This book presents the most comprehensive study to date of the
major biological, psychological and environmental predictors of
criminal behavior, particularly violence, through a detailed
analysis of nearly 1000 low-income black youths from their birth to
early adulthood. By examining over 150 variables spanning the lives
of these youths, the study concludes that both biological and
environmental factors produce strong, and independent, effects on
delinquency and adult crime among males and females, who are
distinguished from their controls. Powerful influences on violence
include behavioral disorders during youth, low school achievement,
parents with a low educational level, an absent father,
hyperactivity, lead poisoning, left-handedness and mixed dominance,
soft neurological signs, and neurological abnormalities. Case study
comparisons between the most violent males and females and their
controls show that criminals evidence a higher incidence of lead
poisoning, disobedience, head injury, and a history of epileptic
seizures among themselves or their immediate family members.
Violent females are also more likely to have a family member who
was incarcerated. The results do not confirm the findings of
previous studies indicating direct relationships between violence
and early intelligence, mental retardation, socioeconomic status,
or early central nervous system dysfunction. The author concludes
that both biological and environmental factors, in interaction,
cause crime. For example, whereas some factors, such as
hyperactivity, can be genetically transmitted across generations,
causing a biological predisposition to criminal behavior,
hyperactive people, as adults, can in turn, create instability in
their families, making their children more prone to criminality, an
environmental condition. The author concludes that most factors
contributing to criminal and violent behavior can be prevented
because they have environmental origins that can be eliminated.
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