pollution. This text will prove valuable to water and wastewater plant operators, watershed managers, trainers, environmental students, water quality professionals, and will be an excellent preparation aid to wastewater/water operator licensing exams.

This is the only book that takes a zero-waste approach to propose 100% sustainable water purification techniques. Water is synonymous with life. This has been the case since pre-historic time to the modern era. For the first time, humanity faces a crisis that eclipses the energy crisis, which has often incapacitated the global economy. The Climate-Water-Food nexus epitomizes our current civilization that depends on energy as the driver. Many recognize this crisis as a product of fossil fuel production, which allegedly triggered climate change and the "climate change debate." Others predict the onslaught of "water wars" in the coming decades. As the world gears up to another lineup of empty promises and ensuing chaos, this book turns this crisis on its head and shows the source of the water crisis. The science behind the water cycle is described in clear language, without resorting to dogmatic assertions and spurious assumptions. The role of the sun, natural carbon dioxide (CO2) and water and the need to maintain natural processes free from artificial chemicals are discussed in detail. The book makes it clear how most of the currently used purification techniques violates the natural cycle involving sunlight, CO2 and water, and thus become unsustainable. A series of water purification techniques, as usable for drinking, agricultural and industrial applications are presented. The advantages of these techniques and their long-term sustainability are highlighted, with discussion on improvements in the future. Whether for the engineer or scientist working in the field or laboratory or the student, this is a must-have for any engineer, scientist, student, or policymaker.

In the past few years, there has been a considerable increase in the number of new and emerging pollutants in the limited water resources around the world, posing a serious threat to human health and the ecosystems. These pollutants, which are also referred to as new chemicals without regulatory status, are poorly understood and therefore not properly monitored or effectively removed from wastewater using conventional methods. Relevant topics addressing these challenges are presented in this book containing 12 chapters, which are consequently divided into two sections (Section 1: Pollutants in Wastewater; Section 2: Wastewater Remediation Strategies). The first section provides a systematic review of recent detection methods suitable for the rapid and accurate identification of some emerging pollutants from wastewater. Further development in the book fairly complement the first part by providing solutions for the removal of the emerging pollutants from wastewater and restoration of usable water; innovative approaches encompassing inter-disciplinary processes supported by sustainable technologies are therefore the focus of the second part of the book. The enhancement of bioreactor systems with consideration of volumetric organic loads, membrane configurations and reactor types has been highlighted by authors as strategies to ensure increased biomass proliferation, high effluent production rates and high quality effluents. The development of smart materials for pollutants removal from wastewater being a promising trend for remediation of water pollution, could not be ignored in this book, which aims to emphasize on the latest sustainable and effective technologies. This has been taken care in a few chapters which explore the synthesis of nanocomposite for various applications; in one, the synthesis of nanocomposite hydrogels (NCHs) has been contemplated to produce adsorbents with improved thermomechanical, electrical, optical, swelling properties and adsorption capacity contrasted with the traditional polymeric hydrogel; while a separate chapter covers a brilliant approach consisting to combine nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes and organic polymers to develop effective antimicrobial compounds with the potential to exhibit microbicidal activities against bacteria and fungi. The ability to predict and assess the performance of the treatment process is very important to ensure that the system remains effective. This is the topic of two chapters that cover the use of models to predict the feasibility of reactions and the structural suitability of adsorbents. The book therefore covers a complete set of information for an inter-disciplinary approach to wastewater monitoring and treatment.

