This book presents a new concept of General Systems Theory and its
application to atmospheric physics. It reveals that energy input
into the atmospheric eddy continuum, whether natural or manmade,
results in enhancement of fluctuations of all scales, manifested
immediately in the intensification of high-frequency fluctuations
such as the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and the El-Nino-Southern
Oscillation cycles. Atmospheric flows exhibit self-organised
criticality, i.e. long-range correlations in space and time
manifested as fractal geometry to the spatial pattern concomitant
with an inverse power law form for fluctuations of meteorological
parameters such as temperature, pressure etc. Traditional
meteorological theory cannot satisfactorily explain the observed
self-similar space time structure of atmospheric flows. A recently
developed general systems theory for fractal space-time
fluctuations shows that the larger-scale fluctuation can be
visualised to emerge from the space-time averaging of enclosed
small-scale fluctuations, thereby generating a hierarchy of
self-similar fluctuations manifested as the observed eddy continuum
in power spectral analyses of fractal fluctuations. The
interconnected network of eddy circulations responds as a unified
whole to local perturbations such as global-scale response to
El-Nino events. The general systems theory model predicts an
inverse power law form incorporating the golden mean for the
distribution of space-time fluctuation patterns and for the power
(variance) spectra of the fluctuations. Since the probability
distributions of amplitude and variance are the same, atmospheric
flows exhibit quantumlike chaos. Long-range correlations inherent
to power law distributions of fluctuations are identified as
nonlocal connection or entanglement exhibited by quantum systems
such as electrons or photons. The predicted distribution is close
to the Gaussian distribution for small-scale fluctuations, but
exhibits a fat long tail for large-scale fluctuations. Universal
inverse power law for fractal fluctuations rules out unambiguously
linear secular trends in climate parameters.
General
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