Populated by curanderos, midwives, bonesetters, witches, doctors,
nurses, and the indigenous people they served, this nuanced history
demonstrates how cultural and political history, misogyny, racism,
and racialization influence public health. In the first half of the
twentieth century, the governments of Ecuador and Guatemala sought
to spread scientific medicine to their populaces, working to
prevent and treat malaria, typhus, and typhoid; to boost infant and
maternal well-being; and to improve overall health. Â Drawing
on extensive, original archival research, David Carey Jr. shows
that highland indigenous populations in the two countries tended to
embrace a syncretic approach to health, combining traditional and
new practices. At times, both governments encouraged—or at least
allowed—such a synthesis: even what they saw as "nonscientific"
care was better than none. Yet both, especially Guatemala's, also
wrote off indigenous lifeways and practices with both explicit and
implicit racism, going so far as to criminalize native medical
providers and to experiment on indigenous people without their
consent. Both nations had authoritarian rule, but Guatemala's was
outright dictatorial, tending to treat both women and indigenous
people as subjects to be controlled and policed. Ecuador, on the
other hand, advanced a more pluralistic vision of national unity,
and had somewhat better outcomes as a result.
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