Dyes, pigments and metals are extensively used in food, paper, carpet, rubber, plastics, cosmetics, and textile industries, in order to color and finish products. As a result, they generate a considerable amount of coloured wastewater rich in organic, inorganic, and mineral substances which are continuously polluting the water bodies and affecting human and aquatic life. Besides these industries, urban and agricultural activities also generate effluents high in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). In recent years, considerable research work has been done in this area and is underway to eliminate heavy metals particularly mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), selenium and cadmium (Cd) and synthetic dyes from polluted waters which have high toxicity and carcinogenicity. Currently a number of methods are in operation to decontaminate the polluted waters. Among several purification technologies, use of nanoparticles/composites have gained much attention as efficient purification technology due to its many advantages such as simple synthesis, special chemical and physical properties, unique photocatalytic activity and beneficial antimicrobial properties and high efficiency. The book Environmental Nanotechnology for Water Purification comprehensively covers and provides new insights on all nanoparticles, composites and advanced methods employed in water purification.

Desalination technologies utilise various forms of energy to produce freshwater. The first chapter of this book provides an exergy analysis of desalination systems. The second chapter provides an exergy analysis of the indoor environment and its impact on human thermal comfort in connection with temperature, heat and mass transfer. The third chapter reviews different studies conducted on exergy analysis from biomass. The last chapter provides a system exergy analysis of an oxy-fuel combustion power plant integrated with carbon dioxide capture, transport and storage.

Troubleshooting granular filters can take hours and frustrate even the most experienced water operators. Find and solve filter problems fast with this handbook. Authored by a filter designer and consultant who holds several patents in filtration, this book has all the information needed to troubleshoot granular media filters, understand how they work, and maintain optimum filter performance.Table of Contents1. Introduction2. Driving Head3. Plenum/Flume Hydraulics4. Filter Support Gravel5. Filter Media6. Underdrain7. Optimizing Backwash8. Filter Controls9. Gravity Filter Troubleshooting Procedures10. Pressure Filters11. Filter Maintenance12. SummaryAppendix: Water Treatment Chemistry and Jar Testing ProceduresAppendix: Troubleshooting ChecklistsAppendix: Historical Records

This book explores desalination technologies in the United States, which are increasingly used for municipal and industrial water supplies and reclamation of contaminated supplies. An issue for Congress is the federal role in desalination research, demonstration and full-scale facilities, and regulatory requirements. Constraints on wider adoption include financial, environmental, regulatory issues and concerns. Desalination processes generally treat seawater or brackish water to produce a stream of freshwater, and a separate, saltier stream of water that has to be disposed (often called waste concentrate). Its attractions include creation of a new freshwater source from otherwise unusable waters, and its independence from precipitation, runoff, storage, and recharge. Many states (most notably Florida, California and Texas) and cities are actively researching and investigating the feasibility of large-scale desalination plants for municipal water supplies.

Industrial Biofouling discusses the the challenges--and to a lesser extent, the benefits--of biofilms on industrial processing surfaces. It addresses the operating problems caused by establishment and growth of microorganisms, thereby enabling effective equipment design and operation that minimizes biofouling.

Water disinfection is the deactivation, removal or killing of pathogens in order to avoid their growth and reproduction. If disinfection is not achieved, diseases such as typhoid and paratyphoid enteric fevers, cholera, hepatitis and diarrhoea can alter human health. Chlorination is the most commonly used disinfection method currently used, but chlorine compounds react with substances present in water, such as amino acids, ammonia, organic matter, iron, and manganese. The result of such reactions are an extensive range of disinfection by-products (DBPs) like trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), chlorophenols and chloramines. These DBPs could cause human health problems, endanger aquatic life and stay in the environment for long periods. This book presents current research in the study of water disinfection.

This handy field reference contains all the information, charts, graphs, formulas, and definitions that are needed by wastewater system operators in performing their daily duties.
This guide compiles information from wastewater operations manuals, handbooks, standards, and many other information sources. Major sections include math, conversion factors, chemistry, safety, collection, pumps and motors, flow, wastewater treatment, biosolids, discharge, disinfection, abbreviations, and acronyms.
Information is grouped based on how it would be used by the operator. Thus, all the information you need relating to pumps will be found in its own chapter and all information on biosolids in another. The guide's small size (4-1/4 in. x 7-1/4 in.) and sturdy cover means you can throw it in your truck and go Low price means every operator can have a personal copy.

