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Necessary Beings - An Essay on Ontology, Modality, and the Relations Between Them (Paperback)
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Necessary Beings - An Essay on Ontology, Modality, and the Relations Between Them (Paperback)
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Necessary Beings is concerned with two central areas of
metaphysics: modality-the theory of necessity, possibility, and
other related notions; and ontology-the general study of what kinds
of entities there are. Bob Hale's overarching purpose is to develop
and defend two quite general theses about what is required for the
existence of entities of various kinds: that questions about what
kinds of things there are cannot be properly understood or
adequately answered without recourse to considerations about
possibility and necessity, and that, conversely, questions about
the nature and basis of necessity and possibility cannot be
satisfactorily tackled without drawing on what might be called the
methodology of ontology. Taken together, these two theses claim
that ontology and modality are mutually dependent upon one another,
neither more fundamental than the other. Hale defends a broadly
Fregean approach to metaphysics, according to which ontological
distinctions among different kinds of things (objects, properties,
and relations) are to be drawn on the basis of prior distinctions
between different logical types of expression. The claim that facts
about what kinds of things exist depend upon facts about what is
possible makes little sense unless one accepts that at least some
modal facts are fundamental, and not reducible to facts of some
other, non-modal, sort. He argues that facts about what is
absolutely necessary or possible have this character, and that they
have their source or basis, not in meanings or concepts nor in
facts about alternative 'worlds', but in the natures or essences of
things.
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