Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. An in-depth guide to reverse osmosis desalinationThis Water Environment Federation and WateReuseAssociation publication provides comprehensive information on the planning and engineering of brackish and seawater desalination projects for municipal water supplies. After a brief overview of widely used desalination technologies, Desalination Engineering focuses on reverse osmosis desalination. The book discusses basic principles, planning and environmental review of projects, design and selection of key desalination plant components, desalinated water posttreatment, and concentrate management. Guidelines on sizing and cost estimation of desalination plant facilities are also included in this practical resource. COVERAGE INCLUDES: Source water quality characterization Fundamentals of reverse osmosis desalination Planning considerations Environmental review and permitting Intakes for source water collection Intake pump stations Source water screening and conditioning Sand removal, sedimentation, and dissolved air flotation Pretreatment by granular media filtration Pretreatment by membrane filtration Comparison of granular media and membrane pretreatment Reverse osmosis separation Post-treatment of desalinated water Desalination plant discharge management Desalination project cost estimates

When an oil spill occurs in coastal waters of the United States, responders have several options for managing the environmental impacts of the spill, including the use of chemical dispersants and well containment. Dispersants do not reduce the total amount of oil entering the environment; rather, they help break down oil into small droplets that can more easily mix into the water below the surface, increasing biodegradation rates and potentially decreasing the impact of spilled oil on the shoreline. However, because chemical dispersants promote the movement of oil below the surface, their use exposes the underwater environment and the ocean floor to more of the spilled oil, where it may also have harmful effects. This book examines and assesses new spill response capabiities and technologies, with a focus on dispersants and well containment.

Desalination refers to any of several processes that remove excess salt and other minerals from water. Water is desalinated in order to convert salt water to fresh water so it is suitable for human consumption or irrigation. Most of the modern interest in desalination is focused on developing cost-effective ways of providing fresh water for human use in regions where the availability of fresh water is limited. This book reviews research in the field of desalination including the growth of scientific and commercial interest to cogenerative and hybrid technologies for desalination and power generation; Membrane Distillaion (MD) process as a new membrane technology used for desalination and recycling; two alternative systems for conventional reverse osmosis desalination plants by incorporating the use of gravitational potential energy and others.

This book describes the solar desalination test plant in Abu Dhabi, UAE and gives a summary of its first year performance and economics. The plant has been operating successfully for 18 years supplying fresh water to the City of Abu Dhabi. The plant was commissioned in September 1984 and was running until the year 2002 when it was dismantled after fulfilling its objectives. The aim of the plant is to investigate the technical and economic feasibility of using solar desalination of seawater in providing fresh water to remote communities in the Middle East and to obtain long-term performance and reliability data on the operation of the plant. The plant has proved its technical feasibility and proved to be reliable in operation with few minor maintenance problems that required slight plant modification. Maintenance routines were established to maintain high plant performance. The economic feasibility of the plant was established by comparing the cost of water from a solar MED plant with a conventional MED plant.

This book is primarily intended to serve as a textbook and reference work for graduate and professional training coursework on solar desalination of water. The book begins with an introduction to the increasing demand for potable water, various types of water pollution and its impacts on human health, and goes on to cover basics of desalination technologies. It covers all aspects of solar-energy based distillation and desalination for producing potable water resources, including radiation and heat transfer concepts, a history of solar distillation systems, and background on solar collectors. The contents include thermal modeling and parametric study of solar distillation. Energy and exergy aspects are analyzed in detail, including energy matrices of solar distillation. A special chapter on exeroeconomics introduces fundamental equations which include the general balance equation, thermodynamic balance equations, and economic balance equations. A chapter on Economic Analysis of Solar Distillation completes the coverage. The book includes solved examples and end-of-chapter exercises in the form of both problems and objective-type questions. The contents of this book are useful to students, researchers, professionals, and policymakers looking for a comprehensive resource on solar desalination.

The presence of toxic Cr(VI) in the aquatic environment and their harmful effects on living organisms has emerged as one of the most serious environmental concerns in Thailand, located in the Southeast Asian region. The research, undertaken at the Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology of Thammasat University (2001-2003), directly addressed the need of our society for clean water. This book reports the technical applicability of coconut shell waste, a low cost material from local agricultural waste for treatment of Cr(VI)-contaminated water, and can be a useful resource for environmental scientists, engineers, researchers, policy and decision makers, and engineering students world-wide.

Municipalities face important water supply challenges. One response has been to render utilities independent from municipal government through alternative service delivery (ASD). For its proponents, ASD provides needed autonomy from municipal government; for its detractors, it is privatization under another name. Using Ontario as a case study, Kathryn Furlong paints a complex picture of both ASD and municipal government. Examining organizational models for water supply and how they are affected by shifting governance and institutional environments, she reveals water management and municipal governance to be deeply interdependent and contends that both must be strengthened to meet contemporary water supply needs.

The presence of heavy metals such as Cr(VI) in the aquatic environment and their harmful effects on living organisms has emerged as one of the most serious environmental concerns world-wide. This book reports the technical feasibility of coconut shell waste, a low cost material from local agricultural waste, as well as zeolite, an inexpensive natural material for treatment of Cr(VI)-contaminated wastewater. The book contains insightful and novel ideas on how solid waste, an unused resource available in large quantities from local coconut industries, is able to be chemically modified in such a way that it could be further used as a low cost material adsorbent to remove toxic Cr(VI) from contaminated wastewater, thus improving environmental protection in the aquatic environment.

This book addresses current issues in agriculture as well as the effects of wind and water. There is public concern world-wide about the impact of agriculture runoff on the environment and the migration of agrochemicals from their target to nearby terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Coastal management aims to prevent erosion and flooding. Without conservation work, subsiding coastal area are prone to progressive submersion by the sea. This book presents new methodologies and research trends to manage the concerns related to these three environmental concerns.

