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Books > Social sciences > Politics & government > Political control & freedoms > Political control & influence > Propaganda
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Warping Time - How Contending Political Forces Manipulate the Past, Present, and Future (Paperback)
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Warping Time - How Contending Political Forces Manipulate the Past, Present, and Future (Paperback)
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Warping Time makes use of a number of experiments in which
respondents are told various stories about the past and future and
then the impact of these stories upon contemporary preferences is
measured. In Benjamin Ginsberg and Jennifer Bachner's simple
experiments, "history lessons" could move contemporary policy
preferences by an average of 16 percentage points; forecasts of the
future could move contemporary policy preferences by an average of
12 percentage points; and the two together moved preferences an
average of 21 percentage points. And, to give the entire matter an
Orwellian flavor, in the case of history lessons, they estimate an
average "erasure effect" of 8.5 percentage points-the difference
between those with long-held preferences and those whose
preferences had been changed but who seemed not to recall that they
previously held other preferences. Three propositions follow from
these observations. First, the fact that the past, present, and
future are subject to human manipulation suggests that history is
driven by ideas and is not simply the product of impersonal forces,
material conditions, or past choices. Humans are the architects of
history, not its captives. Second, what they conceive to be
political reality is rather tenuous. Changes in our understanding
of the past or future can quite substantially alter general
perceptions of and action in the present. Third, manipulation of
time, especially the relationship between past and future, can
function as a powerful political tool. In essence, political
reality can be politically determined. Past, present, and future
are not givens. They are products of political struggle, and
victories in those struggles are, in turn, subject to future
revision as emergent political forces find that the currently
accepted past and future are inconsistent with their own ideas and
interests.
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