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On Reference (Hardcover)
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On Reference (Hardcover)
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Most of the times we open our mouth to communicate, we talk about
things. This can happen because (some of) the linguistic
expressions we use have semantic properties that connect them to
extra-linguistic entities. Thanks to these properties, they may be
used by us to refer to things. Or, as we may also say, they
themselves refer to things, though in certain cases they do so only
relative to a context of use. But how can we characterize the
semantic properties in question? What exactly is reference?
Philosophers have been trying to answer these questions at least
since Plato's Cratylus, but not until the last century, when
language occupied center-stage in philosophy, did the problem come
to be felt as really pressing. In the last decade of the nineteenth
century, Gottlob Frege produced an account of reference that set
the stage for the contemporary discussion. Nevertheless, around
1970 a number of powerful arguments against it were produced by
Saul Kripke and others. As a result, many philosophers began to
look at reference from a new perspective, which highlighted the
crucial role played by wordly historical facts that may be unknown
to the speakers. This semantic revolution, however, left us with a
number of open problems. The eighteen original essays collected in
this volume deal with many of these problems, thus contributing to
our understanding of the nature of reference, its role in
cognition, and the place it should be given in semantic theory.
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