Since insulin became available for the treatment of diabetes in
1922 a number of major advances have been made, which include the
modification of insulin to vary its timing of action, its
purification, and latterly, the production of human insulin. Human
insulin in quantities sufficiently large for therapy has been made
available by two techniques developed in parallel during the late
1970s. These involve either (i) formulation in E. coli bacteria
suitably encoded by DNA recombinant methods of the A- and B-chains
of human insulin followed by a chain combination reaction
('biosynthetic' human insulin) or (ii) enzymatic conversion
(transpeptidation) of porcine insulin brought to react with a
threonine ester by porcine trypsin in a mixture of water and
organic solvents, yielding human insulin ('semi-synthetic' human
insulin). This book includes the first clinical-pharmacological
studies of each of the highly purified 'semi-synthetic' human
insulin preparations: Actrapid (R) HM; Monotard (R) HM; Protaphane
(R) HM; Actraphane (R) HM; and Ultratard (R) HM (Novo Industri A/S,
Copenhagen). The preliminary studies established their safety and
efficacy relative to their porcine and bovine counterparts
emphasising the relevance of species and formulation on the
pharmacokinetics and biological responses to insulin. Additional
investigations with human insulin demonstrated the influence of
insulin concentration, site of administration, the addition of
aprotinin to insulin and the mixing of 'short-' and
'intermediate-acting' formulations on insulin 'bioavailability'.
Examination of the 'within' and 'between' subject day-to-day
variation in absorption and the effect of subcutaneous insulin also
demonstrates the dominating influence of insulin responsiveness.
General
Imprint: |
Springer
|
Country of origin: |
Netherlands |
Release date: |
October 2011 |
First published: |
1986 |
Authors: |
D.R. Owens
|
Dimensions: |
235 x 155 x 16mm (L x W x T) |
Format: |
Paperback
|
Pages: |
312 |
Edition: |
Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1986 |
ISBN-13: |
978-9401083478 |
Categories: |
Books >
Medicine >
Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences >
Physiology >
Metabolism
|
LSN: |
9401083479 |
Barcode: |
9789401083478 |
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