Water operators will find a wealth of hands-on information on the operation and maintenance of pretreatment, rapid-rate granular media filtration, slow-sand filtration, and diatomaceous-earth filtration systems in this book. This practical guide provides recommended procedures for operating, monitoring, and maintaining all types of filters used for conventional water treatment. Learn how to mix and feed chemicals, monitor filter performance during difficult water episodes, backwash and return filters to service, inspect and maintain filters for optimal performance. These procedures are tested and time-proven by hundreds of water utilities and filtration experts to provide high filter efficiency, excellent water quality, long filter runs and minimum downtime. The book also gives advice on what not to do-and why-so you can avoid water quality problems, filter damage, and treatment problems in the future.

Desalination is imperative to mitigate the global water scarcity as it produces drinking water from unpotable water. Currently, reverse osmosis membrane processes are widely used and account for 60% of desalination plants globally as they have lower energy requirements than other techniques, such as thermal desalination. Another promising alternative to desalination is membrane distillation (MD), which has been highlighted as one of the most promising and cost-effective desalination technologies over the last five decades. MD is a thermally driven desalination process that uses microporous and hydrophobic membranes through which only vapor can pass. Because non-volatile ions cannot pass through the membrane, MD theoretically achieves 100% salt rejection. In addition, MD is superior to other techniques as it is conducted at relatively low temperature and pressure, and is less sensitive to the feed concentration. MD is a desalination process that uses the vapor pressure difference between the feed and permeate as the driving force through the membranes. Over 2,800 scientific publications appeared in Web of Science as of September 2019 (over 400 just in 2019) describing the current state of development and potential future applications of MD. Although these publications provide excellent knowledge regarding MD, they are rather fragmented, and it is difficult to gain a complete overview of the basic principles and functions of membranes for MD configurations and their application to real plants. In this book, we introduce MD from the invention of this technique to the recent developments in membranes and processes. The membrane materials and configurations of MD processes are systematically discussed, along with an introduction to real pilot plants that have been installed and tested in the field, and an economic analysis of MD. The objective of this book is to provide a short, but reasonably comprehensive, introduction to MD to graduate students and persons with an engineering or natural science background, to gain a basic understanding of MD, and the associated materials, configurations, and applications, without studying a large number of different reference books.

The clear, up-to-date, practical, visual, application-focused introduction to modern environmental technology. Now fully updated, Basic Environmental Technology, Sixth Edition emphasizes applications while presenting fundamental concepts in clear, simple language. It covers a broad range of environmental topics clearly and thoroughly, giving students a solid foundation for further study and workplace success. This edition adds new coverage of environmental sustainability, integrated water management, low impact development, green building design, advanced water purification, dual water systems, new pipeline materials, hydraulic fracturing, constructed wetlands, single stream municipal solid waste recycling, plasma gasification of waste, updated EPA standards, and more. Hundreds of clear diagrams and photographs illuminate key concepts; practice problems and review questions offer students ample opportunity to deepen their mastery. Math is applied at a basic level, and all computations are fully explained with example problems; both U.S. and metric units are used. Students with less academic experience will also appreciate this text's review of basic math, and its basic primers on biology, chemistry, geology, hydrology, and hydraulics. Teaching and Learning Experience This easy-to-read text will help technology students quickly understand the latest issues and techniques related to water supply, waste management, and pollution control. It provides: Thorough, up-to-date, application-focused coverage of the field's key issues, challenges, and techniques: Prepares students for success in roles involving hydraulics, hydrology, water quality, water pollution mitigation, drinking water purification, water distribution systems, sanitary sewers, stormwater management, wastewater treatment/disposal, municipal solid waste, hazardous waste management, and the control of air and noise pollution Simple and clear, with plenty of numerical examples and basic primers for less prepared students: Written and designed for maximum accessibility, with introductory math and science primers for every student who needs them, and step-by-step walkthrough examples for all significant computations Hundreds of diagrams and photos, and extensive pedagogical resources for faster, more intuitive learning: Teaches visually and through example wherever possible; contains clear chapter summaries, an expanded glossary, and comprehensive, updated Instructor's materials

Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. THE DEFINITIVE GUIDE TO DESALINATION PLANT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCEThis Water Environment Federation and WateReuse Association publication describes state-of-the art operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting methods for reverse osmosis brackish and seawater desalination plants for municipal water supplies. All plant components are discussed in detail, from intake and pretreatment to discharge management. Best practices for maintaining plant equipment are also provided. Real-world examples illustrating the latest technologies and their practical implementation are included throughout this authoritative resource. Desalination Engineering covers: Source water open and subsurface intakes Source water pretreatment -- chemical conditioning, dissolved air flotation clarifiers, and granular media, membrane, and cartridge filters Reverse osmosis system operation Reverse osmosis system troubleshooting Post-treatment -- lime and carbon dioxide, calcite conditioning, remineralization, and disinfection Desalination plant discharge management Equipment maintenance -- pumps, air blowers, motors, bearings, valves, mechanical seals, mechanical drives, chemical feed systems, automatic samplers

Seawater desalination is increasing globally, and in light of this, it is necessary to look at the environmental and ecological impacts of desalination plants on the marine environment. Marine Impacts of Seawater Desalination: Science, Management, and Policy combines existing studies and new research into a unified work describing the interplay of seawater desalination and the marine environment. In particular, the book identifies knowledge gaps in the current data and recommends future research paths. The book also covers the established and emerging desalination processes and the policies and regulations applied to seawater desalination. Marine Impacts of Seawater Desalination is an ideal reference for engineers and developers working on environmental-related issues of seawater desalination, scientists and researchers studying these issues, as well as regulators and decision makers who can use this book as a useful guide for planning and operating desalination plants.

Desalination refers to any of several processes that remove excess salt and other minerals from water. Water is desalinated in order to convert salt water to fresh water so it is suitable for human consumption or irrigation. Most of the modern interest in desalination is focused on developing cost-effective ways of providing fresh water for human use in regions where the availability of fresh water is limited. This book reviews research in the field of desalination including the growth of scientific and commercial interest to cogenerative and hybrid technologies for desalination and power generation; Membrane Distillaion (MD) process as a new membrane technology used for desalination and recycling; two alternative systems for conventional reverse osmosis desalination plants by incorporating the use of gravitational potential energy and others.

This book describes the solar desalination test plant in Abu Dhabi, UAE and gives a summary of its first year performance and economics. The plant has been operating successfully for 18 years supplying fresh water to the City of Abu Dhabi. The plant was commissioned in September 1984 and was running until the year 2002 when it was dismantled after fulfilling its objectives. The aim of the plant is to investigate the technical and economic feasibility of using solar desalination of seawater in providing fresh water to remote communities in the Middle East and to obtain long-term performance and reliability data on the operation of the plant. The plant has proved its technical feasibility and proved to be reliable in operation with few minor maintenance problems that required slight plant modification. Maintenance routines were established to maintain high plant performance. The economic feasibility of the plant was established by comparing the cost of water from a solar MED plant with a conventional MED plant.

THE DRINKING WATER BOOK takes a level-headed look at the serious issues surrounding America's drinking water supply. Unlike water purifier manufacturers and public health officials, Ingram presents unbiased reporting on what's in your water and how to drink safely. Featuring all the latest scientific research, the book evaluates the different kinds of filters and bottled waters and rates specific products on the market.‚A[ The completely revised comprehensive guide to making tap and bottled water safer, covering the toxins in our water, how to test for them, and how to get rid of them.‚A[ Honestly and thoroughly tackles a subject vital to ongoing environmental, health, and safety concerns.‚A[ Shows how to avoid bogus safety tests, scams, and unnecessary expenditures.‚A[ Details which toxins aren't regulated by federal and state water standards.