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Science before Socrates - Parmenides, Anaxagoras, and the New Astronomy (Hardcover)
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Science before Socrates - Parmenides, Anaxagoras, and the New Astronomy (Hardcover)
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In Science before Socrates, Daniel Graham argues against the
prevalent belief that the Presocratic philosophers did not produce
any empirical science and that the first major Greek science,
astronomy, did not develop until at least the time of Plato.
Instead, Graham proposes that the advances made by Presocratic
philosophers in the study of astronomy deserve to be considered as
scientific contributions. Whereas philosophers of the sixth century
BC treated astronomical phenomena as ephemeral events continuous
with weather processes, those of the fifth century treated heavenly
bodies as independent stony masses whirled in a cosmic vortex. Two
historic events help to date and account for the change: a solar
eclipse in 478 BC and a meteoroid that fell to earth around 466.
Both events influenced Anaxagoras, who transformed insights from
Parmenides into explanations of lunar and solar eclipses, meteors,
and rainbows. Virtually all philosophers came to accept Anaxagoras'
theory of lunar light and eclipses. Aristotle endorsed Anaxagoras'
theory of eclipses as a paradigm of scientific explanation.
Anaxagoras' theories launched a geometrical approach to astronomy
and were accepted as foundational principles by all mathematical
astronomers from Aristarchus to Ptolemy to Copernicus and
Galileo-and to the present day.
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