Similar words for similar concepts turn up in many widely scattered
languages. Some linguists insist that this is simply due to chance
while others claim that many if not all of the world's languages
descended from a single prehistoric language. Yet neither position
in this strident controversy has been analyzed or supported with
statistics. New computerized statistical techniques can help
determine whether or not words in different languages have an
ancestral connection. These flexible techniques are explained,
broken into steps, and illustrated in a manner that provides the
necessary principles to linguists with no background in statistics.
This methodology measures the probabilistic significance of sound
correspondences between short word lists. Many rules of thumb
invoked by linguists in order to obviate chance resemblance, such
as multilateral comparison and emphasizing grammar over vocabulary,
are shown to actually decrease the power of quantitative tests.
While the procedures presented here are straightforward, the author
also details the extensive linguistic work needed to produce word
lists that will not yield nonsensical results. Examples analyze the
200 words in 8 languages that are enumerated and detailed in an
appendix.
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