Independent Wales was defined in the centuries after the Romans
withdrew from Britain in AD 410. The Welsh achieved this despite
Irish and Viking raids and colonisation, despite the growing power
of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, and despite frequent and often bitter
dissension between themselves. Pressure from the east increased
from the eleventh century onwards, as the Normans carved out
marcher lordships and the Plantagenets intensified English royal
overlordship, but native Welsh sovereignty remained intact until
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd was killed by Edward I's army in 1282; and
even then, the dream of independence remained alive, inspiring an
ambitious and almost successful revolt under Owain Glyn Dwr in the
fifteenth century. The wars of Welsh independence encompassed
centuries of raids, expeditions, battles and sieges, but they were
more than a series of military encounters: they were a political
process.
General
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