Elazar examines the social and political processes that
determined the character of Fascist organization in Italy and its
seizure of state power first in the provinces and then in the
nation. She argues that the Fascists' "modus operandi" shaped the
political struggles they engaged in and reflexively determined
their own political significance. Employing both primary and
secondary historical sources, Elazar reveals the crucial internal
political struggles and inner contradictions through which Fascism
was invented.
The political strategy of paramilitary organization and assault
on labor and the Socialists carried out by the Fascist Action
Squads in collusion with men of property was crucial in determining
their seizure of power. But this also determined the ideological
and organizational contours of Fascism itself. The Fascist Squads'
alliances with men of property made them a formidable faction
within the Fascist organization that could and did challenge
Mussolini's authority. The making of Fascism is thus marked by the
irony of the relationship between Mussolini and his political power
base--the Squads. The very element of paramilitary organization
that was decisive in the Fascists' seizure of power in the
provinces had to be submerged by Mussolini if he was to preserve
his power. Historical and comparative sociologists, political
sociologists, and students of Italian Fascism and Italian history
will find this new explanation of the making of Fascism both
provacative and fascinating.
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