The initial Layer of protection analysis (LOPA) book published in
2001 set the rules and approaches for using LOPA as an intermediate
method between purely qualitative hazards evaluation/analysis and
more quantitative analysis methods. Basic LOPA provides an
order-of-magnitude risk estimate of risk with fairly reproducible
results. LOPA results are considered critical in determining safety
integrity level for design of safety instrumented systems. This
guideline clarifies key concepts and reinforces the limitations and
the requirements of LOPA. The main scope of the guideline is to
provide examples of CMs and ECs and to provide concrete guidance on
the protocols that must be followed to use these concepts. The book
presents a brief overview of Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA)
and its variations, and summarizes terminology used for evaluating
scenarios in the context of a typical incident sequence. It defines
and illustrates the most common types of ECs and CMs and shows how
they interrelate to risk criteria as well as their application to
other methods.
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