As Brazil and other countries in Latin America turned away from
their authoritarian past and began the transition to democracy in
the 1980s and 1990s, interest in developing new institutions to
bring the benefits of democracy to the citizens in the lower
socioeconomic strata intensified, and a number of experiments were
undertaken. Perhaps the one receiving the most attention has been
Participatory Budgeting (PB), first launched in the southern
Brazilian city of Porto Alegre in 1989 by a coalition of civil
society activists and Workers' Party officials. PB quickly spread
to more than 250 other municipalities in the country, and it has
since been adopted in more than twenty countries worldwide. Most of
the scholarly literature has focused on the successful case of
Porto Alegre and has neglected to analyze how it fared
elsewhere.
In this first rigorous comparative study of the phenomenon,
Brian Wampler draws evidence from eight municipalities in Brazil to
show the varying degrees of success and failure PB has experienced.
He identifies why some PB programs have done better than others in
achieving the twin goals of ensuring governmental accountability
and empowering citizenship rights for the poor residents of these
cities in the quest for greater social justice and a
well-functioning democracy. Conducting extensive interviews,
applying a survey to 650 PB delegates, doing detailed analysis of
budgets, and engaging in participant observation, Wampler finds
that the three most important factors explaining the variation are
the incentives for mayoral administrations to delegate authority,
the way civil society organizations and citizens respond to the new
institutions, and the particular rule structure that is used to
delegate authority to citizens.
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