This book explores violent and discriminatory values and beliefs
and their interconnectedness between societal echelons. Violence
has a foundation and a context. It comes from somewhere and is
directed at someone or something, and it has an ambience
established through generations of social, cultural, political,
financial and religious strategies. It fashions nation-states’
hegemonic ideology and frames individual behaviours and attitudes,
thus creating a milieu that enables the normalisation of violence.
The focus is on violence-infused behaviours and actions in the
public realm, a multifunctional environment for social and cultural
activities, as well as a workplace, entertainment and transport
hub. It is a public setting, sometimes demanding onerous deftness
of individuals to stay safe. Attitudes, values and beliefs around
violence, harassment and discrimination in the public realm
frequently occur openly without anyone noticing that a crime has
been committed, including by close bystanders. An audience steeped
in societal hegemonic social and cultural patriarchal ideology
might be oblivious to harassing or discriminative behaviours and
attitudes against females, minority genders and ethnic minority
groups. The habitual nature and normalisation of these invisible
crimes make them easy to dismiss. Violence materialises on all
societal levels: the hegemonic structural (macro) level, consisting
of the society’s dominating political, financial, social,
cultural and religious leaders, educational and community
institutions (meso) level and the individual-agency (micro) level,
hence the nationstate’s populace. Societal order is underpinned
by structural, systemic and symbolic violence, all integrated into
contemporary society’s cultural and social fabric, thus
inconspicuous social norms as ingrained through internalisation.
The book is written from a sociological perspective and within the
risk society discourse, where the risk of violence in the public
domain is omnipresent. Discourses of Arendt, Bauman, Bourdieu,
Marx, Foucault, Galtung and Beck and present-day analysis underpin
the discussions. The agency and political leadership research
emphatically show that violence and discrimination are normalised
and ingrained in the contemporary milieu.
General
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