From the age of Darwin to the present day, biologists have been
grappling with the origins of our moral sense. Why, if the human
instinct to survive and reproduce is "selfish," do people engage in
self-sacrifice, and even develop ideas like virtue and shame to
justify that altruism? Many theories have been put forth, some
emphasizing the role of nepotism, others emphasizing the advantages
of reciprocation or group selection effects. But evolutionary
anthropologist Christopher Boehm finds existing explanations
lacking, and in "Moral Origins, "he offers an elegant new
theory.Tracing the development of altruism and group social control
over 6 million years, Boehm argues that our moral sense is a
sophisticated defense mechanism that enables individuals to survive
and thrive in groups. One of the biggest risks of group living is
the possibility of being punished for our misdeeds by those around
us. Bullies, thieves, free-riders, and especially
psychopaths--those who make it difficult for others to go about
their lives--are the most likely to suffer this fate. Getting by
requires getting along, and this social type of selection, Boehm
shows, singles out altruists for survival. This selection pressure
has been unique in shaping human nature, and it bred the first
stirrings of conscience in the human species. Ultimately, it led to
the fully developed sense of virtue and shame that we know
today.
A groundbreaking exploration of the evolution of human
generosity and cooperation, "Moral Origins" offers profound insight
into humanity's moral past--and how it might shape our moral
future.
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