Co-operatives were first introduced in India under the Co-operative
Credit Societies Act, 1904. As in many other countries,
co-operatives started as a means of ensuring for the
poorly-equipped citizens advantages which better placed persons
were able to command by their own individual resources. After
Independence in 1947, co-operatives, as instruments of economic
development of the disadvantaged, particularly in the rural areas,
received considerable emphasis during the successive Five Year
Plans. The founders of planning in the country saw a village
panchayat, a village co-operative and a village school, as the
trinity of institutions on which a self-reliant and a just economic
and social order was to be built. The non-exploitative character of
co-operatives, voluntary nature of their membership, principle of
one-man, one-vote, decentralised decision-making and self-imposed
curbs on profits eminently qualified them as instruments of
development combining the advantages of private ownership with
public good. Over the years, co-operative societies, apart from
expansion in numbers and size, have assumed growing diversity of
functions. Besides agricultural societies of all types (viz.
credit, processing, marketing, farming, irrigation, consolidation),
there are industrial co-operatives, labour societies, consumers'
co-operatives in rural as well as in urban areas, housing
societies, processing factories and urban banks. This book provides
a comprehensive account of the historical evolution of
co-operatives in India, their problems, policy measures to
strengthen them and their role in the changed scenario in the
context of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation.
General
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