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Conversion and the Rehabilitation of the Penal System - A Theological Rereading of Criminal Justice (Hardcover)
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Conversion and the Rehabilitation of the Penal System - A Theological Rereading of Criminal Justice (Hardcover)
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The Cincinnati Penal Congress of 1870 ushered in the era of
"progressive" penology: the use of statistical and social
scientific methodologies, commitment to psychiatric and therapeutic
interventions, and a new innovation-the reformatory-as the locus
for the application of these initiatives. The prisoner was now seen
as a specimen to be analyzed, treated, and properly socialized into
the triumphal current of American social and economic life. Of
course, the Progressive rehabilitative initiatives succumbed in the
1970s to withering criticism from the proponents of equally futile
strategies for addressing "the crime problem": retribution,
deterrence, and selective incapacitation. The early Christian
community developed a methodology for correcting human error that
featured the unprecedented belief that a period of time spent in a
given penitential locale, with the aid and encouragement of the
community, was sufficient in and of itself to heal the alienation
and self-loathing caused by sin and to lead an individual to full
reincorporation into the community. The "correctional" practice was
based upon the conviction that cooperative sociability-or
conversion-is possible, regardless of the specific offense and that
there is no need to inflict suffering or use the act of punishment
as a warning to potential offenders or to intervene in the life of
the offender with rehabilitation. Andrew Skotnicki contends that
the modern practice of criminal detention is a protracted exercise
in needless violence predicated upon two foundational errors. The
first is an inability to see the imprisoned as human beings fully
capable of responding to an affirmative accompaniment rather than
maltreatment and invasive forms of therapy. The second is a
pervasive dualism that constructs a barrier between the detainee
and those empowered to supervise, rehabilitate, and punish them. In
this book, Skotnicki argues that the criminal justice system can
only be rehabilitated by eliminating punishment and policies based
upon deterrence, rehabilitation, and the incapacitation of the
urban poor and returning to the original justification for the
practice of confinement: conversion.
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