Kirkuk is Iraq's most multilingual city, for millennia home to a
diverse population. It was also where, in 1927, a foreign company
first struck oil in Iraq. Over the following decades, Kirkuk became
the heart of Iraq's booming petroleum industry. City of Black Gold
tells a story of oil, urbanization, and colonialism in Kirkuk-and
how these factors shaped the identities of Kirkuk's citizens,
forming the foundation of an ethnic conflict. Arbella Bet-Shlimon
reconstructs the twentieth-century history of Kirkuk to question
the assumptions about the past underpinning today's ethnic
divisions. In the early 1920s, when the Iraqi state was formed
under British administration, group identities in Kirkuk were
fluid. But as the oil industry fostered colonial power and
Baghdad's influence over Kirkuk, intercommunal violence and
competing claims to the city's history took hold. The ethnicities
of Kurds, Turkmens, and Arabs in Kirkuk were formed throughout a
century of urban development, interactions between communities, and
political mobilization. Ultimately, this book shows how contentious
politics in disputed areas are not primordial traits of those
regions, but are a modern phenomenon tightly bound to the society
and economics of urban life.
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