As the Klondike gold rush peaked in spring 1898, adventurers and
gamblers rubbed shoulders with town-builders and gold-panners in
Skagway, Alaska. The flow of riches lured confidence men,
too--among them Jefferson Randolph "Soapy" Smith (1860-98), who
with an entourage of "bunco-men" conned and robbed the stampeders.
Soapy, though, a common enough criminal, would go down in legend as
the Robin Hood of Alaska, the "uncrowned king of Skagway,"
remembered for his charm and generosity, even for calming a lynch
mob. When the Fourth of July was celebrated in '98, he supposedly
led the parade. Then, a few days later, he was dead, killed in a
shootout over a card game.
With Smith's death, Skagway rid itself of crime forever. Or at
least, so the story goes. Journalists immediately cast him as a
martyr whose death redeemed a violent town. In fact, he was just a
petty criminal and card shark, as Catherine Holder Spude proves
definitively in ""That Fiend in Hell" Soapy Smith in Legend," a
tour de force of historical debunking that documents Smith's
elevation to western hero. In sorting out the facts about this man
and his death from fiction, Spude concludes that the actual Soapy
was not the legendary "boss of Skagway," nor was he killed by Frank
Reid, as early historians supposed. She shows that even
eyewitnesses who knew the truth later changed their stories to fit
the myth.
But why? Tracking down some hundred retellings of the Soapy
Smith story, Spude traces the efforts of Skagway's boosters to
reinforce a morality tale at the expense of a complex story of
town-building and government formation. The idea that Smith's death
had made a lawless town safe served Skagway's economic interests.
Spude's engaging deconstruction of Soapy's story models deep
research and skepticism crucial to understanding the history of the
American frontier.
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