In 1960 Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet received the Noble Prize in
Physiology and Medicine. He titled his Nobel Lecture "Immunological
Recognition of Self" emphasizing the central argument of
immunological tolerance in "How does the vertebrate organism
recognize self from nonself in this the immunological sense-and how
did the capacity evolve." The concept of self is linked to the
concept of biological self identity. All organisms, from bacteria
to higher animals, possess recognition systems to defend themselves
from nonself. Even in the context of the limited number of metazoan
phyla that have been studied in detail, we can now describe many of
the alternative mechanism of immune recognition that have emerged
at varying points in phylogeny. Two different arms-the innate and
adaptive immune system-have emerged at different moments in
evolution, and they are conceptually different. The ultimate goals
of immune biology include reconstructing the molecular networks
underlying immune processes.
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