THE DRINKING WATER BOOK takes a level-headed look at the serious issues surrounding America's drinking water supply. Unlike water purifier manufacturers and public health officials, Ingram presents unbiased reporting on what's in your water and how to drink safely. Featuring all the latest scientific research, the book evaluates the different kinds of filters and bottled waters and rates specific products on the market.‚A[ The completely revised comprehensive guide to making tap and bottled water safer, covering the toxins in our water, how to test for them, and how to get rid of them.‚A[ Honestly and thoroughly tackles a subject vital to ongoing environmental, health, and safety concerns.‚A[ Shows how to avoid bogus safety tests, scams, and unnecessary expenditures.‚A[ Details which toxins aren't regulated by federal and state water standards.

Novel nanoscale materials are now an essential part of meeting the current and future needs for clean water, and are at the heart of the development of novel technologies to desalinate water. The unique properties of nanomaterials and their convergence with current treatment technologies present great opportunities to revolutionize water and wastewater treatment. Nanoscale Materials for Water Purification brings together sustainable solutions using novel nanomaterials to alleviate the physical effects of water scarcity. This book covers a wide range of nanomaterials, including noble metal nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dendrimers, bioactive nanoparticles, polysaccharidebased nanoparticles, nanocatalysts, and redox nanoparticles for water purification. Significant properties and characterization methods of nanomaterials such as surface morphology, mechanical properties, and adsorption capacities are also investigated

Explore a Viable Resource for Desalination The world's freshwater supplies are rapidly depleting and seawater is being positioned as a major feasible replacement in the search for a sustainable water source. Focused on large-scale multi-stage flash (MSF) seawater desalination plants, and based on research conducted on a real 18-stage plant, Multi-Stage Flash Desalination: Modeling, Simulation and Adaptive Control outlines the principles and processes of MSF desalination and highlights the state of the art in MSF desalination modeling, simulation, and control. This book offers a brief overview of MSF plants, explains the importance of the various control systems for large MSF plants, and describes methods of mathematical modeling centered on physical phenomena in the MSF process. It introduces a developed dynamic model and illustrates the simulation of the model using an equation-based flowsheet simulation package (SPEEDUP) from AspenTech. It also presents a method for finding and using a non-parametric model in designing optimal PID control systems and recommends an adaptive scheme that maintains optimal plant operation over a range of operating conditions. The improvements suggested by the author for PID controllers are pervasive in desalination plants of high dimension and also relate to other process industries with comparable conditions. He also discusses the use of renewable energy sources for desalination and stresses the potential of solar energy in the Arab region, an area known for its aridity and scarcity of water. The text: Details the dynamic model of the various elements in an MSF plant Considers the obtained model as well as available measurement data Presents a developed model for use in PID control Provides descriptions, listings, and additional reference material for further research Multi-Stage Flash Desalination: Modeling, Simulation and Adaptive Control covers the processes of desalination and the operation and control of MSF plants for large-scale desalination and provides you with a greater understanding of dynamics, operation, and control.

Assessment of freshwater sediments can determine whether chemical concentrations are sufficient to cause adverse effects on aquatic organisms or organisms higher in the food chain, including humans. This book presents methods for assessing sediments and includes an integration of physical, chemical, and biological information. It examines the elements of quality assurance and control programs, considerations for the conduct of field surveys, screening-level analyses, chemical analyses, toxicity tests for assessing biological impacts, assessments of benthic invertebrate community structure, surveys of fish tumors and abnormalities, and data presentation and interpretation techniques.

A project of the National Science Foundation, ChemConnections modules use guided, discovery-based learning activities to promote a deep understanding of a broad range of chemistry concepts and problem-solving techniques. Each module poses a central question for example, "What's in a Star?" or "How Can We Make Our Water Safe to Drink?" that students investigate through guided discussions, collaborative laboratory work, reading and writing assignments, case teaching, policy simulations, Web research, and videos.

This book introduces readers to desalination processes and technologies, covering both commercial desalination technologies (MSF, MED, MVC/TVC, RO and EDR), as well as newly developed technologies (MD, HDH, SS) and alternative driving energies, such as solar and nuclear. The author presents the material in the form of questions and answers in order to be accessible to readers with a wide variety of backgrounds. The book includes special sections in RDI with novel ideas particularly in solar desalination (water from Sun). Presents a unique, wide range of questions and answers in desalination processes and technologies; Includes over 200 colored illustrations, photos and specifications of typical commercially operating desalination plants; Covers conventional driving energies and alternatives as solar and nuclear energies; Includes selected RDI topics in desalination and typical RDI proposals.

This volume is divided into three sections-Nepal, India, and Bangladesh. The first section on Nepal discusses how its water resources could be utilized to benefit people of the Ganga basin. The challenge is to manage its water better for the well-being of its people, and reduce poverty. The section on India talks about the development and management of water resources at the beginning of the third millennium. This section covers, among other issues, the physical set-up of the country, relevant to socio-economic aspects, the institutional framework for water resources development, the effect of flood and drought on the Indian economy, water supply, sanitation, and its effect on the quality on the quality of water. The concluding section on Bangladesh talks about how water resources management is a major challenge in the country. Alternating flood and water scarcity, meeting the water needs of a growing population, massive river sedimentation, bank erosion, satisfying multi-sector water needs with limited resources are some of the issues that have been discussed in this section.

Thirteen years after the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1325, investment in women as agents of change in peacebuilding remains inadequate. With this report, UNEP, UN Women, UNDP and PBSO invite the international community, national governments and civil society to ensure that peacebuilding efforts fully include women, especially when it comes to managing natural resources.